Psych 144 Exam #3
Reject the null hypothesis
(p-value <= alpha) and conclude that the alternative hypothesis is true at the 95% confidence level (or whatever level you've selected).
Fail to reject the null hypothesis
(p-value > alpha) and conclude that not enough evidence is available to suggest the null is false at the 95% confidence level.
a psychologist collects data on the relationship between peoples age in years and their annual outcome in dollars.
- r relationship - scatter plot
Alpha Level
0.05
construct
complex variables that cannot be measured
Sampling Error
error in a statistical analysis arising from the unrepresentativeness of the sample taken.
which aspect of validity or reliability can you asses without collecting any data?
face validity
p-value
helps you determine the significance of your results
two important types of reliability are...
internal consistency or test-retest reliabiity
Alternative Hypothesis (H1 OR HA)
is the hypothesis that sample observations are influenced by some non-random cause.
Sample
is the process of selecting a representative group from the population under study
Population
is the total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn
Null Hypothesis (Testing) (H0)
is usually the hypothesis that sample observations result purely from chance.
a psychological test is valid if.....
it measures what it intended to measure.
Statistical Significance
it simply means that you are very sure that the statistic is reliable.
internal reliability
measure is consistent within itself
external reliability
measure varies form one use to another
Split-Half Correlation
measures the extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally to what is being measured
test-rest reliability
measures the stability of a test over time
a researcher is conducting a meta-analysis on the relationship between everyday sadism and bullying. Which of the following does this imply?
multiple studies on this topic have been conducted
Researchers usually have data for a _________ but they want to draw conclusions about a _________.
sample; population
a researcher compares men and women on aggressiveness. the relationship between sex and aggressiveness is strong and her sample is large. Which of the following is true?
she will reject the null hypothesis.
which of the following is a researcher concluding is she fails to reject the null hypothesis?
there is no relationship in the in the population
you conduct a study and reject the null hypothesis. Which of the following is certainly true?
you might have committed a Type 1 error
in null hypothesis testing, the p value is the probability that...
you would get a sample relationship as strong as the one you got, if the null hypothesis were true.
you are most likely to reject the null hypothesis when you have which of the following
a strong relationship and a large sample
the discussion section of an APA style research report usually begins with which of the following
a summary of the results (IMPORTANT)
Type 2 Error
-"false negative" -null hypothesis is false and you fail to reject it -You can decrease your risk of committing a type II error by ensuring your test has enough power -You can do this by ensuring your sample size is large enough to detect a practical difference when one truly exists.
Type 1 Error
-"false positive" -null hypothesis is true and you reject it -
Meta-Analysis
-is the statistical procedure for combining data from multiple studies -when the treatment effect (or effect size) is consistent from one study to the next, meta-analysis can be used to identify this common effect. -systematically assess the results of previous research to derive conclusions about that body of research
Face Validity
appears effective in terms of its stated aims.
Criterion Validity
assesses whether a test reflects a certain set of abilities.
which of the following is the best example of a construct (complex variables that cannot be measured) in psychology?
Subjective numeracy
Content Validity
a measure represents all facets of a given construct.
