Patho Exam 4

When one leg that is longer than the other. A unilateral injury to which portion of the bone during a growing phase will result in one leg being longer than the other?

Epiphyseal plate

The neurotransmitter released from the α-motor neuron at the motor end-plate is

acetylcholine

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which

acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional

The x-ray film shows a fracture where one side of the cortex is intact and flexed and the other side has signs of interruption (fracture). Which term best describes this type of fracture?

Greenstick

What type of fracture generally occurs in children?

Greenstick

Which statement is true regarding contraction?

Isometric contraction refers to contraction with no change in muscle length

Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?

Osteomalacia

A marathoner completes a race and is experiencing fatigue. Which statement is the most accurate description of what is happening at a cellular level?

Oxygen is used to reform glucose and glycogen from lactic acid

The disorders characterized by softening and then enlargement of bones is referred to as

Paget disease

Which statement is true regarding compartment syndrome?

Pain, pallor, and absent pulses are symptoms

Which statement is true regarding osteomyelitis?

Radiographic signs include bone destruction

The earliest manifestation of scleroderma is

Raynaud phenomenon

The disease that is similar to osteomalacia and occurs in growing children is

Rickets

When an x-ray of a fractured humerus shows that the callus is formed, this coincides with which stage of fracture healing?

Stage 3

Which statement is true regarding wound repair?

The acute response lasts 2 weeks

When viewed on x-ray, the bone has a linear fracture that occurs in a straight line across the bone. Which term best describes this type of fracture?

Transverse

What is a common site for bone metastases to occur?

Vertebral bodies

What is the most common site for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the bone?

Vertebral column

Although skin manifestations may occur in numerous locations, the classic presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) includes

a butterfly pattern rash on the face across the bridge of the nose

Most muscle strains are caused by

abnormal muscle contraction

Troponin is a muscle protein that

binds calcium and regulates tropomyosin

People who have osteoporosis are at risk for

bone fractures

The most common symptom of multiple myeloma is

bone pain

A compound, transverse fracture is best described as a bone that is

broken and protruding through the skin

The electrolyte that must be present in cellular cytoplasm for muscle contraction to occur is

calcium

The largest component of bone is

calcium

Pain in fibromyalgia involves

changes in pain transmission in the spinal cord

The primary determinant of tendon strength is

collagen cross-linking

A fracture in which bone breaks into two or more fragments is referred to as

comminuted

A risk factor for osteoporosis is

early menopause

Following a bone fracture, the most likely event to occur is

development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum

In older women, osteoporosis is thought to be primarily because of

estrogen deficiency

A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is

positive antinuclear antibodies

It is true that synovial fluid

provides protection

Osteoclast activity leads to

resorption of bone

A child presents with bone deficiency and a bowlegged appearance. This assessment data supports a diagnosis of

rickets

Compartment syndrome occurs secondary to

soft-tissue damage

The displacement of two bones in which the articular surfaces partially lose contact with each other is called

subluxation

Rickets is characterized by soft, weak bones resulting from a deficiency of

vitamin D

Assessment of an extremity six hours after surgical alignment and casting demonstrates pulselessness and pallor. The priority action to take is to

initiate action to have the cast split or removed

Healing of a fractured bone with a poor alignment is called

malunion

A client sustains a knee injury when the knee is in the flexed position. The knee is locked and producing significant pain. This assessment supports an injury to the client's

menisci

Moderate stretching of a muscle at rest results in a(n)

more forceful contraction when stimulated

A concentric contraction results in

muscle shortening

Anticholinesterase inhibitors may be used to manage

myasthenia gravis

Which describe a broad category of joints? (Select all that apply.)

B. Diarthroses D. Synarthroses E. Synchondrosis

Which statement is true regarding scoliosis? (Select all that apply.)

B. Respiratory difficulties may result D. Gastrointestinal difficulties may result

Skeletal changes with increased age include (Select all that apply.)

B. decreased bone mass C. imbalance in bone resorption and formation D. loss of bone marrow E. dehydration of intervertebral disks

It is true that articular cartilage (Select all that apply.)

B. dries out with aging C. spreads weight load D. needs synovial fluid lubrication E. has limited regeneration ability

Inflammation of the sacs that overlie bony prominences is called

Bursitis

Which statement best describes cartilage?

Chondrocytes are the cellular component

The metacarpophalangeal joint of the hand is an example of which type of joint?

Condyloid

Which statement is true regarding the function of the ligament?

Connects bone to bone

A motor vehicle accident has resulted in a fracture where the articular surfaces of the tibial surface and femoral condyles are no longer in contact with one another. Which term best describes this condition?

Dislocation

The person at highest risk of a greenstick fracture from falling off a tall ladder is age

8

To avoid the progression of cutaneous lesions, a patient diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) should

avoid sun exposure

Which forms of muscular dystrophy are X-linked?

A combination of Becker and Duchenne

Which statement regarding skeletal muscle is the most accurate?

A contractile unit is a sarcomere

The classifications of bone type are which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

A. Cancellous B. Trabeculae D. Compact E. Cortical

Which is a cause of decreased bone mass or weakness of bone? (Select all that apply.)

A. Old age C. Lost estrogen D. Immobilization E. Internal fixation

The parathyroid gland functions to facilitate (Select all that apply.)

A. calcium absorption from the gut B. bone resorption C. calcium reabsorption in the kidneys

Manifestations of fibromyalgia often include (Select all that apply.)

A. generalized pain C. headaches D. fatigue E. sleep disturbance

Characteristics of scoliosis include (Select all that apply.)

A. involvement of lateral curvature of the spine B. increase during periods of rapid growth D. identifiable by uneven shoulders or scapular prominence E. possibility of leading to respiratory complications

Which statement is true regarding myasthenia gravis?

Acetylcholine receptor antibodies are produced

A 25-year-old athlete reports a sudden popping sound in the knee. This results in difficulty with weight bearing and acute swelling of the knee. This assessment data supports damage to which anatomic structure?

Anterior cruciate ligament

The complication which is not likely to result from a compound, transverse fracture of the tibia and fibula is

air embolus

The epiphyseal plate

allows for continued bone lengthening during maturation

Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be

an autoimmune process

The most common source of osteomyelitis is

an infection that migrates via the bloodstream

A 10-year-old boy has a metastatic lesion in the metaphyseal region of the femur that is referred to as

an osteosarcoma

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to

autoimmune mechanisms

Radicular pain is pain caused by a

compressed nerve

Diarthroses are joints that

contain synovial fluid

A patient diagnosed with diabetes, smokes a pack of cigarettes daily and eats very few green leafy vegetables. After experiencing a fractured toe, this patient is at risk for

delayed healing

Paget's disease is characterized by

excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone

Muscular dystrophy includes a number of muscle disorders that are

genetically transmitted

The most common type of osteomyelitis is

hematogenous

Prosthetic joint infection is most often because of

hematogenous transfer

The correct sequence of bone healing following fracture is

hematoma formation, fibrocartilage formation, callous formation, ossification, remodeling

Individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk for developing numerous complications of various organs because of

immune injury to basement membranes

Osteoblastic activity is greatest

in areas of increased mechanical stress

The pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves

inadequate mineralization in the osteoid

Gouty arthritis is a complication of

inadequate renal excretion of uric acid

It is true that scleroderma involves

inflammation and fibrosis of connective tissue

Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by

inflammation, stiffness, and fusion of spinal joints

Menisci facilitate the rotation of the

knee

When oxygen for muscle activity from the respiratory vascular systems is insufficient for muscle activity, the body breaks down glucose, which results in

lactic acid buildup in muscle

The growth that replaces cartilage with bone is called

longitudinal

The most common site affected in Paget's disease is the

lower spine

Bone healing may be impaired by

nicotine use

Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is indicative of

noncontractile tissue injury

Articular cartilage is avascular and

nourished by synovial fluid

Mature bone cells are referred to as

osteocytes

A bone disorder that results from insufficient vitamin D is referred to as

osteomalacia

A malignant bone-forming tumor is referred to as a(n)

osteosarcoma

In contrast to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis may be associated with

systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system

A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would be

systemic manifestations of inflammation

A unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of

tender point pain

The structures that connect muscle to bone are referred to as

tendons

Complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when

the callus has been completely replaced with mature bone