PSC 140 midterm 2
some universals in IDS
-researchers had Dutch and Mandarin mothers read stories to their 1.5-2 year old toddlers. Dutch speaking mothers produced a higher pitch in IDS than ADS, Mandarin speaking mothers' IDS mean pitch and pitch range were similar to ADS.
do infants prefer IDS across cultures?
6-15 month old infants tested. 333 bilingual and 384 monolingual included in the study across 7 countries in 17 labs monolingual and bilingual infants showed a preference for IDS
When researchers look at the IQ scores of Black and White children, they find that
Although Black children have a lower IQ on average, some Black children have IQ scores that are at the top of the range.
The Carolina Abecedarian project was a program that provided low income children with specialized day care services from 6 months to 5 years old. What outcome has been shown to be an effect of the program?
As adults, children who attended the specialized day care had higher IQs than children in the control group
how does attending school affect intelligence?
Attending school has been shown to increase intelligence scores
study where caregivers asked to record speech at least an hour between them and their infants.
Caregivers modify their speech around word boundaries which may suggest a prosody may facilitate language acquisition.
Nativist theorists believe that people have a biology module. Which of the following describe evidence that has been used to support this conclusion?
Children throughout the world are fascinated by plants and animals, and learn about them quickly and easily.
empiricist
Dr. Monroe believes that infants are born with general learning mechanisms, such as the ability to perceive, attend, associate, generalize and remember. He argues that children learn about people and how they act from their massive experience with people. He is an empiricist.
how do we measure young infants' speech perception?
HAS: high amplitude sucking HAS habituates with repeated exposure to a stimulus, but sucking may increase with a new stimulus 1 and 4 month olds tested, habituated infants to b or p phoneme. Tested response to a new sound. VOT of 60 sounds like p, VOT of 80 sounds like p
what american psychologist proposed that people have 8 different types of intelligence
Howard Gardner
Why did the state of California ban the use of IQ tests for black children?
IQ test were biased towards black children, misidentifying children as delayed
Which of the following was an argument made in the lawsuit about the use of the WISC with California school children?
It heavily tests children's acquired knowledge, not general intelligence.
A parent frequently uses regulatory language such as "stop that" during play sessions with their infant, without any accompanying touch. Based on the research described in the lecture video on parental interactions and language development, what might we conclude about this parent's interaction style?
It is not as likely as other interaction styles to enhance the infant's language development
which of these would be considered a subordinate level concept in the following scenario? Rayne is currently at the park and is running through a field of flowers, picking a blossoming perennial and remarks what a beautiful purple peony to her parents.
It's not the park, field of flowers or perennial, it's the purple peony.
does this mean speech perception is unlearned?
Japanese adults cannot hear difference between r and l. However, Japanese babies can! So the ability to perceive speech is unlearned. Language experience matters.
As a learning of English, Jonica understands that she must say, "Please pass the peas," and not, "Peas the pass please."
Jonica has attained an understanding of syntax
Jordan believes that language learning can be understood by computational modeling. He develops a model that explores how connections among units are strengthened as a result of experience with language.
Jordan is taking a connectionism approach to understanding language development.
Which of the following is a good example of grit, as defined by Angela Duckworth?
Madison who has taken ballet since she was 3; as a teenager, she takes class several times a week, often riding the bus by herself to get to ballet practice because she loves it and wants to succeed.
By the age of 2, children understand that desires lead to actions. Which of the following best illustrates this understanding?
Marjorie expecting that Hello Kitty will ask for chicken curry, because even though Marjorie doesn't like it she knows that it is Hello Kitty's favorite.
When Martin discusses the way in which children learn to use language, he suggests that there are multiple neural mechanisms that are activated at the same time and that, just like a computer, the activity of these different components is linked.
Martin is a proponent of the linguistic model called connectionism
IQ is a strong predictor of academic, economic, and occupational success. Which of the following statements best described the relation between IQ and success.
Other factors such as motivation and conscientiousness also predict success
Some theorists have described different kinds of intelligences. One kind of intelligence is called practical intelligence. This kind of intelligence
Predicts occupational success beyond IQ
a primary goal of intelligence testing since the early 1900s is
Provide an objective measure of scholastic aptitude to allow fairer decisions about children's schooling (like honors placement)
genie
child raised in isolation example (however we don't know what genie's condition was so we don't know why she couldn't learn language, she could've had some sort of learning disability)
Krascum and Andrew's studied 4 year old children's categorization of two types of imaginary animals: wugs and gillies. Children were given information about characteristics of each category and later had to identify novel photos of animals and sort them into the two categories. The results showed that:
children who were given explanations for why wugs and gillies had the features they do were better at classifying the pictures as wugs or gillies.
language acquisition support system
children's interactions with adults supports language development
children say things they have never heard before
("rick" the pillow example. When offered the word "rick," child turns it into "ricked" and "ricking" on their own)
18-24 months, babies have a rapid vocabulary increase
(age 2=300 words, age 3=1000 words)
learning view of language development/empiricist: Skinner (evidence for all three explanations)
-everything language related is learned by observation, repetition and reinforcement -children must be exposed to language to learn it (children imitate what they've heard: if "mouse" turns to "mouses" it's because they are using what they've learned from experience to apply a new rule, not because of innate knowledge)
william stern
coined the term IQ
parent-child interactions and language development
complex and dynamic have large effect on infant's social, cognitive and language development
children with more siblings
develop theory of mind at younger ages
infant/child directed speech
during mother child interaction, mother held up duck and described the toy, speaking in an exaggerated manner with lots of repetition higher and greater pitch range, repetition and slower rate of speech than adult directed infant directed speech may facilitate language development and language learning because it captures infants attention
A researcher studying cognitive development argues that we can gain insight into cognitive development by understanding basic actions, such as crawling, walking, reaching, and grasping. This researcher's theory is closest to which theoretical approach?
dynamic systems theory
Diego believes cats have a certain "catness," dogs have a certain "dogness," and horses have a certain "horseness." What concept is he exhibiting?
essentialism
the challenge of learning words: willard van orman quine
example of walking in a field and your friend says gavagi! Gavagi could refer to a lot of different things. However, very young children are remarkably good at this. But how? Because children don't consider all the possible meanings of new words (constraints on word learning= limits on how young children interpret new words)
perceptual categorization
grouping objects into categories based on what they look like
joint attention
has more utterances during and leads to larger vocabulary for child
What was the lasting effect of California policies on the development of "Larry P"?
he never received the education he deserved
speech perception
hearing the sounds of a language; categorical perception of phonemes
Despite having a low income, Anna is a responsive parent who provides her children with a safe play area and varied learning materials. Anna's child is likely to have
higher IQ than do other low-income children with less responsive parents.
statistical learning
identifying patterns in sensory input, such as speech, critical in language development
bidirectionality
infant's behavior affects how parent responds and vice versa
pointing
infants make an effort to communicate by reaching even before they can point. By 10-12 months, their points make statements (protodeclaratives) or make requests (protoimperatives)
preferential listening/head turn paradigm
infants turn head to IDS longer than adult directed speech (4 months old subjects and 18-21 year old subjects)
IDS captures/facilitates language acquisition
infants who had more exposure to IDS at 12 months had larger vocabularies at 2 years study shows that amount of exposure at 19 months determines size of vocabulary at 24 months
Jamal studies children's memory. He is interested in encoding, or representation in memory of specific features of objects and events. Jamal's theoretical perspective is most like which of the following theories?
information processing theory
language comprehension (understanding)
is more complex than language production (speaking)
3 factors that are important in parent child interaction
joint attention, interaction quantity and tactile touch during interaction
sociodramatic play example
kim has several friends over. She wants to play her favorite TV show. She assigns each child a character and has them act out a scene from the show. This is an example of sociodramatic play.
-interactionist view: language is seen as primarily a social skill (Tomasello)
language acquisition support system, turn-taking, pointing, children learn through interactions (adults highlight word-object associations), joint attention
higher interaction quantity
led to milestones achieved earlier
Research has shown that low-SES children's achievement test scores fall over the summer, but high-SES children's scores tend to rise. This may be because
low-SES children tend to have less intellectually stimulating environments in the summer than do high-SES children.
during play
mothers use referential language more than regulatory, but they use both
IDS assists with expression of emotions
mothers' use of pitch and communication style: In Australia, mothers observed talking to their girls. Utterances rated as more positive also had higher pitch.
developmental theories differ in
nature/nurture, processes infants use to learn about the world, continuity/discontinuity; theories develop in a cultural context and time in history
a pattern of data in which scores fall symmetrically around a mean value with most scores falling close to the mean and few scores falling farther and farther from it is called
normal distribution
turn-taking
parent-infant interactions involve turn taking (like peek a boo). Toddlers already understand turn-taking in conversations with a parent and older sibling.
Studies of children who participated in early-intervention programs have found that
participants were more likely to graduate from high school than non-participants.
infants able to hear speech sounds from many different languages
perceptual narrowing leads to speech perception matching their main language
phonology/phenomes
phonetics/speech sounds
infant pointing is different than reaching because
pointing indicates openness to experience and readiness to learn whereas reaching does not
where do these constraints come from?
possibility that they are innate: children are born with innate biases for how words work like each object going with one word possibility that they are learned: children learn the constraints from the regularities in the words as they learn them. The fact that multilingual children have a weaker mutual exclusivity constraint supports this.
pragmatics
practical use of language, adjusting language to best fit the context and the listeners
fast mapping
quick, imprecise way young children learn new words by placing them into existing concept categories
"Passive effects" of genotype-environment interaction, also known as "passive gene-environment correlation,
refers to a situation where a child inherits genes from their parents that influence the environment they are raised in
overregulation
saying "we goed" instead of "we went"
The ability to inhibit actions, follow rules, and avoid impulsive reactions is referred to as
self discipline
grit
significant predictor of success grittier students significantly more likely to graduate grit is motivation to achieve long term goals
syntax
system of grammatical rules about word order and sentence structure
semantics
system of rules for constructing the meaning of a sentence
Armando is just starting to put words together. He says things like "Daddy shoe" and "More cookie". These are examples of
telegraphic speech
One problem with the questions on the WISC is that
the "correct" answer often reflects a specific cultural perspective and experience.
one study indicated that children's IQ scores at 5 and 15 had a correlation coefficient of +0.67. This shows
the continuity of IQ scores
voice onset time
the length of time between when air passes through the lips and when vocal cords start to vibrate; many phonemes differ in VOT
Why was the way IQ tests were normed a problem for Black children in the US?
the norming was only done with white children
telegraphic speech
the phase of language development when children speak in short simple phrases
eugenics
the study of how to selectively and supposedly improve the human population, especially by encouraging breeding in some people and discouraging it in others
Paola studies intelligence. She gives children a number of different tasks and finds that their performance on the tasks are correlated. This finding supports which view of intelligence?
the view of a general intelligence
when mothers touched their infants during interactions
they also tended to speak more
when babies point at something, they are expecting a label that they will then learn
this is pretty consistent across cultures
Which of the following is the BEST example of a superordinate-level concept?
vehicles
word learning: infants understand words before speaking
visual preferential looking: when infants looked at photos of their mom and dad they were able to match the word to the photo by six months of age, infants recognize familiar words! Words that they've heard a lot like bottle and ball. babies typically say first word around 1 year
phonemes
vocal sounds, not necessarily equivalent to letters (cats= k, a, t, s)
people may pronounce phonemes differently but
we hear them in the same category
productive vocabulary
what children can say
how to read an article
when reading an article, always think about the broader question first
-constraints: whole object restraint and mutual exclusivity
whole object restraint: assumption that someone is referring to an entire object instead of a specific feature or descriptor of it mutual exclusivity constraint: assumption that each concept has only one name; process of elimination with names of items you know versus don't. Infants can do this at 18 months. exception to mutual exclusivity constraint: bilinguals learn multiple names for objects all the time!
Researchers studying the development of speech perception have discovered that
young infants actually make more distinctions than adults do.
The fact that children have been shown to perform well on dissimilar intellectual tasks is supportive of the idea that intelligence is
a single trait
Evocative (or reactive) genotype-environment interactions refers to the association between
an individual's genetically influenced behavior and others' reactions to that behavior.
underextension
applying a word too narrowly
overextension
applying a word too regularly
bogota brothers: van den heuvel campos et al correa-chavez & Rogoff
are genres our destiny or does environment also have a say how can we use science to inform policy? does experience shape learning? cultural differences create differences in attention and learning?
joint attention
both adults and child are focused on same object and they both know the other is also attending to the same object- joint attention causes more observation seen through verbal utterances
morphemes
building blocks of language (cats= cat and s)
Alina is a caregiver at a daycare center. While playing with 18-month-old Dustin, Alina notices that an he is exploring a new toy car. Alina says, "That's a car. It goes vroom!" while gently tapping the toy.
This is an example of a multi modal caregiver infant interaction
As children learn to use language, parents often correct their utterances.
This parental feedback is often more about the accuracy of the utterance than whether or not it is grammatical
infant directed speech happens in many cultures, but not all, and not always the same characteristics
Tseltal Mayan children from Chiapas, Mexico do not engage much with adults verbally. Infants are spoken to directly for 4 minutes per hour. However, Tseltal children reach developmental milestones as Western children do. big idea is that infant directed speech is not universal across cultures and languages
niche picking
The active effect of genotype-environment interaction is when people choose environments that support their genetic tendencies
