OB Exam Ch 12
Ohio State Studies
-1940s -behavior described by employees that substantially accounted for leadership behavior: initiating structure and consideration
path-goal theory
-Robert House -a contingency model of leadership that extracts key elements form the Ohio State leadership research on initiating structure and consideration and the expectancy theory of motivation -it is the leader's job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the firm.
Charismatic leadership theory
-Robert House -followers make attributes of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors -willing to take personal risk, sensitive to followers needs, have vision -born with charismatic traits however individuals can learn to be charismatic leaders
University of Michigan Studies
-University of Michigan's Survey Research Center -sought to locate behavioral characteristics of leaders that appeared related to performance effectiveness -employee oriented leader -production oriented leader
Leader-participation model
-Victor Vroom and Philip Yetton -relates leadership behavior and participation in decision making -says leader behavior must adjust to reflect the task structure
emotional intelligence
-empathetic leaders can sense others' needs, listen to what followers say, and read the reactions of others -people with high EI are likely to emerge as leaders
Big Five Traits
-extraversion is the most import trait of effective leaders; related to leaders' effectiveness -too assertive leaders are not productive -conscientiousness and openness to experience are important leadership qualities
Fielder Model: LPC
-he believed that a key factor in leadership success is the individual's basic leadership style. he created the least preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire -looks to measure whether a person is task or relationship oriented -a high score indicated a relationship oriented leader - a low score indicates a task oriented leader
GLOBE Study
-suggest there are international differences in preference for initiating structure and consideration - a US manager leading a team in Brazil would need to be team oriented, participative, and humane -compared to US employees, the French place emphasis on task oriented leaders -Chinese culture places emphasis on being polite
Fielder Model
-the first comprehensive contingency model for leadership was developed by Fred Fielder -proposed that effective group performance depends upon the proper match between the leader's style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader
servant leadership
-these type of leaders go beyond their own self-interest and focus on opportunities to help followers grow and develop -don't use power to achieve ends
Contingency Theories
-tough minded leaders seem successful in difficult times, but tend to be dismissed when the environment improves
Consequences of trust (4)
1. Trust encourages taking risks 2. Trust facilitates information sharing 2. Trusting groups are more effective 4. Trust enhances productivity
Characteristics of Trustworthy Leaders (3)
1. integrity: honesty 2. benevolence: the trusted person has your interests at heart 3. ability: technical and interpersonal knowledge
mentor
is a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee, a protégé
leadership
is the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals
Authentic leadership
leaders know who they are, what they believe in and value, and ac on those values and beliefs openly and candidly -people have faith in them
nonsanctioned leadership
the ability to influence that arises outside the formal structure of the organization
Fielder Model: task structure
the degree to which the job assignments are procedural
leader-member exchange theory (LMX)
argues that because of time pressures, leaders establishes special relationship with a small group of followers; the in-group
identification-based trust
based on a mutual understanding of each other's intentions and appreciation of the other's wants and desires, is particularly difficult to achieve without face-to-face interaction
socialize charismatic leadership
efforts made to combine ethical and charismatic leadership into an idea of...
University of Michigan Studies: employee oriented leader
emphasized interpersonal relationships by taking a person interest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among them -similar to the ohio state studies consideration
University of Michigan Studies: production oriented leader
emphasized the technical or task aspects of the job, focusing on on accomplishing the group's tasks -similar to the ohio state studies initiating structure
Trait theories of leadership
focus on personal qualities and characteristics. the search for personality, social, physical, or intellectual attributes that differentiate leaders from nonleaders.
behavioral theories of leadership
implied we could train people to be leaders
transformational leaders
inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the organization -change followers' awareness of issues by helping the to look at old problems in new ways
situational leadership theory
is a contingency theory that focuses on the followers -says successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style
Trust
is a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn out.
Ohio State Studies: initiating structure
is the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment -involves behavior the attempts to organize work, work relationships, and goals
Ohio State Studies: consideration
is the extent to which a person's ob relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings
Ethical leadership
leaders who treat their followers with fairness, provide honest and accurate information are seen as more effective -humbleness
trust propensity
refers to how likely a particular employee is to trust a leader
attribution theory of leadership
says leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals -at the organizational level, we tend to see leaders, rightly or wrongly, as responsible for extremely negative or extremely positive performance
Fielder Model: leader-member relations
the degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader
Fielder Model: position power
the degree of influence a leader has over the power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases
transactional leaders
these kinds of leaders guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements