OB ch.8

Total rewards

encompass not only compensation and benefits, but also personal and professional growth opportunities and a motivating work environment that includes recognition, job design (Chapter 6), and work-life balance

intrinsic rewa

psychic rewards, however, are intrinsic rewards because they are self-granted.

360-degree feedback.

Letting individuals compare their own perceived performance with behaviorally specific (and usually anonymous) performance information from their manager, subordinates, and peers

extrinsic rewards

Financial, material, and social rewards

continuous reinforcement

As indicated in Table 8-1, every instance of a target behavior is reinforced when a continuous reinforcement

operant behavior

Skinner attached the label operant behavior to behavior that is learned when one "operates on" the environment to produce desired consequences.

respondent behavior

Skinner labeled unlearned reflexes or stimulus-response (S-R) connections

intermittent reinforcement

Unlike CRF schedules, intermittent reinforcement involves reinforcement of some but not all instances of a target behavior.

extinction

Weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced

Performance management

an organization wide system whereby managers integrate the activities of goal setting, monitoring and evaluating; providing feedback and coaching; and rewarding employees on a continuous basis.3

shaping

defined as the process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a target behavior.

feedback

information about individual or collective performance shared with those in a position to improve the situation.

Upward feedback

stands the traditional approach on its head by having lower-level employees provide feedback on a manager's style and performance.

Negative reinforcement

strengthens a desired behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing.

Punishment

the process of weakening behavior through either the contingent presentation of something displeasing or the contingent withdrawal of something positive

Pay for performance

the popular term for monetary incentives linking at least some portion of the paycheck directly to results or accomplishments.

Positive reinforcement

the process of strengthening a behavior by contingently presenting something pleasing.

law of effect

which says behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated, while behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to disappear