Physiology midterm chapter 12a
Absence seizures
Face muscles tense up; stares into space, 1-10 seconds, won't blink or move; unable to answer questions; often uncaught; watch when riding bikes or playing in pool
Epilepsy
Problem with electrical input; May loose consciousness, but not necessarily
Grand mal seizures
Unconscious, stiff, jerky movement; Protect head; No electrical input to control bladder; Very disoriented; Hallucinations or lights flashing before= aura; Dogs have been trained to sense this
Simple partial
When people have ________seizures, they are fully awake, alert and able to interact throughout the seizure. Overall, these seizures are brief lasting less than 2 minutes
Damage to visual association area
You can see but you will not comprehend what you are seeing
Hydrocephalus
____ in a new born baby causes its head to enlarge; this is possible because the skull bones have not yet fused; in adults, however, ____ is more likely to result in brain damage because the skull is rigid and hard, and accumulating fluid compresses the blood vessels serving he brain and crushes the soft nervous tissue;
Coma
____ is not deep sleep; during deep sleep, the brain is active and oxygen resembles that of the waking state; in constrast, oxygen use is always below resting levels in ____patients;
Hydrocephalus
_______ is treated by inserting a shunt in the ventricles that drains off the excess fluid into a vein in the neck 405
Myoclonic
________seizures are brief shock-like jerks of a muscle or group of muscles
Epileptic seizures
______is not associated with nor does it cause intellectual impairments; affects about 1% of the population 396
Fainting/ syncope
a brief loss of consciousness is called _____;
Absence seizures
aka petit mal;
Epileptic seizures
almost without warning, a victim of _______ may lose consciousness and fall stiffly to the ground, body wracked by uncontrollable jerking;
Meningitis
an inflammation of the meninges, is a serious threat to the brain because a bacterial or viral meningitis may spread into the nervous tissue of the CNS; is usually diagnosed by taking a sample of CSF and examining it for microbes 404
Absence seizures
are mild forms in which the facial muscles twitch and the expression goes blank for a few seconds; these are typically seen in young children and usually disappear by the age of ten 397
Myoclonic
at the beginning of a seizure when muscles begin to jerk around
Coma
blows to the head may induce _____by causing widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma; ____ may also be produced by tumors or infections that invade the brain stem; metabolic disturbances such as hypoglycemia (abnormally low blood sugar levels) drug overdose, or liver or kidney failure interfere with overall brain function and can result in coma; cerebral infarctions, unless massive and accompanied by extreme swelling of the brain, rarely cause coma
Grand mal seizures
bones are often broken during the intense colvusions that take place, showing the incredible strength of the muscle contractions that occur; loss of bowel and bladder control and sever biting of the tongue are common; the seizure lasts for a FEW MINUTES, then the muscle relaxes and the person awakens but remains disoriented for several minutes after 397
Damage to visual association area
by contrast, those with damage to the ______ can see, but they do not comprehend what they are looking at 380
Hypothalamic disturbances
cause a number of disorders in the body, such as sever body wasting or obesity, sleep disturbances, dehydration, and a broad range of emotional imbalances;
Anterograde amnesia
consolidated memories are not lost, but new sensory inputs cannot be associated with old, and the person lives in the here and now from that point on; this phenomenon is called ________
Amnesia
damage to either the hippocampus or amygdala results in only slight memory loss, but bilateral destruction of both structures causes global amnesia
Primary motor cortex damage
damage to localized areas of the primary motor cortex (as from a stroke) paralyzes the body muscles controlled by those areas;
Tetonic/clonic seizures
different levels; last from a minute to a minute and thirty seconds; sudden stiffening nad movement; jerkey movements; loss of muscle tones
Premotor cortex destruction
for example, if the premotor area controlling the flight of your fingers over the computer keyboard were damaged, you would not be able to type with your usual speed, but you could sill make the same movements with your fingers; reprogramming the skill into another set of premotor neurons would require practice, just as the initial learning process did 379
Hypothalamic disturbances
for example, infants deprived of a warm, nurturing relationship may develop sleep disorders and fail to thrive 387
Primary motor cortex damage
if the lesion is in the right hemisphere, the left side of the body will be paralyzed; only voluntary control is lost, however, as the muscles can still contract reflexively 379
Grand mal seizures
in the most severe, convulsive form of epileptic seizures, ______, the person loses consciousness;
Retrograde amnesia
is a loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease.
Aura
many seizure sufferers experience a sensory hallucination, such as a taste, smell, or flashes of light, just before the seizure begins; this phenomenon, called an ______ is helpful because it givesthe person time to lie down and avoid falling to the floor 39
Fainting/ syncope
most often, it indicates inadequate cerebral blood flow due to low blood pressure, as might follow hemorrhage or sudden emotional stres
Hydrocephalus
ordinarily, CSF is produced and drained at a constant rate; however, if something obstructs its circulation or drainage, it accumulates and exertes pressure on the brain; this condition is called _____;
Premotor cortex destruction
results in a loss of the motor skills programed in that particular region, but muscle strength and the ability to perform the discrete individual movements are not hindered;
Primary visual cortex damage
results in functional blindness;
Dyslexia
reverse orders of letters or words in a sentence, 10% have inborn visual issues
Children + seizures
seizures during temperature changes; must medicate whenever they get a fever; generally its grown out of
Epileptic seizures
some cases of ______are induced by genetic factors, but it can also result from brain injuries caused by blows to the head, stroke, infections, high fever, or tumors;
Complete/ partial seizures
speak calmly; move the person to a safe direction (away from harmful objects, remove from pools, etc), person is aware of what is happening
Simple partial
strange aura; stiffening/ jerking; can be followed by another seizure; nutrition is important
Encephalitis
the condition in which an meningeal infection spreads into the CNS is called _______ 404
Retrograde amnesia
the loss of memories formed in the distant past;
Brain death
the result is _____, a dead brain in an otherwise living body; physicians msut determine whether a patient in an irreversible coma is legally alive or dead because life support can be removed only after death
Epileptic seizures
these seizures, called _____, reflect abnormal electrical discharges of groups of brain neurons, and while their uncontrolled activity is occurring, no other messengers can get through;
Coma
total unresponsiveness to sensory stimuli for an extended period is called _____;
Brain death
when the brain has suffered irreparable damage, irreversible coma occurs, even though life support measures may have restored vitality to other body organs;
Anterograde amnesia
you could carry on an animated conversation with a person with ________, excuse yourself, return five minutes later, and that person would not remember you
