Protein Synthesis

I can describe and label gene regulation in eukaryotes, including the use of transcription factors and a promoter.

A protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence. A promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind that initiate transcription of a single RNA from the DNA downstream of it. This RNA may encode a protein, or can have a function in and of itself, such as tRNA, mRNA, or rRNA

As the ribosome reads the RNA strand, it reads _______ bases at a time, called a ________.

3, codon

I can describe how the nucleotide sequence in DNA relates to a specific gene, which in turn corresponds to a specific protein.

A codon is a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis. Each codon corresponds to a single amino acid (or stop signal), and the full set of codons is called the genetic code

What is a gene? What is the function of a gene?

A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins.

What is the start codon for translation?

AUG (Met)

If one side of a DNA strand reads GGTAC, what bases make up the complementary side?

CCAUG

What type of bond holds sugar and phosphate backbone together?

Covalent bonds

What are the jobs of helicase and ligase enzymes?

DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together into a single DNA molecule. Helicase opens up the DNA at the replication fork. Single-strand binding proteins coat the DNA around the replication fork to prevent rewinding of the DNA.

What enzyme is responsible for creating the new strand during DNA replication?

DNA polymerases

Name two similarities between DNA replication and Transcription?

DNA replication and transcription involve binding complementary nucleic acids to DNA, yielding a new strand of either DNA or RNA. Both processes can lead to errors if an incorrect nucleotide is incorporated.

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA: 1 type. Double stranded. T instead of U. Sugar deoxyribose. Nucleus. RNA: 3 types (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA. 1 stranded. U instead of T. Sugar ribose. Cytoplasm.

How do cells regulate the expression of individual genes?

Genes encode proteins and proteins dictate cell function. Moreover, each step in the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein provides the cell with a potential control point for self-regulating its functions by adjusting the amount and type of proteins it manufactures.

How and why does the process of translation use RNA to make proteins?

In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in a ribosome, outside the nucleus, to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide. The polypeptide later folds into an active protein and so it can perform the functions in the cell.

I can use a DNA sequence to take it through the stages of protein synthesis and determine the correct polypeptide chain.

It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation. Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. It includes the steps of initiation, elongation, and termination. After the mRNA is processed, it carries the instructions to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

Which mutations be helpful? Harmful? Neutral? Explain each.

Mutations (silent positive effect) are essential for evolution to occur because they increase genetic variation and the potential for individuals to differ. The majority of mutations are neutral (nonsense) in their effects on the organisms in which they occur. ... Harmful mutations (Frameshift) may cause genetic disorders or cancer.

How do genetic mistakes occur, and what happens as a result?

Mutations are often the result of errors that crop up during cell division, when the cell is making a copy of itself and dividing into two. Acquired mutations can also be the byproducts of environmental stresses such as radiation or toxins. Mutations occur all the time in every cell in the body.

Distinguish between frameshifts, nonsense, and silent.

Nonsense mutations produce truncated and frequently nonfunctional proteins. A frameshift mutation results from an insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides that is not a multiple of three.

What enzymes is used during transcription?

RNA polymerase

I can differentiate between the 3 types of mutations and explain their potential impact on protein structure and phenotype.

Substitution: base is replaced by one of the other three bases • Deletion: block of one or more DNA pairs is lost. Insertion: block of one or more DNA pairs is added. New cell function.

Define transcription and translation.

Transcription : DNA -> RNA Translation : RNA -> Protein

How does the process of transcription use DNA to make RNA?

Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene (directly or through helper proteins). RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands (the template strand) as a template to make a new, complementary RNA molecule.

I can describe and label the process of transcription, including the molecules that are involved, the main steps of the process, and where it occurs in a cell.

Transcription takes place in the Nucleus

I can describe and label the process of translation, including the molecules that are involved, the main steps of the process, and where it occurs in a cell.

cytoplasm

What type of bond holds the bases together?

hydrogen bonds

Name the molecule that carries the genetic message from the nucleus?

mRNA

What type of RNA carries the building blocks of a protein to the site of protein synthesis?

mRNA

What is another name for a change in genetic structure?

mutation

Where is DNA found in Prokaryotes?

nucleoid

Where is DNA found in eukaryotes?

nucleus

What type of bond forms between the amino acids of a proteins?

peptide bonds

What are the functions of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA, and their locations in the cell?

rRNA, tRNA is located in the cellular cytoplasm and is involved in protein synthesis. Transfer RNA brings or transfers amino acids to the ribosome that corresponds to each three-nucleotide codon of rRNA. mRNA is a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic code from DNA in a cell's nucleus to ribosomes, the cell's protein-making machinery.

Label the diagram

seen on paper