The Jeffersonian Era

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System." Unfortunately, he also started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New York and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President. *Burr Conspiracy* - the scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the secession of the Louisiana Territory from the United States; captured in 1807 and charged with treason, Burr was acquitted by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Important Occurrences During the War

*1.* British navy blockades U.S ports *2.* U.S forces invade Canada *3.* U.S forces burn government buildings in Toronto, Canada *4.* U.S naval ship U.S.S Constitution defeats the British naval ship Guerriere *5.* Captain Oliver Perry defeats the British Navy in Lake Erie *6.* British forces attack Washington D.C and burn down the capital building and the White House *7.* U.S forces defeat British attack on Baltimore *8.* Francis Scott Key wrote the Star-Spangled Banner *9.* Hartford Convention *10.* Treaty of Ghent *11.* Andrew Jackson wins the Battle of New Orleans

5 missions that Jefferson set for Lewis and Clark?

*1.* Explore the Missouri and other rivers to find the best water route across the continent. *2.* Be careful that the measurements and records you keep are correct and complete *3.* Learn all you can about the people you meet *4.* Be friendly to the Natives. *5.* Don't feel you have to complete the journey, if it becomes too difficult or if you meet warlike people.

Outcomes of the War

*1.* U.S manufacturing increased because of the British blockade *2.* U.S nationalism increased (patriotism... 'Murica!) *3.* British impressment stopped

Highlights from Thomas Jefferson's Presidency

*1801*: Jefferson sends U.S ships to fight the Barbary Pirates in the Mediterranean Sea *1803*: Marbury vs. Madison Louisiana Purchase *1804*: Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery begin exploration of the Louisiana Territory : 12th amendment ratified : Burr-Hamilton Duel *1805*: Barbary Pirates sign treaty promising not to interfere with American ships *1806*: Lewis and Clark return *1807*: Embargo Act passed *1808-1809*: Non-Intercourse Act passed

Deism

*Time*: 1790's Definition: God is a watchmaker; The religion of the Enlightenment. Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterward He left it to run by its own natural laws. Deism originated among Enlightenment philosopher in France. At the time, less than 10% of white Americans belonged to a formal church. People started rejecting the idea of predestination, which led to the Second Great Awakening. Religious skepticism produced philosophies of "Universalism" and "Unitarianism" *Significance*: Deism led to a time period when it was common for a family to not attend any church, which was very unlike the fundamental beliefs of many of the religious groups. This time period proved that the need for some kind of reform was visible.

Causes of the War of 1812

- British restrictions of American neutrality rights at sea - American desire to obtain more land from Britain (the Canada incident resulting in burning of DC kinda inspired them) - American fear of British aid to Indians who attacked frontier settlements - British impressment (interfering with U.S trade) - Belief that the British were arming natives in the NW territory - War Hawk's desire to obtain Canada and Florida (Spain's at the time)

Cons of the Louisiana Purchase

- France needs money badly and would have accepted a lower price - To raise 15 million dollars, the United States would have to increase the nation's debt - Settlers who move 2,000 or more miles away from the center of the U.S government will not stay loyal to it - Since France just recently acquired Louisiana from Spain, Spain may object to the proposed sale - Purchase of the foreign territory is not among the delegated powers listed in the Constitution - The U.S agents who negotiated in France lacked the authority to buy Louisiana

Pros of the Louisiana Purchase

- The federal government has implied powers- ones not stated directly in the Constitution - Louisiana may contain valuable natural resources - Farmers in the West cannot prosper unless free trade and navigation on the Mississippi River are assured - Buying Louisiana will double the territory of the United States and enhance the nation's prosperity - The price of 15 million is a bargain - Louisiana has a port on the gulf of Mexico - The ownership of Louisiana by any European power is a threat to the military safety of the U.S

War Hawks

- Western/southerners, nationalist, pro-war representatives joining house - Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina - Pushed for war with Great Britain - Feared British trade restrictions would harm western trade down the Mississippi River - Believed British were supporting/equipping Indians - Saw British acts such as impressment as insults to Americans honor - Pressured Madison toward war

Judicial Review

1803- Marbury v Madison took place. John Marshall decided to give supreme court the power to decide whether a law is constitutional or not. Originally had been with states through Kentucky Resolution. The power of the federal courts to declare a law unconstitutional. This is the ultimate example of implied powers.

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States. Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Before becoming president, his work included authoring the Declaration of Independence. He was elected in what some call the Revolution of 1800. His views embodied the Democratic-Republican of small limited government. His administration was responsible for the Embargo Act of 1807, and the Louisiana Purchase.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee Indian scout who fought in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. One of the greatest Indians leaders in US history. Wanted to join all Indian tribes as one, with himself as head to a stand against Western moving settlers. Success contributed to by his twin brother "the Prophet". Died in the Battle of Thames while fighting for British.

Noah Webster

A Yale-educated Yankee, he was known as the "Schoolmaster of the Republic." His "reading lessons," used by millions of children in the 19th century, were partly designed to promote patriotism. He devoted 20 years to his famous dictionary, published in 1828, which helped to standardize the American language.

Hamilton vs Burr

A duel between two prominent American politicians, the former secretary of the treasury Alexander Hamilton and sitting vice president Aaron Burr, in 1804. Burr shot and mortally wounded Hamilton who died the next day which ended the political career of Burr.

The Northern Confederacy

A scheme by the Essex Junto in which the states of New England and New York wanted to secede from the United States. Burr attempted to run for the governor of New York in order to take New York along with New England. Hamilton, however, defeated Burr in his bid for the governorship of New York and the plan fell apart.

Toussaint L'Overture

A self-educated slave who led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S. He wrote a two-volume Democracy in America that contained insights and pinpointed the general equality among people. He wrote that inequalities were less visible in America than France.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Competing interpretations of the Bible multiplied. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, moral reasoning against slavery. Also, the reorganization churches and abolitionism resulted. Conservative theologians tried to fight the spread of religious rationalism. Traveled from West to East.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the Clermont 1807. The Clermont was the first commercially successful steamboat in America. Responsible for perfecting the steamboat and bringing it to the attention of the public. In 1812, the Clermont model, from him and Livingston, was used for transportation to and from New Orleans. Fulton was an inventor; Livingston was a promoter.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the first chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 until 1835. He was a Federalist originally installed on the bench by John Adams. His decisions defined and strengthened the powers of the Judicial Branch and asserted the power of Judicial Review over federal legislation. His significant cases include Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden.

Zebulon Pike

American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition is often compared to the Lewis and Clark expedition. He explored the Louisiana territory between 1805-1807. 1805-1806: northward to the upper reaches of the Mississippi River; 1806-1807: crossed the Great Plains to the Colorado Rockies Leader of new land. Set up a portal to allow people to migrate west.

Freethinkers

Americans who didn't accept the teachings of the Second Great Awakening whose skeptical philosophies helped cause the revivals. They became a minority. They were victims of the Second Great Awakening in many ways and only a small and defensive minority within American Christianity. They believed outside the church and rejected the literal truth of the bible, believing that answers could be found in the natural world.

Chesapeake-Leopard Incident

An American ship (U.S. Frigate) was stopped to be searched, but the captain refused. The British then opened fire and killed 20 men. The British took three Americans and one British man. The US was outraged. An incident of violence that resulted in high anti-British sentiment and nearly brought war in 1807. Most famous example of impressment.

Louis and Clark Expedition

An expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States. Led by Merriwether Lewis and William Clark; traveled from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River from 1803/4 to 1806. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

Eli Whitney

An inventor and manufacturer who invented the cotton gin in 1793 which cleaned cotton of its seed. He also established the first factory to assemble muskets with interchangeable, standardized parts. His innovations led to an American style of manufacturing where those laborers with less skill could use tools and templates to make identical parts; also, the manufacture and assembly of parts could be done separately. It also unintentionally fastened slavery to the south. Apparently he was ironic because he invented something that he thought would help the American's dependence slavery on slavery but instead gave the south a reason to keep their slaves and therefore partially caused the Civil War.

John Wesley

Anglican minister. Influenced by Moravians and pietists. Created religious movement, Methodism. Preached with Whitefield. Appealed especially to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and community. He had the idea of Christian perfection. Became the missionary to the English people.

Washington Irving

Author and diplomat and elite-minded Federalist who wrote essays and satirical histories of early American life and fables about society in the New World, including Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Both of Irving's writings sold well in America and around the world. Irving moved to Europe as he was impatient with the slow American literary development.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle in 1811 between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West but defeated by William Henry Harrison. The US took heavy losses. The prophet ordered an attack, promising to charm the enemy's weapons so they would be unable to harm them (hehe... xD). The US still won. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812. Very similar to Pontiac's War and the Battle of Fallen Timbers and was yet another failed attempt by Native Americans in the NW Territory to protect their land.

Impressment

Claimed by Britain prior to the War of 1812 British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British; a factor in the War of 1812.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24th, 1814; Treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the US and Britain and Ireland. Reestablished situation before the war and outlawed impressments. Americans gave up their demand for an end to impressment and the cession of Canada to the US. while Britain abandoned their call for an Indian buffer state. The treaty largely restored relations between the nations to status quo ante bellum. Due to the era's slow speed of communication, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, well after the Battle of New Orleans had begun. Led by John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Albert Gallatin.

The Prophet (Tenskwatawa)

He claimed to have received a revelation from "the master of life". Encouraged Indians to reject the way of the white man. He said Native Americans must reject white ways and no longer trade with the settlers. Harrison asked for proof of his being sent by God and an eclipse made it seem that he was. He inspired a religious revolt that spread through many tribes and united them.

Benjamin Rush

In his Thoughts on Female Education (1787), Philadelphia physician and writer Rush argued that young women should ensure their husbands' "perseverance in the paths of rectitude" and called for loyal "republican mothers" who would instruct "their sons in the principles of liberty and government" He was a Sons of Liberty Member, signed Declaration of Independence, supported Federal Constitution, and served as the appointed treasurer of the U.S Mint from 1797 to 1813.

Mercy Otis Warren

Influential playwright and agitator during the Revolution who later published "History of the Revolution", which emphasized the heroism of the American struggle. She was known as the "Conscience of the American Revolution". First female American playwright. Wrote numerous anti-British plays between 1772-1775 that increased colonial resistance to British control.

Barbary Coast Piracy

Jefferson decided to stop tributes and build up a navy and choose war instead of paying the tributes. In 1801, the Pasha of Tripoli declared war with America. In 1805, United States reached an agreement with the Pasha that ended the payments of tribute, however the US had to pay a ransom of $60,000 to get back prisoners that were captured by the Barbary pirates.

Accomplishments of Lewis and Clark

Lewis and Clark were not able to accomplish all the objectives that Jefferson set for them. Even though they did not find an all water route to the Pacific Ocean, the expedition succeeded in its other aims. They became friendly with the Indians and learned much about their land. They also strengthened the United States' claim to Oregon.

Essex Junto

Name given to the extreme nationalist wing that opposed the War of 1812 and the Embargo Act. They attempted to secede the state's of New England and take New York as well and create a "Northern Confederacy".

Louisiana Purchase

Napoleon deserted desires for France to expand in America when the need for more troops in Europe hindered plans and ordered Talleyrand to offer Louisiana to the Americans. Livingston and Moore decided to accept this offer without consulting with Jefferson because there was no time. Though it did double the size of the country, people were worried if this went against the Constitution's rights for the federal government, and if it had the ability to purchase territory and to grant citizenship to 50,000 people living in Louisiana. However, it was the right decision for the country, so Jefferson argued that he was allowed to make this purchase by employing the presidential power of treaty-making. They finally agreed to overlook this for the good sense of the country, but Jefferson abandoned his strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Turnpike Era

Period that began in 1794 with the construction of a toll road running sixty miles between Philadelphia and Lancaster, in central Pennsylvania. It is named for the type of tollgate used on these roads. Turnpikes are named after the types of tollgates used on them. the era ended in the 1820's.

Non-Intercourse Act

Replaced the embargo policy by allowing American trade with all countries except Britain and France; like the Embargo Act, this attempt to use American trade as an instrument of foreign policy failed. British and French interference with U.S. shipping continued and the Non-Intercourse Act was repealed in 1810. Created just before Madison took office; later replaced with Macon's Bill No. 2. Napoleon announced France would not interfere with American trade.

Hartford Convention

Representatives of the New England states (Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island) met in Hartford 1814 (mostly federalists). They opposed war and hinted New England might secede from Union if demands were not met. The party listed its complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence. The Hartford Convention's final report demanded: - Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade from embargos - Constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared - The abolition of slavery - A President could only serve 1 term - The abolition of the 3/5 clause - The prohibition of the election of 2 successive Presidents from the same state The Hartford resolutions marked the demise of the Federalist party. The party nominated their last presidential candidate in 1816.

Public and Private Education

Republicans believed all male citizens should receive free education. The MA law of 1789 said each town was obligated to support a school but had little reinforcement. Schooling was was primarily the responsibility of private institutions: South and Mid-Atlantic-run by religious groups; New England-more secular, many modeled on schools founded by Phillips family in Andover, MA in 1778. 1789-MA required public schools serve females.

Marbury vs. Madison

Sec. of State James Madison held up one of John Adams' "Midnight Judges" appointments. The appointment was for a Justice of the Peace position for William Marbury. Marbury sued. Fellow Hamiltonian and Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed Marbury's suit, avoiding a political showdown and magnifying the power of the Court. This case cleared up controversy over who had the final say in interpreting the Constitution: the states did not, the Supreme Court did. This is judicial review.

Handsome Lake

Seneca prophet who had a "rebirth" after being ​alcoholic and inspired other Indians to give up destructive customs from white society (whiskey, gambling, etc.) He worked to revive old Iroquois customs and affirm family values, as well as forsake alcohol. He died in 1815, but his teachings live on in the form of the Longhouse religion.

William Henry Harrison

Son of Benjamin Harrison who fought in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Whigs united under him, the one Whig candidate who had won national support 4 years earlier. Borrowing campaign tactics from the Democrats and inventing many of their own, Whigs campaigned hard in every state. The result was a Whig victory and a truly national two-party system. Governor of the Indiana territory who fought against Tecumseh and the Prophet in the battle of Tippecanoe. Believed in the assimilation, not decimation of the Indians.

Spain and Florida

Southern states wanted Florida from the Spanish because it caused many problems: - slaves escaped over the border - Indians attacked whites If they had control over Florida, they would have access to important ports too. In 1810, Americans in west Florida seized control of the Spanish port Baton Rouge and asked the Federal government to take control of the area. Madison complied, creating more problems with the British, who were allies of the French, and ultimately becoming a cause for war with the British.

Impeachment of Samuel Chase

Strong supporter of American Revolution, signer of the DoInd, federalists, and only supreme court justice attempted to be impeached. Jefferson tried to impeach him for of alleged prejudice against Jeffersonians. The impeachment failed. This is the only attempt in history to impeach a U.S. Supreme Court Justice. So much for free speech...

Albert Gallatin

The Secretary of the Treasury under Thomas Jefferson. He was called the "Watchdog of the Treasury," and proved to be as able as Alexander Hamilton. He agreed with Jefferson that a national debt was a problem. Using strict controls of the economy, he succeeded in reducing the debt, and he balanced the budget which gave America the ability purchase the Louisiana territory from France.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

The Treaty demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained, and laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the US and British North America. This agreement was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Britain during this time period following the end of the War of 1812.

Macon's Bill #2

The law lifted all embargoes with Britain and France (for three months). If either one of the two countries ceased attacks upon American shipping, the United States would end trade with the other unless that other country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well.

Midnight Judges

The name that was given to a group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence because judges serve for life instead of limited terms.

Companionate Marriages

These were marriages designed to give wives "true equality, both of rank and fortune" with their husbands. They emphasized a clear division of labor between a breadwinner and a homemaker and held together by sentiment, friendship, and sexuality. However, in reality, husbands were still the dominant partner and hardly ever practiced equality. The predominant model of marriage in the mid-twentieth century.

The Embargo

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Cane Ridge

Town in Kentucky home to where a large gathering of Protestants gathered and preached (America's first "camp meeting") which was a religious revival that lasted several days; popular with methodists. Thousands of people attended and it had a festival type atmosphere.

Sentimentalism

Was a way of thinking that originated in Europe as part of the Romantic movement. This philosophy celebrated the importance of a "feeling". Sentimentalism encouraged young Americans to marry more for love and less for what their parents wished. Cultural.

Judith Sargent Murray

Well-educated daughter of wealthy Massachusetts merchant. Wrote "On Equality of the Sexes". She argued men and woman had an equal capacity for memory and women had a superior imagination. She concluded that most women were inferior to men in judgment and reasoning, but only because they had not been trained. Women just needed a way to earn their own living and find a new role in society.