PSY 379 Exam 5
_____ was formerly known as hypochondriasis. A. Hysteria B. Illness anxiety disorder C. Neuroticism D. Malingering
B. Illness anxiety disorder
People at the lowest socioeconomic levels have the highest rates of: A. emotional support. B. morbidity and mortality. C. treatment adherence. D. medical literacy.
B. morbidity and mortality.
As part of a study, Lina was given a sugar pill that should not cause any harm. However, after taking the pill, Lina reported uncomfortable side effects. In this scenario, a _____ response occurred. A. meaning B. nocebo C. conditioned D. placebo
B. nocebo
Diagnoses of low blood pressure are MOST prevalent in: A. the United States. B. France. C. Germany. D. the United Kingdom.
C. Germany.
Most illnesses tend to be: A. unpredictable in nature. B. self-limiting. C. cyclical. D. cyclical, self-limiting conditions.
D. cyclical, self-limiting conditions.
Ed's doctor advises him to avoid several "trigger" foods, including wheat and dairy products. The doctor apparently believes Ed has a: A. macrobiotic reaction. B. repetitive food disorder. C. nutritional deficit. D. food allergy.
D. food allergy.
Which of these is an example of phantom limb pain? A. An amputee reports feeling pain in a missing leg. B. A patient continues to feel a deep, burning sensation in a wound that has healed. C. After Sheila bruises her shoulder, her arm goes numb. D. After an accidental fall, Brad can no longer feel any sensations in his left arm.
A. An amputee reports feeling pain in a missing leg.
Like _____, guided imagery is based on the concept that our attention and awareness have _____. A. cognitive distraction; a limited capacity B. relaxation training; unlimited capacity C. visualization; multiple dimensions D. reflex training; an optimal level of arousal
A. cognitive distraction; a limited capacity
People who have a generally positive outlook on life: A. have higher self-reported health. B. worry more about their health. C. are more in tune with their physical symptoms. D. are more likely to ignore physical symptoms.
A. have higher self-reported health.
One way to assess pain is by recording changes in _____, among other indicators of _____ arousal. A. heart rate; autonomic B. blood pressure; CNS C. skin temperature; endocrine D. skin conductance; cortical
A. heart rate; autonomic
Health psychologists generally believe that hypnotic phenomena: A. reflect the workings of normal consciousness. B. do not exist. C. reflect a truly altered state of consciousness. D. are unreproducible.
A. reflect the workings of normal consciousness.
People who cope with health problems by ignoring them are called: A. repressors. B. malingerers. C. sensitizers. D. overregulators.
A. repressors.
The ideals of complementary and alternative medicine include all of these EXCEPT: A. to promote vitalism. B. to be natural. C. to be holistic. D. to promote wellness.
A. to promote vitalism.
The average rate of patient nonadherence is estimated to be about: A. 25%. B. 10%. C. 50%. D. 75%.
A. 25%.
Commonly called "Obamacare," the _____ brought about significant changes in how health care is paid for and provided in the United States. A. Affordable Care Act B. Fee-for-Service Act C. Crossing the Quality Chasm Act D. Managed Care Act
A. Affordable Care Act
_____ is an opioid analgesic, whereas _____ is a nonopioid analgesic. A. Morphine; aspirin B. Acetaminophen; naproxen C. Ibuprofen; morphine D. Aspirin; acetaminophen
A. Morphine; aspirin
Which of these does the textbook NOT offer as an explanation of how relaxation and meditation might promote health? A. People who regularly practice relaxation or meditation techniques tend to have healthier lifestyles. B. Relaxation and meditation bolster the immune system. C. Relaxation and meditation may alter a person's emotional response to symptoms. D. These techniques provide relief from stress, muscle tension, anxiety, and negative emotionality, all of which increase a person's vulnerability to ill health.
A. People who regularly practice relaxation or meditation techniques tend to have healthier lifestyles.
A managed-care network of physicians, hospitals, and other health care providers that agree to charge pre-established rates for specific services is: A. a preferred provider organization. B. a fee-for-service system. C. an accountable care organization. D. patient-centered health care.
A. a preferred provider organization.
The traditional Chinese medicine in which fine needles are inserted into the skin in order to relieve pain is: A. acupuncture. B. chiropractic. C. naturopathy. D. biomedicine.
A. acupuncture.
Active listening does NOT include: B. restating. C. echoing. D. clarifying.
A. analyzing.
Connor, who suffers from asthma and depression, has become involved in a psychophysiological intervention research study in which he is monitored closely by means of a number of electrodes that record the variations in a number of his physiological systems, including his respiratory and cardiovascular system. He is asked many times to adjust his breathing in specific intervals until a desired pattern is observed in his physiological readings. What intervention is Connor participating in? A. biofeedback B. transcendental meditation C. yoga D. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
A. biofeedback
A recent meta-analysis of studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) found that needle acupuncture produced: A. decreased neural activity in the amygdala and hippocampus. B. no change in neural activity anywhere in the brain. C. decreased neural activity in the cerebellum. D. decreased neural activity in the basal ganglia and brain stem.
A. decreased neural activity in the amygdala and hippocampus.
Cognitive control refers to interventions that: A. direct the patient's attention to the positive aspects of a procedure. B. speed recovery during and after a medical procedure. C. increase patients' knowledge regarding a medical procedure. D. teach techniques for controlling pain.
A. direct the patient's attention to the positive aspects of a procedure.
One study of patients suffering from _____ found that those with one variation of the COMT gene displayed the most severe psychological and functional impact pain scores. A. fibromyalgia B. restless leg syndrome C. referred pain D. chronic fatigue syndrome
A. fibromyalgia
Which of these is NOT attributed to patient difficulties with health literacy? A. higher patient satisfaction B. higher personal health care costs C. more frequent hospital visits D. making treatment errors and medication errors
A. higher patient satisfaction
Researchers believe that opioid-induced _____ occurs because of _____ among nerve cells in the spinal cord. A. hyperalgesia; long-term potentiation B. hyperalgesia; inhibition C. chronic pain; desensitization D. acute pain; damage
A. hyperalgesia; long-term potentiation
Although Kendra has a small rash on her abdomen, she hasn't seen a doctor about it because she is generally healthy and sickness seems unlikely. Kendra's behavior is an example of: A. illness delay. B. scheduling delay. C. behavioral delay. D. appraisal delay.
A. illness delay.
Most herbs in the United States are marketed as food supplements because: A. it is illegal to recommend an herb as a treatment for anything. B. packaging laws mandate full labeling of contents. C. they must be taken along with food to be effective. D. none have any documented effectiveness.
A. it is illegal to recommend an herb as a treatment for anything.
Because of pain's complex nature, researchers have had to rely on all of these EXCEPT: A. objective measures. B. self-report measures. C. physical measures. D. behavioral measures.
A. objective measures.
Health psychologists generally believe that hypnotic phenomena: A. reflect the workings of normal consciousness. B. do not exist. C. reflect a truly altered state of consciousness. D. are unreproducible.
A. reflect the workings of normal consciousness.
Critics of unconventional therapies have raised all of these points EXCEPT: A. that CAM evidence relies exclusively on qualitative research. B. that CAM evidence is often based on informal anecdotal evidence. C. that many CAM trials include too few participants. D. that CAM research often makes use of invalid treatment outcome measures.
A. that CAM evidence relies exclusively on qualitative research.
The symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are treated with the greatest intensity in: A. the United States. B. Germany. C. the United Kingdom. D. Japan.
A. the United States.
Studies of patient-provider consultations have found that: A. the more time physicians spend with their patients, the more satisfied the patients are. B. patients are usually satisfied with the consultations and treatment they receive. C. the harm that stems from poorly delivered bad news usually is not long-lasting. D. health care providers are more verbally dominant with female patients.
A. the more time physicians spend with their patients, the more satisfied the patients are.
Some people avoid seeking medical care because the perceived benefits do not outweigh the perceived costs. This is called: A. treatment delay. B. scheduling delay. C. appraisal delay. D. illness delay.
A. treatment delay.
Which reason was NOT offered in the textbook as a reason that women seek health care more often than men? A. Many women are exposed to more illness. B. Men are, in general, healthier than women until late adulthood. C. Health care is more fragmented for women. D. The health care system is male-biased.
B. Men are, in general, healthier than women until late adulthood.
After being injured in a football game, David is certain that his hoped-for career as a professional athlete is doomed and that the rest of his life will be miserable. A health psychologist would probably characterize David's pattern of thinking as an example of: A. dwelling on the pain. B. catastrophizing. C. victimization. D. self-blame.
B. catastrophizing.
According to Eisenberg (1997), before her patients pursue a CAM consultation, Dr. Ambrose should: A. attend the consultation herself to learn about the techniques used. B. ensure that her patients understand their symptoms. C. remind her patients of their rights. D. maintain records of patients' symptoms, but ignore irrelevant details such as patient opinions.
B. ensure that her patients understand their symptoms.
Approximately _____ of adults in the United States take vitamin supplements, even though most medical experts have yet to fully endorse nutritional supplementation. A. 56% B. 76% C. 86% D. 66%
B. 76%
Which statement is TRUE regarding the acceptability of unconventional therapies in traditional biomedicine? A. Dietary medicine and acupuncture have been widely accepted within traditional medicine, but other therapies have not been accepted. B. Health care in the United States is moving toward a more open-minded view of unconventional medicine. C. Conventional medicine is more critical of alternative therapies today than ever before. D. Hypnosis and meditation have been widely accepted within traditional medicine, but other therapies have not been accepted.
B. Health care in the United States is moving toward a more open-minded view of unconventional medicine.
Who is most likely to seek CAM? A. Yessica, a woman who dropped out of high school B. Mae, a woman who was hospitalized three months ago for depression C. Bruno, a man who dropped out of high school D. Uriel, a man who was hospitalized three months ago for a back problem
B. Mae, a woman who was hospitalized three months ago for depression
Which of these was NOT identified in the textbook as a factor that predicts patient adherence? A. having trust in one's care provider B. a complex treatment regimen C. being in a good mood D. having the support of family and friends
B. a complex treatment regimen
A major part of health care reform under the Affordable Care Act was the creation of: A. health maintenance organizations. B. accountable care organizations. C. fee-for-service organizations. D. managed care.
B. accountable care organizations.
Which of these CAM techniques has the highest success rate? A. tai chi and yoga B. acupuncture C. hypnosis D. chiropractic
B. acupuncture
Research studies have reported that patients with high health literacy are more likely to: A. report the lowest levels of confidence in their doctors. B. adhere to treatment instructions. C. take a passive, deferential role in their treatment. D. have less accurate perceptions of the risks and benefits of health screening.
B. adhere to treatment instructions.
Kennedy has burned her hand, but she does not have an emotional response to the pain—even though she feels the pain, can judge the severity of the pain, and rationally seeks immediate medical attention for the injury. She has damage to the _____, the area of the brain that regulates her emotional response to a stimulus such as heat. A. anterior insula B. anterior cingulate cortex C. primary somatosensory cortex D. prefrontal cortex
B. anterior cingulate cortex
Carl didn't seek medical treatment for a mole on his back that had changed appearance because he didn't notice it. Carl's behavior is an example of: A. behavioral delay. B. appraisal delay. C. illness delay. D. scheduling delay.
B. appraisal delay.
The Feingold diet eliminates food colorings, artificial flavors, and highly processed foods as a treatment for: A. cancer. B. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. C. diabetes. D. hypertension.
B. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
The only major forms of CAM originally developed in the United States are: A. mindfulness meditation and herbology. B. chiropractic and osteopathy. C. herbology and magnet therapy. D. naturopathy and homeopathy.
B. chiropractic and osteopathy.
According to the conditioning explanation of the placebo effect, over years of treatment, the physician's white coat, the disinfectant smell in a waiting room, and the taste of each pill that is swallowed function as: A. conditioned responses. B. conditioned stimuli. C. unconditioned responses. D. unconditioned stimuli.
B. conditioned stimuli.
Which of these is NOT one of the central elements of the patient-provider relationship? A. quality of consultations B. frequency of consultations C. continuity of care D. communication
B. frequency of consultations
For helping patients prepare for hospitalization, the interventions that describe the particular procedures and physical sensations that might be expected are focused on increasing: A. cognitive control. B. informational control. C. sensory control. D. behavioral control.
B. informational control
The two forms of food supplement therapy are: A. herbalism and homeopathy. B. nutritional medicine and megadose therapy. C. herbalism and naturopathy. D. homeopathy and naturopathy.
B. nutritional medicine and megadose therapy.
In modulating physiological responses, biofeedback: A. enables people to consistently control their internal, involuntary responses. B. offers no advantage over other behavioral techniques such as relaxation training. C. is more effective with adults than with children. D. is ineffective.
B. offers no advantage over other behavioral techniques such as relaxation training.
The new model of health care that combines the efforts of physicians, psychologists, and other health care providers is called: A. collaborative care. B. primary care. C. multidimensional care. D. palliative care.
B. primary care.
Which of these is NOT one of the basic types of health care delivery systems around the world? A. "pay-as-you-go" B. private sector model C. national health insurance D. single-provider system
B. private sector model
The medical school anecdote about Mr. Wright, who relapsed when he lost confidence in the cure he once believed in, illustrates the operation of _____ in medical treatments. A. the regression effect B. the placebo effect C. the Krebiozen effect D. observer expectancy
B. the placebo effect
Although her doctor has done nothing but examine her arthritic hands, elderly Mae feels less pain, apparently because she believes that the doctor has done something for her. Mae's improvement is an example of: A. spontaneous remission. B. the placebo effect. C. observer expectancy. D. the regression effect.
B. the placebo effect.
The ideals of complementary and alternative medicine include all of these A. to promote wellness. B. to promote vitalism. C. to be holistic. D. to be natural.
B. to promote vitalism.
Which of these is NOT one of the basic principles of naturopathic medicine? A. Find the underlying cause. B. Treat the whole person. C. Act as a student. D. Help nature heal.
C. Act as a student.
Research studies indicate that telemedicine is: A. a limited and infrequent vehicle for health care. B. practical only for people living in major urban areas. C. becoming part of every health care provider's training. D. too impersonal and mechanical for most physicians and their patients.
C. becoming part of every health care provider's training.
The correlation between income and the number of health symptoms reported is likely to be: A. nonexistent. B. stronger for men than for women. C. negative. D. positive.
C. negative.
Which of these is NOT a reported benefit of assertiveness coaching? A. rating higher overall health B. missing fewer work days C. reducing problem drinking D. reporting fewer symptoms
C. reducing problem drinking
Although her doctor has done nothing but examine her arthritic hands, elderly Mae feels less pain, apparently because she believes that the doctor has done something for her. Mae's improvement is an example of: A. observer expectancy. B. the regression effect. C. the placebo effect. D. spontaneous remission.
C. the placebo effect.
Vitalism, which is popular in some varieties of complementary and alternative medicine, is the concept of: A. dissociation of consciousness. B. collective consciousness. C. a general life force. D. a higher spiritual force.
C. a general life force.
A health care organization in which individuals pay a fixed monthly rate and use services as needed is: A. patient-centered health care. B. a single-payer system. C. a health maintenance organization. D. fee-for-service.
C. a health maintenance organization.
The most widely used alternative treatment for substance abuse is: A. meditation. B. hypnosis. C. acupuncture. D. homeopathy.
C. acupuncture.
How a person views the symptoms, perceived causes, controllability, and consequences of an illness refers to that person's: A. social construction. B. explanatory style. C. illness representation. D. neuroticism.
C. illness representation.
Isabel's doctor combines traditional biomedical interventions with evidence-based complementary and alternative medical therapies to treat her patients. This doctor is practicing: A. psychosomatic medicine. B. ayurvedic medicine. C. integrative medicine. D. naturopathic medicine.
C. integrative medicine.
Acupuncture theory identifies 14 lines of energy called: A. doshas. B. chi. C. meridians. D. prakti.
C. meridians.
Which of these therapies does NOT belong with the others? A. meditation B. relaxation C. naturopathy D. hypnosis
C. naturopathy
People who score high on measures of _____ are more likely to perceive symptoms such as cramping and painful bowel movements as signs of an illness. A. repression B. depression C. neuroticism D. malingering
C. neuroticism
Dr. Gelding meets with each of his patients for eight minutes. While meeting with his European American patients, he listens carefully to their symptoms and asks follow-up questions. When he meets with his Asian American patients, however, he often interrupts their recitation of symptoms, voices objections to their specific requests for medications and treatments, and often does not order the same lab tests as he would for his European American patients with the same symptoms. What term best exemplifies Dr. Gelding's behavior? A. personally moderated bias B. institutionalized bias C. personally mediated racism D. institutionalized racism
C. personally mediated racism
Which patients would be LEAST likely to welcome procedural or sensory information regarding a stressful medical procedure? A. men, who tend to rely on active coping strategies B. sensitizers C. repressors D. women, who tend to rely on problem-focused coping
C. repressors
Anecdotal evidence is based on: A. randomized control trials. B. statistical significance. C. subjective opinions. D. double-blind laboratory studies.
C. subjective opinions.
In general, health services are MOST often used by: A. the very young. B. the very old. C. the very young and the very old. D. middle-aged adults.
C. the very young and the very old.
Slow (C) nerve fibers are _____, and they conduct neural impulses at about _____ meters per second. A. large; 0.5 to 2 B. small; 15 to 30 C. unmyelinated; 0.5 to 2 D. myelinated; 15 to 30
C. unmyelinated; 0.5 to 2
Sensitizers are people who cope with health problems by: A. ignoring stressful information. B. distancing themselves from aversive events. C. vigilantly monitoring cues of discomfort. D. looking at life through rose-colored glasses.
C. vigilantly monitoring cues of discomfort.
_____ is an opioid antagonist that binds to opioid receptors in the body and blocks the effects of natural opiates. A. Substance P B. Enkephalin C. Prostaglandin D. Naloxone
D. Naloxone
An alternative therapy that has achieved mainstream acceptance is: A. relaxation training. B. hypnosis. C. acupuncture. D. chiropractic.
D. chiropractic.
Analgesia created by triggering another, mildly painful stimulus is called: A. phantom pain. B. referred pain. C. stress-induced analgesia. D. counterirritation.
D. counterirritation.
In one study, dental patients who were given a placebo reported increased pain when they were also injected with: A. substance P. B. glutamate. C. enkephalins. D. naloxone.
D. naloxone.
The neurotransmitter secreted by pain fibers in the spinal cord that increases pain messages is: A. enkephalin. B. naloxone. C. cytokine. D. substance P.
D. substance P.
The gate control theory attempts to explain how: A. certain nerve cells in the brain respond to specific features of sensory stimuli. B. the perception of pain is mediated solely by emotional cues from the environment. C. the perception of touch is related to the specific nerve endings that are activated. D. the nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain.
D. the nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain.
Which technique is a natural childbirth process designed for prospective parents? A. depersonalization B. motivational interviewing C. active listening D. Lamaze training
D. Lamaze training
Which of these was NOT identified in the textbook as a factor that predicts patient adherence? A. having trust in one's care provider B. having the support of family and friends C. being in a good mood D. a complex treatment regimen
D. a complex treatment regimen
A major part of health care reform under the Affordable Care Act was the creation of: A. fee-for-service organizations. B. health maintenance organizations. C. managed care. D. accountable care organizations.
D. accountable care organizations.
In herbal medicine, tonics are herbs that: A. promote perspiration and nervousness. B. have anti-inflammatory effects. C. have potent actions and are used to treat illness. D. have a general healing effect.
D. have a general healing effect.
A number of unconventional therapies consider the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual needs of the client. In other words, these therapies are examples of: A. allopathic medicine. B. energy therapies. C. chelation therapy. D. holistic medicine.
D. holistic medicine.
For as long as Cara can remember, 'her father has worried excessively over his health, often experiencing imaginary symptoms. Cara's father likely suffers from: A. comorbidity. B. malingering. C. chronic fatigue syndrome. D. illness anxiety disorder.
D. illness anxiety disorder.
The use of complementary and alternative medicine is: A. much greater among men than among women. B. greater in the United States than anywhere else in the world. C. decreasing from its peak in the mid-1990s. D. increasing throughout the world.
D. increasing throughout the world.
Which of these is NOT one of the principles of the Affordable Care Act? A. coverage for preventive health services B. affordable coverage C. individual mandate D. limits on lifetime benefits
D. limits on lifetime benefits
The holistic care system that draws from homeopathy, herbal remedies, and traditional Chinese medicine is: A. acupuncture. B. ayurvedic medicine. C. homeopathic medicine. D. naturopathic medicine.
D. naturopathic medicine.
The area of the brain that, when electrically stimulated, causes an immediate reduction in pain is the: A. hypothalamus. B. pituitary gland. C. substantia gelatinosa. D. periaqueductal gray area.
D. periaqueductal gray area.
Kristin, a newly graduated African American medical student, has been assigned to work in an urban free clinic in a lower-income area of a large city. She has been warned by coworkers that a number of the homeless residents in the area frequent the clinic for medication and services. On her first night, a young African American man in a torn shirt and pants comes in complaining of severe stomach pains and vomiting; he requests painkillers to reduce the pain. Kristin hesitates and gives him care only after she asks a series of in-depth and probing questions and only after she has treated a number of other European American and Asian American patients first. Kristin's behavior seems to represent what concept? A. medical bias B. institutionalized racism C. institutionalized discrimination D. personally mediated racism
D. personally mediated racism
Which of these is NOT a component of illness representation? A. identity of the illness B. cause of the illness C. timeline D. previous experience
D. previous experience
Herbert Benson's classic experiment on relaxation and meditation found all of these physiological and metabolic changes EXCEPT: A. reduction in consumption of oxygen. B. reduction of lactate in the bloodstream. C. reduction in the number of breaths taken each minute. D. reduction in the number of high-frequency delta brain waves.
D. reduction in the number of high-frequency delta brain waves.
Which of these terms describes substances that have long been available in Europe and are becoming increasingly available in the United States, and that seem to be more effective, perhaps due to higher dosages than those found in dried herbs? A. elemental extracts B. homogeneous extracts C. essential extracts D. standardized extracts
D. standardized extracts
Interventions aimed at increasing behavioral control are most beneficial for medical procedures in which: A. the procedure is quite painful. B. the procedure is not painful. C. the patient's participation has no effect on the progress of the procedure. D. the patient's participation can assist progress.
D. the patient's participation can assist progress.
The concept of qi, a life force flowing throughout the body, is central to: A. evidence-based medicine. B. naturopathic medicine. C. homeopathic medicine. D. traditional Chinese medicine.
D. traditional Chinese medicine.
Fabrizio Benedetti found that _____ injections of placebos were more effective in reducing pain than _____ injections. A. unpredictable; predictable B. predictable; unpredictable C. hidden; visible D. visible; hidden
D. visible; hidden