Review
At what sties in the body are fenestrated capillaries located? (Module 19.3B)
Fenestrated capillaries are located in endocrine glands, the choroid plexus of the brain, absorptive areas of the intestine, and filtration areas of the kidneys.
Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the
precapillary sphincters.
As blood travels from arteries to veins,
pressure drops.
Name the two large lymphatic vessels into which the lymphatic trunks empty. (Module 20.3B)
right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the
right ventricle
Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except
the brain
________ are the only blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to permit blood-tissue exchange.
capillaries
Metabolites exchange by diffusion with the tissues and the cells in which of the following locations?
capillary
RBCs move single file through this structure.
capillary
The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the
capillary hydrostatic pressure.
Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?
The net filtration pressure is usually zero.
In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?
a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long
In which of the following would the resistance be greater?
a vessel 10 microns in diameter
Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except
increased hematocrit
Explain the equation R α 1/r4. (Module 19.6B)
resistance is inversely proportional to the 4th power of the radius.
Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the
right atrium
Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit? (Module 19.1C)
right atrium
The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except
the venae cavae.
All of the following contributes to turbulent blood flow except
third and fourth heart sounds.
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
thoracic duct.
The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called
veins
The thoroughfare channel ends at the
venule
After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the
venules
Which of the following is true regarding the inferior vena cava?
It is considered a large vein
Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false?
Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the respiratory system
Explain lymphedema. (Module 20.3C)
Lymphedema is the accumulation of interstitial fluids that results from blocked lymphatic drainage.
T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of
B cells.
The larynx contains all of the following except
C-rings composed of hyaline cartilage.
When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ cell.
CD4 T
Define chemotaxis. (Module 20.10B)
Chemotaxis is the phagocyte movement in response to chemical stimuli.
Where are class I MHC proteins and class II MHC proteins found? (Module 20.15C)
Class I MHC proteins are found on all nucleated body cells and class II MHC proteins are found on antigen-presenting cells and B cells.
Define compliance and resistance. (Module 21.15A)
Compliance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil. Resistance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs.
________ cells directly provide cell-mediated immunity.
Cytotoxic T
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume
________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.
Peyer's patches
Distinguish between phonation and articulation. (Module 21.4C)
Phonation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound; articulation is the modification of sound by the tongue, teeth, and lips.
If you observed a higher-than-normal number of plasma cells in a sample of lymph, would you expect antibody levels in the blood to be higher or lower than normal? (Module 20.17C)
Plasma cells produce antibodies so you would expect antibody levels would be higher than normal.
________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.
Tolerance
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is
carbon dioxide.
The term "hypercapnia" refers to
elevated PCO2.
The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called
fissures
Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?
free and fixed macrophages
After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the
functional residual capacity. Submit
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
hard palate.
Neural and endocrine regulatory mechanisms influence which factors? (Module 19.5A)
heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance, and venous pressure
Which chemicals do mast cells and basophils release when stimulated in an allergic reaction? (Module 20.20B)
histamines, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause inflammation
Regulatory T cells act to
inhibit T and B cell activities.
Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as
internal respiration.
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of
internal respiration.
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is
internal respiration.
Edema is not favored when
interstitial fluid movement increases.
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
All of the following are true regarding carbonic anhydrase except that
it can convert carbonic acid into O2.
Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?
left lung
In emphysema, all of the following occur except
patients present with cyanosis.
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
phagocytes
The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells.
plasma
Which cells produce antibodies? (Module 20.21B)
plasma cells
Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except the
pons
The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except
providing gas exchange. Submit
The respiratory mucosa of the trachea consists of
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
Lobar bronchi supply air to the
segmental bronchi.
B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called
sensitization.
The glottis is
the opening to the larynx.
Which of the following would be greater?
the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6
Which of the following would be greater?
the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 20 degrees centigrade Submit
The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct.
the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
During swallowing, all of the following occur except
the uvula rises to block the oropharynx.
A test to measure the antibody level of a blood sample is called a(n)
titer
The vocal ligaments are found in the
vocal folds.
________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space).
Alveolar ventilation rate
Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?
It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages.
Compare lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine with those found elsewhere. (Module 20.2D)
Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine are called lacteals and they transport lipids. Lymphatic capillaries elsewhere are associated with blood capillary networks.
________ are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes.
Lymphoid tissues
The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.
NK cells
How do NK cells detect cancer cells? (Module 20.11B)
NK cells recognize cancer cells by the tumor-specific antigens on the plasma membranes of cancer cells.
What is the function of lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2A)
The function of lymphatic vessels is to transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system.
The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.
12 to 18
A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits.
2 alpha and 2 beta Submit
The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.
2.5 cm; 15-20
Each 100 mL of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ of oxygen.
20 mL
Arrange the following structures in the correct order as blood would pass through them.1. left atrium2. pulmonary arteries3. systemic veins4. right ventricle5. right atrium6. pulmonary veins
3, 5, 4, 2, 6, 1
Identify the paired and unpaired cartilages that compose the larynx. (Module 21.4A)
The paired cartilages are the arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform. The unpaired cartilages are the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis.
Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues. (Module 21.14B)
The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood.
Define respiratory defense system. (Module 21.2A)
The respiratory defense system is a series of filtration mechanisms that prevent airway contamination.
Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what?
activating genes that trigger apoptosis
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions.
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
bound to hemoglobin.
Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in
capillaries
If you looked closely at a pulmonary lobule, you would see all of the following structures except
cartilage plates.
What types of immunity are stimulated by antigen presentation? (Module 20.15D)
cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity
Which of the following is not a characteristic of venous valves?
channeling blood away from the heart
Identify the structure labeled "2."
choanae
The "C" in COPD stands for
chronic
The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the
cisterna chyli.
________ are multiple arteries that fuse in order to serve a single capillary network.
collaterals
The measure of how easily the lungs expand and contract is termed
compliance
The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the
concentration of plasma proteins.
Identify the two types of capillaries with a complete endothelium. (Module 19.3A)
continuous capillaries and fenestrated capillaries
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called
continuous capillaries.
Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except
cooling the air.
The conchae
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.
cricoid
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.
cytotoxic T
Which cells can be activated by direct contact with virus-infected cells? (Module 20.21C)
cytotoxic T and natural killer cells
Identify the three major types of T cells activated by class I MHC proteins. (Module 20.16B)
cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells
Inflammation produces all of the localized effects except
decreased blood flow.
Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?
decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2
The primary function of the lymphatic system is
defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.
Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa?
dehumidify the incoming air
The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called
diapedesis.
The vocal folds are located within the
larynx
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the
lips
Sinusoids can be found in the
liver
In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the
lobar bronchi.
What branches from the trachea?
primary bronchi
Which of these descriptions best matches the term "external intercostal"?
primary muscle of inspiration Submit
In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens
produce a fever.
The inflation reflex
protects the lungs from damage during forced inspiration.
The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to
provide adequate alveolar ventilation.
The technical term for "breathing" is
pulmonary ventilation
What structure prevents the backflow of lymph in some lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2C)
valves
The site on an antibody that is specifically tailored to fit a specific antigen is called the
variable segment.
List the factors that contribute to total peripheral resistance. (Module 19.6A)
vascular resistance, vessel length, vessel luminal diameter, blood viscosity, and turbulence
Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel?
vein
Blood pressure is lowest in the
veins
Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?
venules
If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.
100
Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true?
Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery.
Define opsonization. (Module 20.19B)
Opsonization is the process by which the coating of pathogens with antibodies and complement proteins makes the pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis.
What is the function of overlapping endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries? (Module 20.2B)
Overlapping endothelial cells act as one-way valves that permit the entry of fluids and solutes but prevent their return to the intercellular spaces.
Describe the location of the lungs within the thoracic cavity. (Module 21.6B)
The left lung and right lung are surrounded by the left and right pleural cavities, respectively. Submit
Where is the thymus located? (Module 20.6A)
anterior mediastinum, posterior to the sternum
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Name the lymphoid tissue that protects epithelia lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. (Module 20.5A)
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the
mucus escalator.
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?
oropharynx
Which chemical factors in blood or cerebrospinal fluid stimulate the respiratory centers? (Module 21.16C)
pH, PO2, and PCO2 concentrations
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably
tears
Air traveling from the segmental bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule.
terminal bronchioles
Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that
the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as
the chloride shift.
Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers?
tunica externa
Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?
tunica intima
The layer of the arteriole wall that can contains smooth muscle and can produce vasoconstriction is the
tunica media
Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?
tunica media
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
upper respiratory tract.
Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as
white pulp
Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit.1. venules2. arterioles3. capillaries4. elastic arteries5. medium veins6. large veins7. muscular arteries
4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6
Identify the area where dividing lymphocytes are found.
5
Calculate the mean arterial pressure for a person whose blood pressure is 125/70. (Module 19.7C)
88.3 mm Hg
The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in pulmonary veins during internal respiration is approximately
95 mm Hg. Submit
What is the difference between a lymphocyte and lymph? (Module 20.1A)
A lymphocyte is the primary cell of the lymphatic system. Lymph is the interstitial fluid that has entered a lymphatic vessel.
Define pulmonary lobule. (Module 21.7A)
A pulmonary lobule is the smallest subdivision of the lungs; branches of the pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and a terminal bronchiole supply each lobule. Submit
How do abnormal antigens attached to class I MHC proteins initiate an immune response? (Module 20.16C)
Abnormal antigens are displayed on the surface of the cell's plasma membrane and recognition by CD8 T cells initiates the initial immune response.
When do the accessory respiratory muscles become active? (Module 21.10B)
Accessory respiratory muscles become active whenever the primary muscles are unable to move enough air to meet oxygen demand.
What is the function of the structures labeled "12"?
All of the answers are correct
Materials can move across capillary walls by
All of the answers are correct.
What function do the C-shaped tracheal cartilages allow? (Module 21.5B)
Allow room for the esophagus to expand during swallowing.
If tissue oxygen demand increases and respiratory rate and tidal volume remain the same, what happens?
Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 increases.
Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli?
Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles.
Define antigenic determinant site. (Module 20.18B)
An antigenic determinant site is the part of the antigen molecule to which an antibody molecule binds.
What is anaphylaxis? (Module 20.20C)
Anaphylaxis is an immune response to a circulating antigen that stimulates mast cells throughout the body to release chemicals that prompt the inflammatory response. Submit
The medullary sinus of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells.
B
The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except
B and T cells.
Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "2."
B cells
Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? (Module 20.4C)
B cells
Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin. (Module 21.13C)
BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.
Which T cells contain CD8 markers? CD4 markers? (Module 20.21A)
CD8 markers are found on cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells; CD4 markers are found on all helper T cells. Submit
Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the
CNS
________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent.
Cystic fibrosis
Explain the function of cytokines secreted by helper T cells. (Module 20.17A)
Cytokines secreted by helper T cells stimulate the cell-mediated adaptive immunity and antibody-mediated adaptive immunity.
Define Dalton's law. (Module 21.12A)
Dalton's law states that in a mixture of gases, the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture.
Define autoimmune disorders. (Module 20.22A)
Define autoimmune disorders. (Module 20.22A)
What is the significance of Henry's law to the process of respiration? (Module 21.12B)
Henry's law states that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid. Submit
What is the effect of histamine release? (Module 20.12C)
Histamine increases local inflammation, increasing blood flow to the area.
Define hypercapnia and hypocapnia. (Module 21.17B)
Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2.
Describe hypersensitivities. (Module 20.20A)
Hypersensitivities are excessive immune responses to an allergen, which is an antigen that triggers an allergic reaction.
How are hypoxia and anoxia different? (Module 21.8B)
Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply.
Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are
IgA
Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are
IgD.
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE.
Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
IgG.
Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are
IgM
Define immune surveillance. (Module 20.11A)
Immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells.
Describe immunodeficiency diseases. (Module 20.22B)
Immunodeficiency diseases are an inadequate immune responses due to problems with embryonic development of lymphoid organs and tissues, a viral infection, or treatment with or exposure to immunosuppressive agents.
During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why? (Module 21.13B)
Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest.
Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false?
The afferent lymphatic vessel enters at the hilum
What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced? (Module 21.7C)
The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces.
Name the lobes and fissures of each lung. (Module 21.6D)
The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the oblique fissure. The right lung is divided into a superior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the oblique fissure separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe.
What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)? (Module 20.15B)
The major histocompatibility complex is a portion of chromosome 6 that contains genes that control the synthesis of membrane glycoproteins.
What physical changes affect the volume of the lungs? (Module 21.9B)
The movements of the diaphragm and rib cage affect the volume of the lungs.
Why is the vascularization of the nasal cavity important? (Module 21.3C)
The rich collection of blood vessels allows the incoming air to be warmed and humidified before it leaves the nasal cavity.
Describe the drainage of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. (Module 20.3A)
The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and the left side superior to the diaphragm.
Compare the two main bronchi. (Module 21.5A)
The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus. Submit
Which would be more affected by a lack of memory B cells and memory T cells: the primary response or the secondary response? (Module 20.18C)
The secondary response because memory cells are produced during the initial response to an antigen.
Describe the systemic circuit. (Module 19.1B)
The systemic circuit transports blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the body from the left ventricle to the right atrium
Describe the gross anatomy of the thymus. (Module 20.6B)
The thymus is a pink, grainy organ covered by a capsule that divides it into two lobes, which divide further into lobules.
Describe the distribution of total blood volume in the body. (Module 19.4C)
The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (64%), systemic arterial system (13%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (9%), and systemic capillaries (7%)
Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way?
They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.
Tidal volume
What factors are involved in the formation of varicose veins? (Module 19.4D)
Varicose veins form when the vein walls weaken and the valves fail so blood begins to pool in the veins.
Trace the path of lymph through a lymph node, beginning at the afferent lymphatics. (Module 20.5C)
afferent lymphatics — subcapsular space — cortex— paracortex — medullary sinus — efferent lymphatics
The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called
aggulation
The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
alveoli
Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur? (Module 21.1A)
alveoli
Alveolar ventilation (VA) refers to the
amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.
Asthma is
an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. Submit
The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to
an antibody attached to an antigen.
Regarding the vestibular folds, the term vestibular refers to
an entryway.
Which would reduce peripheral resistance: an increase in vessel length or an increase in vessel diameter? (Module 19.6C)
an increase in vessel diameter
An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed
anaphylactic shock.
Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as
anatomic dead space. Submit
Nonspecific defenses would not include
antibodies.
A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n)
antigen
An antibody binds to an antigen at a specific area called the
antigen binding site.
The most superior portion of the lung is termed the
apex
A period in which breathing has stopped, followed by a forceful expulsion of air, is termed
apnea
Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.
apneustic
Name the paired central nervous system nuclei that adjust the pace of respiration. (Module 21.16A)
apneustic centers and pneumotaxic centers
Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they
are smaller in diameter.
Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure? (Module 19.5B)
arterial pressure
Elastic fibers in the walls of which vessels are stretched as the heart beats?
arteries
List the five general classes of blood vessels. (Module 19.2A)
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
The main control of peripheral resistance by the vasomotor centers occurs in the
arteriole.
Where is blood pressure highest?
artert
Which type of immunity develops when a child is given the polio vaccine? (Module 20.14B)
artificially acquired active immunity
The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage and help with opening and closing the glottis to produce sound are the ________ cartilages.
arytenoid
Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs). (Module 21.15B)
asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed
atelectasis
Which cells are involved in inflammation? (Module 20.19C)
basophils and mast cells
Which of the following concerning Class I MHC proteins is false?
bind complement
Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include all of the following except
blood
Are chemoreceptors more sensitive to blood CO2 levels or blood O2 levels? (Module 21.17A)
blood CO2 levels
Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with
blood vessels
In passive immunity, the
body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal
A mucosa consists of
both an epithelium containing mucous secreting cells and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.
The pneumotaxic center
both is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center.
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
both the inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and the production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport.
The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.
brain stem
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by all of the following except the ________ center.
breathing cortex of the cerebrum
Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except
chemotaxis of phagocytes.
The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called
chemotaxis.
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except
complement
Identify the structure labeled "1."
efferent lymphatic
Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than
either 37.2°C or 99°F.
The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery?
elastic
The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called
emphysema
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis
The laryngeal cartilage composed of elastic cartilage that prevents entry of solids or liquids into the larynx when swallowing is the
epiglottis
Which cells maintain the blood thymus barrier? (Module 20.6C)
epithelial reticular cells
The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed
expiratory reserve volume.
Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled "1" in quiet inspiration?
external intercostals
The openings to the nostrils are the
external nares.
Identify the structure labeled "10."
glottis
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their
heavy-chain constant segments.
Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells.
helper T
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes the disease known as AIDS, selectively infects ________ cells.
helper T
B cells are primarily activated by the activities of
helper T cells.
Destruction of antigens or cell lysis can be caused by all of the following except
helper T cells.
The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures.
hilum
The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as
hypoxia
When large numbers of antibodies encounter their antigenic targets, they interact to form a three-dimensional structure known as a(n)
immune complex.
Dalton's law states that
in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves all of the following functions except
increases edema.
The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except
inhibition of the immune response.
Which of the following is not a method in which antibodies work with features of innate immunity to destroy a pathogen?
initiate allergic reaction
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.
innate
In quiet breathing,
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the
internal elastic membrane.
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s).
internal intercostal
Infection with the HIV virus occurs through
intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids.
What pressure will be present in the space labeled "5"?
intrapulmonary pressure
Characteristics of specific defenses include all of the following except
intrinsic
Boyle's law states that gas volume is
inversely proportional to pressure.
After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called
involution
A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John
is running a fever.
All of the following are true of the primary response to antigen exposure except that
it is delayed by the memory cell stage.
The white pulp of the spleen is populated by
lymphocytes
An inflammatory response is triggered when
mast cells release histamine and heparin
________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.
memory
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
modifies the rate and depth of breathing. Submit
Various types of macrophages are derived from
monocytes
Plasma contains ________ proteins that form the complement system.
more than 30
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.
more than 90
Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the
movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of voluntary muscles.
The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery?
muscular
The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the
nasal septum.
The auditory tubes open into the
nasopharynx
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired active
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired passive
Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as
neutralization
During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except
neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.
All of the below are sensory stimuli that can stimulate respiratory reflexes except
nociceptors.
Which muscle(s) contract(s) to cause the movement indicated by the arrows labeled "6" and "7"?
none, quiet expiration is passive. Submit
List the structures of the upper respiratory system. (Module 21.3A)
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx Submit
All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the
olfactory epithelium.
The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called
opsonization.
Identify the structure labeled "7."
oropharynx
Starting at the ________, the epithelium changes to stratified squamous epithelium.
oropharynx
The ________ extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone.
oropharynx
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of
passive immunity.
The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to do all of the following except
phagocytosis.
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx.
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
phonation
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.
pulse
Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except
pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.
Which of the following muscles would not be recruited to increase inspired volume?
rectus abdominis
Lymph nodes do all of the following except
remove excess nutrients from the lymph.
Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange?
respiratory
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is
respiratory distress syndrome.
Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?
respiratory minute volume
What membrane lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract? (Module 21.2B)
respiratory mucosa membrane
Which brainstem centers generate the respiratory pace? (Module 21.16B)
respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the
right breast
Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into
right lymphatic duct
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
right primary
The lobules of the thymus are divided by partitions called
septa
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of
simple squamous epithelium.
The type of capillary that permits the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins are the
sinusoids.
The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the
soft palate.
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
specific immunity.
The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the
spleen
These vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply.
systemic venous system
Of the following arteries, the one that is an elastic artery is
the left subclavian artery.
Lymphocyte production does not occur in
the liver
Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except
the osmolarity of interstitial fluids.
Which of the following is greater?
the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air
Henry's law states that
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
the volume of the thorax increases.
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
they are equal.
All of the following are true of lymphocytes except that
they are granulocytes
The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.
three lobes; two lobes
The thymus produces several complementary hormones called
thymosins.
Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the
thymus
What tissues are involved in lymphopoiesis? (Module 20.4B)
thymus, bone marrow, and peripheral lymphoid tissues
T is to ________ as B is to ________.
thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.
thyroid
The visible and palpable prominence on the throat known as the Adam's apple is part of the
thyroid cartilage.
Name the various measurable pulmonary volumes. (Module 21.10C)
tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, and inspiratory reserve volume
________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.
tonsils
The unit of measurement for pressure specifically preferred by many respiratory therapists is
torr
Identify the structures labeled "4."
trabeculae
Beginning at the trabecular arteries, trace the path of blood through the spleen. (Module 20.7C)
trabecular arteries — central arteries — capillaries— reticular tissue of red pulp — sinusoids — trabecular veins
The ________ extends from the larynx to the mediastinum.
trachea
Trace the pathway of airflow along the passages of the lower respiratory tract. (Module 21.5C)
trachea — main bronchi — lobar bronchi — segmental bronchi — terminal bronchioles — pulmonary lobule Submit
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the
trachea.
The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the
vestibule
A rise in the level of interferons in the body suggests what kind of infection? (Module 20.13C)
viral
Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen?
viruses
If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's
vital capacity.
All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it
weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two. Submit
Define bronchopulmonary segment. (Module 21.6A)
A bronchopulmonary segment is a region of the lung supplied by a segmental bronchus.
Describe a capillary. (Module 19.2B)
A capillary is a small blood vessel whose thin wall permits exchange between blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion.
________ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues.
Autoimmune disorders
The cells responsible for synthesizing and secreting antibodies are the ________ cells.
B
Which of the following is false about the pharynx?
It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems.
Which of the following statements about bronchioles is true?
Sympathetic action causes bronchodilation.
The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.
T
Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of
T and B cells.
Describe CD markers. (Module 20.16A)
T cell plasma membranes contain cluster of differentiation (CD) proteins involved in antigen recognition.
If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of
T cells
Which two cells coordinate adaptive immunity? (Module 20.14A)
T cells and B cells
Identify the three main classes of lymphocytes. (Module 20.4A)
T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells
The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.
T helper
At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?
across the respiratory membrane
Identify the structure labeled "3."
afferent lymphatic
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the
arterioles dilate.
Modification of the sounds produced by the larynx is known as
articulation
The opening or closing of the glottis involves rotational movement of the
arytenoid cartilages.
The process of decrease in any vessel diameter that occurs due to smooth muscle contraction is called
vasoconstriction.
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except
vasodilation.
How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity? (Module 19.4B)
Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood
Define edema. (Module 19.8B)
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in peripheral tissues.
Distinguish among efferent vessels, afferent vessels, and exchange vessels. (Module 19.1D)
Efferent vessels carry blood away from the heart, afferent vessels carry blood to the heart, and exchange vessels exchange nutrients, dissolved gases, and wastes between the blood and interstitial fluid.
List the components of the lymphatic system. (Module 20.1B)
The components of the lymphatic system are the lymphocytes, lymph, lymphatic vessels, primary lymphoid tissues and organs, and secondary lymphoid tissues and organs
Describe the pulmonary circuit. (Module 19.1A)
The pulmonary circuit transports blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary veins and returns it to the left atrium
________ refers to all the factors that resist blood flow in the entire circulatory system.
Total peripheral resistance
Why are valves located in veins but not in arteries? (Module 19.4A)
Valves are located in veins to prevent blood from flowing backward because venous pressure is too low to keep the blood moving back toward the heart.
e layer between the tunica media and the tunica externa in a large artery is the
external elastic membrane.
Capillaries that contain pores that penetrate the endothelial cells are called
fenestrated capillaries.
The lymphocytes are most important in
fighting infection.
The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the
tunica media
Compared to arteries, veins
have thinner walls.
Lymph nodes range in diameter from
1 mm to 25 mm.
Which structure leads to the middle ear?
4
The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli all make up the
lower respiratory system
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are
allergies
Identify the region labeled "5."
germinal center
Define Boyle's law. (Module 21.9A)
Define Boyle's law. (Module 21.9A)
Lymphocytes
respond to antigens.
Identify the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream. (Module 21.14A)
Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia. (Module 21.18C)
Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body. Submit
Describe inflammation. (Module 20.13A)
Inflammation is a localized response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
A child falls off her bike and skins her knee. Which form of immunity will be activated immediately? (Module 20.8C)
Innate immunity
Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (Module 20.8A)
Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats
Define interferons. (Module 20.12A)
Interferons are small proteins released by virus-infected cells that trigger the production of antiviral proteins.
What does not happen to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream?
It binds to heme groups in hemoglobin.
Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false?
It causes RBCs to swell.
Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C)
It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.
Which of the following is the best explanation for the C shape of the tracheal cartilages?
Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.
Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths? Explain why. (Module 21.11C)
Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space. Submit
Define oxyhemoglobin. (Module 21.13A)
Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound.
What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"?
P outside < P inside
What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"?
P outside > P inside
For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the
PCO2 should be low.
What effect do pyrogens have in the body? (Module 20.13B)
Pyrogens induce fever, an increase in body temperature.
Describe red pulp and white pulp found in the spleen. (Module 20.7B)
Red pulp contains large numbers of red blood cells; white pulp resembles lymphoid nodules and contains lymphocytes.
Define respiratory rate. (Module 21.11A)
Respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken each minute.
Identify the types of phagocytes in the body, and differentiate between fixed macrophages and free macrophages. (Module 20.10A)
The body's phagocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages. Fixed macrophages are scattered among connective tissues and do not move; free macrophages are mobile and can travel to the site of injury.
Distinguish between the conducting portion and respiratory portion of the respiratory tract. (Module 21.1B)
The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. Submit
Describe the structures of the glottis. (Module 21.4B)
The glottis contains the vocal folds that contain the vocal ligaments and the rima glottidis which is the opening between the vocal folds.
What pressures determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract? (Module 21.9C)
The intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure
Which of these age-based changes is false?
Vital capacity increases.
Under what general conditions would fluid move into a capillary? (Module 19.8A)
When blood colloid osmotic pressure is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure.
In opsonization,
a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.
If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,
a person would stop breathing.
What is perforin?
a protein produced by NK cells
Each terminal bronchiole supplies air directly to
a single pulmonary lobule.
The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result from all of the following except
activate T cells.
All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it
activates B cells
Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous for all of the following reasons except
decreased breath volumes on inhalation.
Which of the following factors will not increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?
decreased net filtration rate
Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in all of the following except
decreased number of dust cells.
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?
decreased pH
Helper T cells do all of the following except
destroy target cells using perforins.
Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the
diameter of an alveolus.
Identify the primary inspiratory muscles. (Module 21.10A)
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
External respiration involves the
diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.
Autoantibodies are
directed against the body's own antigens. Submit
The apneustic centers promote quiet inhalation by stimulating the
dorsal respiratory group (DRG).
A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
double the rate of breathing.
If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be
doubled
