Nutrition Ch 9

Low levels of insulin

Promote gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown, and lipolysis

How does carbohydrate aid fatty acid oxidation? Multiple choice question. By providing additional oxaloacetate By making the process go faster so the system can be more efficient Carbohydrate adds oxygen to the mixture

By providing additional oxaloacetate

Anabolism

Smaller, simpler compounds used to build larger, more complicated compounds

In galactosemia, a buildup of galactose in the blood can lead to _____. Multiple select question. speech impairment bacterial infections intellectual disability cataracts

bacterial infections intellectual disability cataracts

Fasting and feasting ______ metabolism. Multiple choice question. do not rarely affect both affect

both affect

Typical fatty acids _____ converted into glucose. Multiple choice question. are always cannot be are sometimes

cannot be

The removal of the amino group produces ______ ______, which are then used to make ATP in a variety of different ways. Multiple choice question. branched proteins protein fragments carbon skeletons oxidized proteins

carbon skeletons

In galactosemia, a buildup of galactose in the blood can lead to _____. Multiple select question. speech impairment cataracts bacterial infections intellectual disability

cataracts bacterial infections intellectual disability

ATP is _______ recycled. Multiple choice question. occasionally never constantly being

constantly being

Where does glycolysis occur? Multiple choice question. cytosol of the cell mitochondria of the cell cell membrane

cytosol of the cell

Lean body mass that declines below 50% (catabolism) due to fasting will result in ______. Multiple choice question. excess body fat death diabetes weight gain

death

When a person is in a state of semistarvation, the amount of glucose in the body falls. As a result, insulin production ______. Multiple choice question. decreases increases does not change

decreases

When a person is in a state of semistarvation, the amount of glucose in the body falls. As a result, insulin production ______. Multiple choice question. increases decreases does not change

decreases

During _____ alcohol intake the body uses the MEOS pathway. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. excessive moderate abstinence from light

excessive moderate

The result of feasting is the accumulation of body ______. Multiple choice question. muscle ketones fat water

fat

The genetic disease which results in a reduction of the metabolism of galactose to glucose is called ________. Multiple choice question. glycogen storage disease galactosemia phenylketonuria glycolysis

galactosemia

The genetic disease which results in a reduction of the metabolism of galactose to glucose is called ________. Multiple choice question. glycolysis galactosemia glycogen storage disease phenylketonuria

galactosemia

The genetic disease which results in a reduction of the metabolism of galactose to glucose is called ________. Multiple choice question. glycolysis phenylketonuria glycogen storage disease galactosemia

galactosemia

Energy (ATP) can be formed from ______. Multiple select question. vitamins glucose amino acids fatty acids

glucose amino acids fatty acids

The genetic disease in which the liver is unable to convert glycogen to glucose is called _______. Multiple choice question. phenylketonuria glycogen storage disease galactosemia

glycogen storage disease

Put the four stages of aerobic carbohydrate metabolism in the correct order. Glycolysis Electron transport chain Citric acid cycle Transition reaction

glycolysis transition reaction citric acid cycle electron transport chain

To use amino acids as a fuel, they must _____. Multiple select question. have their amino group removed be deaminated have oxygen available for use

have their amino group removed be deaminated

Identify the consequences of feasting. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. increased insulin production fat accumulation decreased glycogen synthesis increased burning of glucose for energy

increased insulin production fat accumulation increased burning of glucose for energy

Without sufficient ______, cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of ketone bodies. Multiple choice question. energy oxygen ATP carbohydrates glucose insulin

insulin

Without sufficient ______, cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of ketone bodies. Multiple choice question. glucose energy ATP carbohydrates oxygen insulin

insulin

During prolonged fasting, glucose-dependent cell's energy needs are met by _______. Multiple choice question. fatty acids ketone bodies glucose

ketone bodies

During prolonged fasting, glucose-dependent cell's energy needs are met by _______. Multiple choice question. glucose ketone bodies fatty acids

ketone bodies

What is produced when oxaloacetate production is limited and the TCA cycle activity decreases? Multiple choice question. ADP ketone bodies lactate and pyruvate

ketone bodies

Cancer cells use glycolysis and produce ______. Multiple choice question. lactate fatty acids glucose amino acids

lactate

During anaerobic glycolysis, which compounds can regenerate or accumulate? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. pyruvate lactate FAD NAD+

lactate NAD+

Select all that apply During anaerobic glycolysis, which compounds can regenerate or accumulate? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. lactate NAD+ pyruvate FAD

lactate NAD+

The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called ______. Multiple choice question. fatty acid oxidation aerobic glycolysis lipolysis

lipolysis

The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called ______. Multiple choice question. lipolysis fatty acid oxidation aerobic glycolysis

lipolysis

After digestion and absorption, most nutrients pass through the ______. Multiple choice question. liver colon kidneys large intestine

liver

The most common forms of glycogen storage disease lead to _____. Multiple select question. liver enlargement pancreatic swelling high blood glucose levels poor physical growth

liver enlargement poor physical growth

A substance is ______ when it loses 1 or more electrons. Multiple choice question. oxidized reduced

oxidized

If a compound gains oxygen or loses hydrogen, it has been ______. Multiple choice question. dehydrogenated oxidized reduced

oxidized

People with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of _____. Multiple choice question. phenylalanine alanine methionine tyrosine

phenylalanine

The most common forms of glycogen storage disease lead to _____. Multiple select question. high blood glucose levels poor physical growth pancreatic swelling liver enlargement

poor physical growth liver enlargement

The most common forms of glycogen storage disease lead to _____. Multiple select question. poor physical growth high blood glucose levels liver enlargement pancreatic swelling

poor physical growth liver enlargement

During glycolysis, glucose is converted to two units of _____. Multiple choice question. oxaloacetate pyruvate citrate lactate

pyruvate

During glycolysis, glucose is converted to two units of _____. Multiple choice question. oxaloacetate pyruvate lactate citrate

pyruvate

Altered glucose metabolism by cancer cells allows these cells to grow ____. Multiple choice question. slowly rapidly

rapidly

A substance [blank] is when it gains 1 or more electrons. For example, iron does this when it gains an electron.

reduced

The transition reaction also ______ which will eventually enter the electron transport chain. Multiple choice question. produces ATP reduces NAD oxidizes NADH produces GTP

reduces NAD

The Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children recommends _____. Multiple choice question. screening for only 1 or 2 conditions in newborns no screening for newborns screening for 35 core conditions

screening for 35 core conditions

In trimethylaminuria, the compound trimethylamine accumulates and is excreted in the ____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. sweat feces breath urine

sweat breath urine

In trimethylaminuria, the compound trimethylamine accumulates and is excreted in the ____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. sweat urine breath feces

sweat urine breath

Glucose gives up electrons and hydrogen ions to form N A D H + H and F A D H 2, which in turn transfer these electrons and hydrogen ions to oxygen to form water and yield A T P. The flow of the process as inferred from the illustration is as follows: N A D H plus H plus gives F A D H 2 in presence of 2 H plus and 2 e minus, where A D P in addition with P i gives A T P. Further, F A D H 2 gives 1 over 2 O 2 in presence of 2 H plus and 2 e minus, where the A D P to A T P conversion occurs twice, resulting in the formation of H 2 O.

the electron transport chain

The final pathway of aerobic respiration is _____. Multiple choice question. glycolysis the citric acid cycle the transition reaction the electron transport chain

the electron transport chain

Fatty acid oxidation

the metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl CoA

Which is an example of a catabolic process? Multiple choice question. the use of amino acids to make a protein the production of ATP from fatty acids the linking of sugars together to make glycogen

the production of ATP from fatty acids

The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA occurs in a process called _____. Multiple choice question. glycolysis the transition reaction the citric acid cycle the electron transport chain

the transition reaction

The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA occurs in a process called _____. Multiple choice question. the citric acid cycle the electron transport chain the transition reaction glycolysis

the transition reaction

What is the genetic disorder which results in body odors and bad breath? Multiple choice question. hyperinsulinemia galactosemia PKU trimethylaminuria

trimethylaminuria

What is the genetic disorder which results in body odors and bad breath? Multiple choice question. hyperinsulinemia trimethylaminuria galactosemia PKU

trimethylaminuria

How many turns of the citric acid cycle does it take to process one glucose molecule? Multiple choice question. Four Three Two

two

Ketoacidosis occurs as a result of ________. Multiple choice question. diarrhea and inadequate fluid intake uncontrolled type I diabetes fasting

uncontrolled type I diabetes

Ketoacidosis occurs as a result of ________. Multiple choice question. fasting diarrhea and inadequate fluid intake uncontrolled type I diabetes

uncontrolled type I diabetes

In the liver, the amino groups from amino acids and nitrogen from ammonia combine to form _____. Multiple choice question. urea uric acid urine

urea

ATP consists of _____. Multiple select question. three phosphates glycogen adenosine

3 phosphates adenosine

What is the total number of net ATP produced during the complete metabolism of 1 molecule of glucose? Multiple choice question. 28 42 32 16

32

During the first few days of fasting, body protein is broken down rapidly and supplies how much of the needed glucose for the body to function? Multiple choice question. 90% 40% 60% 10%

90%

Click and drag on elements in order Rank the steps in the disposal of excess amino groups from amino acid metabolism in the order of their occurrence. Instructions Urea forms in the liver. Urea is excreted into urine. Amino acids undergoing transamination or deamination reactions yield free nitrogen groups. Urea is transported to the kidneys.

Amino acids undergoing transamination or deamination reactions yield free nitrogen groups. Urea forms in liver Urea is transported to the kidneys. Urea is excreted into urine.

ATP is regenerated by adding phosphate back to _______. Multiple select question. GDP ADP GTP AMP

ADP AMP

The concentration of ______ helps regulate metabolism. Multiple choice question. liver enzymes water ATP

ATP

What is the name of the main form of energy (not nutrient) used directly by the body? Multiple choice question. glycogen glucose ATP protein

ATP

What is the name of the main form of energy (not nutrient) used directly by the body? Multiple choice question. protein ATP glycogen glucose

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

ATP - the main form of energy used by the body.

Which process is considered more efficient at converting the energy in glucose to energy stored as ATP? Multiple choice question. Aerobic metabolism Anaerobic metabolism

Aerobic metabolism

What is the name of the main pathway for alcohol metabolism? Multiple choice question. Alcohol dehydrogenase Urea cycle Cori cycle Acetaldehyde conversion path

Alcohol dehydrogenase

How do cells without mitochondria (such as red blood cells) produce ATP? Multiple choice question. Aerobic metabolism Electron transport chain Anaerobic metabolism Oxidative phosphorylation

Anaerobic metabolism

What is another name for fatty acid oxidation? Multiple choice question. Beta-oxidation Cori cycle Oxidative phosphorylation

Beta-oxidation

What is another name for fatty acid oxidation? Multiple choice question. Oxidative phosphorylation Cori cycle Beta-oxidation

Beta-oxidation

Catabolism

Breaking down compounds to small units

How does carbohydrate aid fatty acid oxidation? Multiple choice question. By making the process go faster so the system can be more efficient By providing additional oxaloacetate Carbohydrate adds oxygen to the mixture

By providing additional oxaloacetate

Select all that apply Which of the following is true about how carbohydrate aids in fat metabolism? Multiple select question. Carbohydrate metabolism will slow the citric acid cycle due to a lack of oxaloacetate. Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better. Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism, which keeps the supply of oxaloacetate high.

Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better. Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism, which keeps the supply of oxaloacetate high.

Select all that apply Catabolic pathways produce which of the following from the production of ATP? Multiple select question. Carbon dioxide Water Heat Alcohol

Carbon dioxide Water Heat

Which of the following statements are true? Multiple select question. Carbon skeletons from some amino acids can convert to glucose. Carbohydrate can be used for fat synthesis. The glycerol part of triglycerides can be used to make glucose. Fatty acids can be converted into glucose.

Carbon skeletons from some amino acids can convert to glucose. Carbohydrate can be used for fat synthesis. The glycerol part of triglycerides can be used to make glucose.

Carnitine

Carrier that shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria

During the periods of weight loss or during a wasting disease, such as cancer, the body is in a(n)______ state. Multiple choice question. feasting anabolic neutral catabolic

Catabolic

Select all that apply What are two steps involved in the anaerobic glycolysis pathways? Multiple select question. Conversion of pyruvate to lactate Oxidative phosphorylation Electron transport chain Glycolysis

Conversion of pyruvate to lactate Glycolysis

In what part of the cell does the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway predominantly function? Multiple choice question. Nucleus Mitochondria Cytoplasm Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

High ATP concentrations

Decrease in energy-yielding reactions

Which yields the most ATP? Multiple choice question. Fatty acid Protein Glucose

Fatty acid

Which yields the most ATP? Multiple choice question. Protein Fatty acid Glucose

Fatty acid

Select all that apply What are two options for acetyl-CoA once it has been produced? Multiple select question. Form ketones Re-form into pyruvate in the cytoplasm Combine with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle

Form ketones Combine with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle

What is the name of the pathway that is used to produce glucose from amino acids? Multiple choice question. Glycogenic Gluconeogenesis Lipolysis Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Match the number of net ATP produced with one molecule of glucose with each stage of metabolism. Instructions Glycolysis Electron transport chain Complete oxidation of glucose (total)

Glycolysis- 2 Electron transport chain- 28 Complete oxidation of glucose (total)-32

Which of the following help regulate energy metabolism? Multiple select question. Hormones Enzymes Fluid intake Minerals

Hormones Enzymes Minerals

What causes the formation of acetone, which eventually leaves the body through the lungs, causing breath with a fruity smell? Multiple choice question. Lipolysis Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis Ketosis

Ketosis

Choose the best definition of cellular respiration. Multiple choice question. Removing electrons from food molecules to obtain energy Making energy without oxygen Making energy in the presence of oxygen

Removing electrons from food molecules to obtain energy

What is the main purpose of newborn screenings? Multiple choice question. Identify infants with learning disorders Identify infants born into low income families Identify infants with rare blood types Identify infants with genetic and metabolic disorders

Identify infants with genetic and metabolic disorders

Select all that apply When is anaerobic metabolism used to produce ATP? Multiple select question. For low intensity, long duration activity In cells without mitochondria When oxygen is lacking

In cells without mitochondria When oxygen is lacking

High ADP concentrations

Increase in energy-yielding reactions

Click and drag on elements in order Place in the correct order the steps that lead to ketosis. Instructions Insufficient insulin production Fatty acids flood liver and are converted to Acetyl-CoA Large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells Citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP Ketone bodies are formed

Insufficient insulin production Large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells Fatty acids flood liver and are converted to Acetyl-CoA Citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP Ketone bodies are formed

Place in the correct order the steps that lead to ketosis. Large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells Insufficient insulin production Citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP Ketone bodies are formed Fatty acids flood liver and are converted to Acetyl-CoA

Insufficient insulin production Large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells Fatty acids flood liver and are converted to Acetyl-CoA Citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP Ketone bodies are formed

What is the name of the compounds formed in one of the many steps in a metabolic pathway? Multiple choice question. Intermediates Metabolites Catabolites

Intermediates

What organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle? Multiple choice question. Liver Small intestine Bladder Kidney

Liver

Where can gluconeogenesis occur? Multiple select question. Muscle cells Reason: Gluconeogenesis can only occur in the liver and specific kidney cells. Red blood cells Reason: Gluconeogenesis can only occur in the liver and specific kidney cells. Liver cells Kidney cells

Liver cells Kidney cells

Aerobic

Making ATP in the presence of oxygen

Anaerobic

Making ATP without oxygen

Which of the following foods should someone with PKU avoid? Multiple select question. Meats Eggs Fruits Milk

Meats Eggs Milk

Select all that apply Which of the following are pathways that are followed in the metabolism of alcohol? Multiple select question. Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) ADH pathway Gluconeogenesis pathway Catalase pathway

Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) ADH pathway Catalase pathway

What part of the cell is the electron transport chain located in? Multiple choice question. Mitochondria Ribosome Cytosol Nucleus

Mitochondria

Cellular respiration

Removing electrons from food molecules to produce energy

Where are the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) mainly metabolized? Multiple choice question. Heart Liver Muscles Spleen

Muscles

Where are the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) mainly metabolized? Multiple choice question. Heart Muscles Spleen Liver

Muscles

During anaerobic glycolysis, which compounds can regenerate or accumulate? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. NAD+ FAD pyruvate lactate

NAD+ lactate

To prolong survival during fasting, the body goes through which of the following adaptations? Multiple select question. Nervous system uses less glucose Reduction in energy requirements Slowing of metabolic rate Reduction in required sleep

Nervous system uses less glucose Reduction in energy requirements Slowing of metabolic rate

_______ functions as the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide during intense aerobic exercise. Multiple choice question. Niacin Thiamin Vitamin B-6 Riboflavin

Niacin

_______ functions as the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide during intense aerobic exercise. Multiple choice question. Niacin Vitamin B-6 Thiamin Riboflavin

Niacin

Select all that apply Which two of the following vitamins assist dehydrogenase enzymes and therefore play a role in transferring the hydrogens from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen in the metabolic pathways of the cell? Multiple select question. Niacin Pantothenic acid Thiamin Riboflavin

Niacin Riboflavin

What molecule is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions during aerobic respiration? Multiple choice question. ATP Water GTP Oxygen

Oxygen

Why is oxygen essential to energy production? Multiple choice question. Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions. Oxygen is necessary for the creation of acetyl-CoA. Oxygen is a component of ATP.

Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions.

What are some of the key functions of the liver? Multiple select question. Production of ketone bodies Alcohol metabolism Nutrient storage Breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Production of ketone bodies Alcohol metabolism Nutrient storage

Increased insulin levels

Promote synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein

Which of the following is true about ATP? Multiple choice question. The bonds between the phosphate groups contain energy. The bonds between the phosphate groups are called low-energy phosphate bonds. It is impossible to regenerate ATP from ADP and AMP.

The bonds between the phosphate groups contain energy.

Lipolysis

The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

What can happen when calorie supplies are insufficient or exceed needs? Multiple select question. The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy remains constant. The type of macronutrient used to generate energy remains constant. The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes. The type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes.

The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes. The type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes.

Which of the following is true about oxidation-reduction reactions? Multiple choice question. These reactions are independent--one can occur without the other. These reactions go together--one cannot occur without the other.

These reactions go together--one cannot occur without the other.

Select all that apply What are two functions of glycolysis? Multiple select question. To provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds To make energy with fatty acids To form acetyl-CoA To produce energy

To provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds To produce energy

What are other names for the citric acid cycle? Multiple select question. Tricarboxylic acid cycle Krebs cycle Electron transport chain Glycolysis

Tricarboxylic acid cycle Krebs cycle

The term metabolism refers to which of the following? Multiple choice question. A chemical process involved in maintaining life A chemical compound formed in one of many steps of a pathway Using a coenzyme to produce a chemical reaction

a chemical process involved in maintaining life

During high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on _________ glycolysis to produce ATP. Multiple choice question. anaerobic anabolic aerobic catabolic

anaerobic

During high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on _________ glycolysis to produce ATP. Multiple choice question. anaerobic catabolic anabolic aerobic

anaerobic

In the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, alcohol is first converted to _______. Multiple choice question. acetaldehyde GTP NADH acetyl-

acetaldehyde

The MEOS pathway is used during moderate to excessive alcohol consumption to prevent the toxic effects of ______. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. acetaldehyde citrate alcohol lactate

acetaldehyde alcohol

Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into [blank] [blank]

amino acids

Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into [blank]

amino acids

The use of amino acids as a fuel will result in the removal of the amino group from the amino acid. This amino group, which contains nitrogen, is converted to ______. This substance must be removed from the body as its buildup is toxic. This substance is removed from the body through urea, which is eventually excreted in urine. Multiple choice question. ammonia lactate protein glucose

ammonia

The use of amino acids as a fuel will result in the removal of the amino group from the amino acid. This amino group, which contains nitrogen, is converted to ______. This substance must be removed from the body as its buildup is toxic. This substance is removed from the body through urea, which is eventually excreted in urine. Multiple choice question. glucose lactate ammonia protein

ammonia

Combining glucose to make the more complex molecule of glycogen is considered _____. Multiple choice question. negative calorie balance catabolic anabolic

anabolic

During the periods of growth, such as when new tissue is being made, the body is in a(n) ______ state. Multiple choice question. disordered catabolic anabolic metabolic

anabolic

During high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on _________ glycolysis to produce ATP. Multiple choice question. aerobic catabolic anabolic anaerobic

anaerobic