Review

At what sties in the body are fenestrated capillaries located? (Module 19.3B)

Fenestrated capillaries are located in endocrine glands, the choroid plexus of the brain, absorptive areas of the intestine, and filtration areas of the kidneys.

Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the

precapillary sphincters.

As blood travels from arteries to veins,

pressure drops.

Name the two large lymphatic vessels into which the lymphatic trunks empty. (Module 20.3B)

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the

right ventricle

Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except

the brain

________ are the only blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to permit blood-tissue exchange.

capillaries

Metabolites exchange by diffusion with the tissues and the cells in which of the following locations?

capillary

RBCs move single file through this structure.

capillary

The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the

capillary hydrostatic pressure.

Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?

The net filtration pressure is usually zero.

In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?

a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long

In which of the following would the resistance be greater?

a vessel 10 microns in diameter

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except

increased hematocrit

Explain the equation R α 1/r4. (Module 19.6B)

resistance is inversely proportional to the 4th power of the radius.

Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the

right atrium

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit? (Module 19.1C)

right atrium

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except

the venae cavae.

All of the following contributes to turbulent blood flow except

third and fourth heart sounds.

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

thoracic duct.

The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called

veins

The thoroughfare channel ends at the

venule

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the

venules

Which of the following is true regarding the inferior vena cava?

It is considered a large vein

Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false?

Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the respiratory system

Explain lymphedema. (Module 20.3C)

Lymphedema is the accumulation of interstitial fluids that results from blocked lymphatic drainage.

T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of

B cells.

The larynx contains all of the following except

C-rings composed of hyaline cartilage.

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ cell.

CD4 T

Define chemotaxis. (Module 20.10B)

Chemotaxis is the phagocyte movement in response to chemical stimuli.

Where are class I MHC proteins and class II MHC proteins found? (Module 20.15C)

Class I MHC proteins are found on all nucleated body cells and class II MHC proteins are found on antigen-presenting cells and B cells.

Define compliance and resistance. (Module 21.15A)

Compliance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil. Resistance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs.

________ cells directly provide cell-mediated immunity.

Cytotoxic T

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume

________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.

Peyer's patches

Distinguish between phonation and articulation. (Module 21.4C)

Phonation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound; articulation is the modification of sound by the tongue, teeth, and lips.

If you observed a higher-than-normal number of plasma cells in a sample of lymph, would you expect antibody levels in the blood to be higher or lower than normal? (Module 20.17C)

Plasma cells produce antibodies so you would expect antibody levels would be higher than normal.

________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.

Tolerance

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

carbon dioxide.

The term "hypercapnia" refers to

elevated PCO2.

The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called

fissures

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

free and fixed macrophages

After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the

functional residual capacity. Submit

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

hard palate.

Neural and endocrine regulatory mechanisms influence which factors? (Module 19.5A)

heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance, and venous pressure

Which chemicals do mast cells and basophils release when stimulated in an allergic reaction? (Module 20.20B)

histamines, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause inflammation

Regulatory T cells act to

inhibit T and B cell activities.

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as

internal respiration.

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

internal respiration.

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is

internal respiration.

Edema is not favored when

interstitial fluid movement increases.

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

All of the following are true regarding carbonic anhydrase except that

it can convert carbonic acid into O2.

Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?

left lung

In emphysema, all of the following occur except

patients present with cyanosis.

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

phagocytes

The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells.

plasma

Which cells produce antibodies? (Module 20.21B)

plasma cells

Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except the

pons

The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except

providing gas exchange. Submit

The respiratory mucosa of the trachea consists of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Lobar bronchi supply air to the

segmental bronchi.

B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called

sensitization.

The glottis is

the opening to the larynx.

Which of the following would be greater?

the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6

Which of the following would be greater?

the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 20 degrees centigrade Submit

The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct.

the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

During swallowing, all of the following occur except

the uvula rises to block the oropharynx.

A test to measure the antibody level of a blood sample is called a(n)

titer

The vocal ligaments are found in the

vocal folds.

________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space).

Alveolar ventilation rate

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?

It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages.

Compare lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine with those found elsewhere. (Module 20.2D)

Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine are called lacteals and they transport lipids. Lymphatic capillaries elsewhere are associated with blood capillary networks.

________ are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes.

Lymphoid tissues

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK cells

How do NK cells detect cancer cells? (Module 20.11B)

NK cells recognize cancer cells by the tumor-specific antigens on the plasma membranes of cancer cells.

What is the function of lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2A)

The function of lymphatic vessels is to transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system.

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.

12 to 18

A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits.

2 alpha and 2 beta Submit

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.

2.5 cm; 15-20

Each 100 mL of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ of oxygen.

20 mL

Arrange the following structures in the correct order as blood would pass through them.1. left atrium2. pulmonary arteries3. systemic veins4. right ventricle5. right atrium6. pulmonary veins

3, 5, 4, 2, 6, 1

Identify the paired and unpaired cartilages that compose the larynx. (Module 21.4A)

The paired cartilages are the arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform. The unpaired cartilages are the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis.

Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues. (Module 21.14B)

The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood.

Define respiratory defense system. (Module 21.2A)

The respiratory defense system is a series of filtration mechanisms that prevent airway contamination.

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what?

activating genes that trigger apoptosis

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions.

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

bound to hemoglobin.

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in

capillaries

If you looked closely at a pulmonary lobule, you would see all of the following structures except

cartilage plates.

What types of immunity are stimulated by antigen presentation? (Module 20.15D)

cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity

Which of the following is not a characteristic of venous valves?

channeling blood away from the heart

Identify the structure labeled "2."

choanae

The "C" in COPD stands for

chronic

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the

cisterna chyli.

________ are multiple arteries that fuse in order to serve a single capillary network.

collaterals

The measure of how easily the lungs expand and contract is termed

compliance

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the

concentration of plasma proteins.

Identify the two types of capillaries with a complete endothelium. (Module 19.3A)

continuous capillaries and fenestrated capillaries

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called

continuous capillaries.

Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except

cooling the air.

The conchae

create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.

cricoid

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

cytotoxic T

Which cells can be activated by direct contact with virus-infected cells? (Module 20.21C)

cytotoxic T and natural killer cells

Identify the three major types of T cells activated by class I MHC proteins. (Module 20.16B)

cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells

Inflammation produces all of the localized effects except

decreased blood flow.

Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?

decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.

Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa?

dehumidify the incoming air

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis.

The vocal folds are located within the

larynx

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the

lips

Sinusoids can be found in the

liver

In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the

lobar bronchi.

What branches from the trachea?

primary bronchi

Which of these descriptions best matches the term "external intercostal"?

primary muscle of inspiration Submit

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens

produce a fever.

The inflation reflex

protects the lungs from damage during forced inspiration.

The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to

provide adequate alveolar ventilation.

The technical term for "breathing" is

pulmonary ventilation

What structure prevents the backflow of lymph in some lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2C)

valves

The site on an antibody that is specifically tailored to fit a specific antigen is called the

variable segment.

List the factors that contribute to total peripheral resistance. (Module 19.6A)

vascular resistance, vessel length, vessel luminal diameter, blood viscosity, and turbulence

Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel?

vein

Blood pressure is lowest in the

veins

Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?

venules

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.

100

Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true?

Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery.

Define opsonization. (Module 20.19B)

Opsonization is the process by which the coating of pathogens with antibodies and complement proteins makes the pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis.

What is the function of overlapping endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries? (Module 20.2B)

Overlapping endothelial cells act as one-way valves that permit the entry of fluids and solutes but prevent their return to the intercellular spaces.

Describe the location of the lungs within the thoracic cavity. (Module 21.6B)

The left lung and right lung are surrounded by the left and right pleural cavities, respectively. Submit

Where is the thymus located? (Module 20.6A)

anterior mediastinum, posterior to the sternum

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Name the lymphoid tissue that protects epithelia lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. (Module 20.5A)

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the

mucus escalator.

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?

oropharynx

Which chemical factors in blood or cerebrospinal fluid stimulate the respiratory centers? (Module 21.16C)

pH, PO2, and PCO2 concentrations

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably

tears

Air traveling from the segmental bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule.

terminal bronchioles

Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes.

The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as

the chloride shift.

Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers?

tunica externa

Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?

tunica intima

The layer of the arteriole wall that can contains smooth muscle and can produce vasoconstriction is the

tunica media

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?

tunica media

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

upper respiratory tract.

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as

white pulp

Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit.1. venules2. arterioles3. capillaries4. elastic arteries5. medium veins6. large veins7. muscular arteries

4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6

Identify the area where dividing lymphocytes are found.

5

Calculate the mean arterial pressure for a person whose blood pressure is 125/70. (Module 19.7C)

88.3 mm Hg

The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in pulmonary veins during internal respiration is approximately

95 mm Hg. Submit

What is the difference between a lymphocyte and lymph? (Module 20.1A)

A lymphocyte is the primary cell of the lymphatic system. Lymph is the interstitial fluid that has entered a lymphatic vessel.

Define pulmonary lobule. (Module 21.7A)

A pulmonary lobule is the smallest subdivision of the lungs; branches of the pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and a terminal bronchiole supply each lobule. Submit

How do abnormal antigens attached to class I MHC proteins initiate an immune response? (Module 20.16C)

Abnormal antigens are displayed on the surface of the cell's plasma membrane and recognition by CD8 T cells initiates the initial immune response.

When do the accessory respiratory muscles become active? (Module 21.10B)

Accessory respiratory muscles become active whenever the primary muscles are unable to move enough air to meet oxygen demand.

What is the function of the structures labeled "12"?

All of the answers are correct

Materials can move across capillary walls by

All of the answers are correct.

What function do the C-shaped tracheal cartilages allow? (Module 21.5B)

Allow room for the esophagus to expand during swallowing.

If tissue oxygen demand increases and respiratory rate and tidal volume remain the same, what happens?

Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 increases.

Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli?

Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles.

Define antigenic determinant site. (Module 20.18B)

An antigenic determinant site is the part of the antigen molecule to which an antibody molecule binds.

What is anaphylaxis? (Module 20.20C)

Anaphylaxis is an immune response to a circulating antigen that stimulates mast cells throughout the body to release chemicals that prompt the inflammatory response. Submit

The medullary sinus of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells.

B

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except

B and T cells.

Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "2."

B cells

Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? (Module 20.4C)

B cells

Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin. (Module 21.13C)

BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.

Which T cells contain CD8 markers? CD4 markers? (Module 20.21A)

CD8 markers are found on cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells; CD4 markers are found on all helper T cells. Submit

Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the

CNS

________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent.

Cystic fibrosis

Explain the function of cytokines secreted by helper T cells. (Module 20.17A)

Cytokines secreted by helper T cells stimulate the cell-mediated adaptive immunity and antibody-mediated adaptive immunity.

Define Dalton's law. (Module 21.12A)

Dalton's law states that in a mixture of gases, the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture.

Define autoimmune disorders. (Module 20.22A)

Define autoimmune disorders. (Module 20.22A)

What is the significance of Henry's law to the process of respiration? (Module 21.12B)

Henry's law states that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid. Submit

What is the effect of histamine release? (Module 20.12C)

Histamine increases local inflammation, increasing blood flow to the area.

Define hypercapnia and hypocapnia. (Module 21.17B)

Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2.

Describe hypersensitivities. (Module 20.20A)

Hypersensitivities are excessive immune responses to an allergen, which is an antigen that triggers an allergic reaction.

How are hypoxia and anoxia different? (Module 21.8B)

Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply.

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are

IgA

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are

IgD.

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are

IgE.

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

IgG.

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are

IgM

Define immune surveillance. (Module 20.11A)

Immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells.

Describe immunodeficiency diseases. (Module 20.22B)

Immunodeficiency diseases are an inadequate immune responses due to problems with embryonic development of lymphoid organs and tissues, a viral infection, or treatment with or exposure to immunosuppressive agents.

During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why? (Module 21.13B)

Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest.

Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false?

The afferent lymphatic vessel enters at the hilum

What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced? (Module 21.7C)

The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces.

Name the lobes and fissures of each lung. (Module 21.6D)

The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the oblique fissure. The right lung is divided into a superior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the oblique fissure separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe.

What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)? (Module 20.15B)

The major histocompatibility complex is a portion of chromosome 6 that contains genes that control the synthesis of membrane glycoproteins.

What physical changes affect the volume of the lungs? (Module 21.9B)

The movements of the diaphragm and rib cage affect the volume of the lungs.

Why is the vascularization of the nasal cavity important? (Module 21.3C)

The rich collection of blood vessels allows the incoming air to be warmed and humidified before it leaves the nasal cavity.

Describe the drainage of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. (Module 20.3A)

The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and the left side superior to the diaphragm.

Compare the two main bronchi. (Module 21.5A)

The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus. Submit

Which would be more affected by a lack of memory B cells and memory T cells: the primary response or the secondary response? (Module 20.18C)

The secondary response because memory cells are produced during the initial response to an antigen.

Describe the systemic circuit. (Module 19.1B)

The systemic circuit transports blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the body from the left ventricle to the right atrium

Describe the gross anatomy of the thymus. (Module 20.6B)

The thymus is a pink, grainy organ covered by a capsule that divides it into two lobes, which divide further into lobules.

Describe the distribution of total blood volume in the body. (Module 19.4C)

The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (64%), systemic arterial system (13%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (9%), and systemic capillaries (7%)

Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way?

They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

Tidal volume

What factors are involved in the formation of varicose veins? (Module 19.4D)

Varicose veins form when the vein walls weaken and the valves fail so blood begins to pool in the veins.

Trace the path of lymph through a lymph node, beginning at the afferent lymphatics. (Module 20.5C)

afferent lymphatics — subcapsular space — cortex— paracortex — medullary sinus — efferent lymphatics

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called

aggulation

The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

alveoli

Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur? (Module 21.1A)

alveoli

Alveolar ventilation (VA) refers to the

amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.

Asthma is

an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. Submit

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to

an antibody attached to an antigen.

Regarding the vestibular folds, the term vestibular refers to

an entryway.

Which would reduce peripheral resistance: an increase in vessel length or an increase in vessel diameter? (Module 19.6C)

an increase in vessel diameter

An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed

anaphylactic shock.

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as

anatomic dead space. Submit

Nonspecific defenses would not include

antibodies.

A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n)

antigen

An antibody binds to an antigen at a specific area called the

antigen binding site.

The most superior portion of the lung is termed the

apex

A period in which breathing has stopped, followed by a forceful expulsion of air, is termed

apnea

Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.

apneustic

Name the paired central nervous system nuclei that adjust the pace of respiration. (Module 21.16A)

apneustic centers and pneumotaxic centers

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they

are smaller in diameter.

Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure? (Module 19.5B)

arterial pressure

Elastic fibers in the walls of which vessels are stretched as the heart beats?

arteries

List the five general classes of blood vessels. (Module 19.2A)

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

The main control of peripheral resistance by the vasomotor centers occurs in the

arteriole.

Where is blood pressure highest?

artert

Which type of immunity develops when a child is given the polio vaccine? (Module 20.14B)

artificially acquired active immunity

The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage and help with opening and closing the glottis to produce sound are the ________ cartilages.

arytenoid

Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs). (Module 21.15B)

asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed

atelectasis

Which cells are involved in inflammation? (Module 20.19C)

basophils and mast cells

Which of the following concerning Class I MHC proteins is false?

bind complement

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include all of the following except

blood

Are chemoreceptors more sensitive to blood CO2 levels or blood O2 levels? (Module 21.17A)

blood CO2 levels

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

blood vessels

In passive immunity, the

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal

A mucosa consists of

both an epithelium containing mucous secreting cells and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.

The pneumotaxic center

both is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center.

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from

both the inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and the production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport.

The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.

brain stem

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by all of the following except the ________ center.

breathing cortex of the cerebrum

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except

chemotaxis of phagocytes.

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis.

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except

complement

Identify the structure labeled "1."

efferent lymphatic

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than

either 37.2°C or 99°F.

The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery?

elastic

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called

emphysema

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottis

The laryngeal cartilage composed of elastic cartilage that prevents entry of solids or liquids into the larynx when swallowing is the

epiglottis

Which cells maintain the blood thymus barrier? (Module 20.6C)

epithelial reticular cells

The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed

expiratory reserve volume.

Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled "1" in quiet inspiration?

external intercostals

The openings to the nostrils are the

external nares.

Identify the structure labeled "10."

glottis

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their

heavy-chain constant segments.

Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells.

helper T

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes the disease known as AIDS, selectively infects ________ cells.

helper T

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

helper T cells.

Destruction of antigens or cell lysis can be caused by all of the following except

helper T cells.

The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures.

hilum

The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as

hypoxia

When large numbers of antibodies encounter their antigenic targets, they interact to form a three-dimensional structure known as a(n)

immune complex.

Dalton's law states that

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves all of the following functions except

increases edema.

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except

inhibition of the immune response.

Which of the following is not a method in which antibodies work with features of innate immunity to destroy a pathogen?

initiate allergic reaction

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

innate

In quiet breathing,

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the

internal elastic membrane.

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s).

internal intercostal

Infection with the HIV virus occurs through

intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids.

What pressure will be present in the space labeled "5"?

intrapulmonary pressure

Characteristics of specific defenses include all of the following except

intrinsic

Boyle's law states that gas volume is

inversely proportional to pressure.

After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called

involution

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John

is running a fever.

All of the following are true of the primary response to antigen exposure except that

it is delayed by the memory cell stage.

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by

lymphocytes

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.

memory

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

modifies the rate and depth of breathing. Submit

Various types of macrophages are derived from

monocytes

Plasma contains ________ proteins that form the complement system.

more than 30

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.

more than 90

Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the

movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of voluntary muscles.

The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery?

muscular

The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the

nasal septum.

The auditory tubes open into the

nasopharynx

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired active

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired passive

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as

neutralization

During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except

neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

All of the below are sensory stimuli that can stimulate respiratory reflexes except

nociceptors.

Which muscle(s) contract(s) to cause the movement indicated by the arrows labeled "6" and "7"?

none, quiet expiration is passive. Submit

List the structures of the upper respiratory system. (Module 21.3A)

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx Submit

All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the

olfactory epithelium.

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called

opsonization.

Identify the structure labeled "7."

oropharynx

Starting at the ________, the epithelium changes to stratified squamous epithelium.

oropharynx

The ________ extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone.

oropharynx

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of

passive immunity.

The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to do all of the following except

phagocytosis.

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

pharynx.

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

phonation

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.

pulse

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except

pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.

Which of the following muscles would not be recruited to increase inspired volume?

rectus abdominis

Lymph nodes do all of the following except

remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange?

respiratory

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

respiratory distress syndrome.

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

respiratory minute volume

What membrane lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract? (Module 21.2B)

respiratory mucosa membrane

Which brainstem centers generate the respiratory pace? (Module 21.16B)

respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the

right breast

Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into

right lymphatic duct

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

right primary

The lobules of the thymus are divided by partitions called

septa

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

simple squamous epithelium.

The type of capillary that permits the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins are the

sinusoids.

The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the

soft palate.

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

specific immunity.

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

spleen

These vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply.

systemic venous system

Of the following arteries, the one that is an elastic artery is

the left subclavian artery.

Lymphocyte production does not occur in

the liver

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except

the osmolarity of interstitial fluids.

Which of the following is greater?

the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air

Henry's law states that

the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax increases.

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

they are equal.

All of the following are true of lymphocytes except that

they are granulocytes

The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.

three lobes; two lobes

The thymus produces several complementary hormones called

thymosins.

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the

thymus

What tissues are involved in lymphopoiesis? (Module 20.4B)

thymus, bone marrow, and peripheral lymphoid tissues

T is to ________ as B is to ________.

thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

The visible and palpable prominence on the throat known as the Adam's apple is part of the

thyroid cartilage.

Name the various measurable pulmonary volumes. (Module 21.10C)

tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, and inspiratory reserve volume

________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

tonsils

The unit of measurement for pressure specifically preferred by many respiratory therapists is

torr

Identify the structures labeled "4."

trabeculae

Beginning at the trabecular arteries, trace the path of blood through the spleen. (Module 20.7C)

trabecular arteries — central arteries — capillaries— reticular tissue of red pulp — sinusoids — trabecular veins

The ________ extends from the larynx to the mediastinum.

trachea

Trace the pathway of airflow along the passages of the lower respiratory tract. (Module 21.5C)

trachea — main bronchi — lobar bronchi — segmental bronchi — terminal bronchioles — pulmonary lobule Submit

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the

trachea.

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the

vestibule

A rise in the level of interferons in the body suggests what kind of infection? (Module 20.13C)

viral

Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen?

viruses

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity.

All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two. Submit

Define bronchopulmonary segment. (Module 21.6A)

A bronchopulmonary segment is a region of the lung supplied by a segmental bronchus.

Describe a capillary. (Module 19.2B)

A capillary is a small blood vessel whose thin wall permits exchange between blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion.

________ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues.

Autoimmune disorders

The cells responsible for synthesizing and secreting antibodies are the ________ cells.

B

Which of the following is false about the pharynx?

It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems.

Which of the following statements about bronchioles is true?

Sympathetic action causes bronchodilation.

The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.

T

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of

T and B cells.

Describe CD markers. (Module 20.16A)

T cell plasma membranes contain cluster of differentiation (CD) proteins involved in antigen recognition.

If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

T cells

Which two cells coordinate adaptive immunity? (Module 20.14A)

T cells and B cells

Identify the three main classes of lymphocytes. (Module 20.4A)

T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.

T helper

At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?

across the respiratory membrane

Identify the structure labeled "3."

afferent lymphatic

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the

arterioles dilate.

Modification of the sounds produced by the larynx is known as

articulation

The opening or closing of the glottis involves rotational movement of the

arytenoid cartilages.

The process of decrease in any vessel diameter that occurs due to smooth muscle contraction is called

vasoconstriction.

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except

vasodilation.

How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity? (Module 19.4B)

Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood

Define edema. (Module 19.8B)

Edema is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in peripheral tissues.

Distinguish among efferent vessels, afferent vessels, and exchange vessels. (Module 19.1D)

Efferent vessels carry blood away from the heart, afferent vessels carry blood to the heart, and exchange vessels exchange nutrients, dissolved gases, and wastes between the blood and interstitial fluid.

List the components of the lymphatic system. (Module 20.1B)

The components of the lymphatic system are the lymphocytes, lymph, lymphatic vessels, primary lymphoid tissues and organs, and secondary lymphoid tissues and organs

Describe the pulmonary circuit. (Module 19.1A)

The pulmonary circuit transports blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary veins and returns it to the left atrium

________ refers to all the factors that resist blood flow in the entire circulatory system.

Total peripheral resistance

Why are valves located in veins but not in arteries? (Module 19.4A)

Valves are located in veins to prevent blood from flowing backward because venous pressure is too low to keep the blood moving back toward the heart.

e layer between the tunica media and the tunica externa in a large artery is the

external elastic membrane.

Capillaries that contain pores that penetrate the endothelial cells are called

fenestrated capillaries.

The lymphocytes are most important in

fighting infection.

The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the

tunica media

Compared to arteries, veins

have thinner walls.

Lymph nodes range in diameter from

1 mm to 25 mm.

Which structure leads to the middle ear?

4

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli all make up the

lower respiratory system

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies

Identify the region labeled "5."

germinal center

Define Boyle's law. (Module 21.9A)

Define Boyle's law. (Module 21.9A)

Lymphocytes

respond to antigens.

Identify the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream. (Module 21.14A)

Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia. (Module 21.18C)

Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body. Submit

Describe inflammation. (Module 20.13A)

Inflammation is a localized response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

A child falls off her bike and skins her knee. Which form of immunity will be activated immediately? (Module 20.8C)

Innate immunity

Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (Module 20.8A)

Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats

Define interferons. (Module 20.12A)

Interferons are small proteins released by virus-infected cells that trigger the production of antiviral proteins.

What does not happen to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream?

It binds to heme groups in hemoglobin.

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false?

It causes RBCs to swell.

Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C)

It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the C shape of the tracheal cartilages?

Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.

Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths? Explain why. (Module 21.11C)

Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space. Submit

Define oxyhemoglobin. (Module 21.13A)

Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound.

What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"?

P outside < P inside

What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"?

P outside > P inside

For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the

PCO2 should be low.

What effect do pyrogens have in the body? (Module 20.13B)

Pyrogens induce fever, an increase in body temperature.

Describe red pulp and white pulp found in the spleen. (Module 20.7B)

Red pulp contains large numbers of red blood cells; white pulp resembles lymphoid nodules and contains lymphocytes.

Define respiratory rate. (Module 21.11A)

Respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken each minute.

Identify the types of phagocytes in the body, and differentiate between fixed macrophages and free macrophages. (Module 20.10A)

The body's phagocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages. Fixed macrophages are scattered among connective tissues and do not move; free macrophages are mobile and can travel to the site of injury.

Distinguish between the conducting portion and respiratory portion of the respiratory tract. (Module 21.1B)

The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. Submit

Describe the structures of the glottis. (Module 21.4B)

The glottis contains the vocal folds that contain the vocal ligaments and the rima glottidis which is the opening between the vocal folds.

What pressures determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract? (Module 21.9C)

The intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure

Which of these age-based changes is false?

Vital capacity increases.

Under what general conditions would fluid move into a capillary? (Module 19.8A)

When blood colloid osmotic pressure is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure.

In opsonization,

a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,

a person would stop breathing.

What is perforin?

a protein produced by NK cells

Each terminal bronchiole supplies air directly to

a single pulmonary lobule.

The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result from all of the following except

activate T cells.

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it

activates B cells

Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous for all of the following reasons except

decreased breath volumes on inhalation.

Which of the following factors will not increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?

decreased net filtration rate

Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in all of the following except

decreased number of dust cells.

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?

decreased pH

Helper T cells do all of the following except

destroy target cells using perforins.

Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the

diameter of an alveolus.

Identify the primary inspiratory muscles. (Module 21.10A)

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

External respiration involves the

diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.

Autoantibodies are

directed against the body's own antigens. Submit

The apneustic centers promote quiet inhalation by stimulating the

dorsal respiratory group (DRG).

A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

double the rate of breathing.

If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be

doubled