psych 202

Jennifer measures the extraversion personality trait in 300 parents and their adopted children. Based upon what we learned in class about the genetic & experiential contributions to personality, Jennifer should expect to see a correlation of approximately _________ between the parents and their children.

0.0

David is of average intelligence. His IQ score is most likely to be:

100

What is a critical/sensitive period?

A period of time in which the brain is particularly receptive to certain types of stimuli

Individuals are given a choice between two options: Option A: A 50% chance of winning $1000 and a 50% chance of winning $0 Option B: A 100% chance of winning $400 According to rational choice theory, individuals should select Option ____, but instead most individuals select Option ____, due to ________.

A; B; risk aversion

Which of the following pairs of individuals will be expected to have personalities that are the LEAST strongly correlated?

Adopted siblings raised together

A patient comes to a clinical psychology clinic saying that she experiences bouts of total dread, fear, and terror. During these episodes she also has chest pains, her heart races, and she becomes dizzy or light-headed. These episodes come on totally unpredictably and occur somewhat commonly. What second disorder is most common amongst individuals whose primary diagnosis is the same as this patient's?

Agoraphobia

Amy was recently diagnosed with panic disorder. What second disorder is Amy most likely to have as well?

Agoraphobia

Which of the following is FALSE regarding obedience studies like those conducted by Milgram?

Although participants were willing to give out some level of shock, no participants were willing to give out a level of shock that was labeled as being potentially lethal

Tina is a psychologist who works for a federal prison. She is reading the medical file of one of the inmates at her facility. The results of the inmate's personality inventory indicates that the inmate is ruthless, uncooperative, and manipulative. If Tina did a brain scan on the inmate, what brain area (one that is known to be very important in processing and producing the emotion of fear) might she find is either smaller than average or else damaged in the inmate?

Amygdala

In which of the following cases will there be the strongest correlation in personality scores?

An individual takes the test at age 55 and again at age 58

A researcher randomly samples 100 students from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He shows 50 of the students an online listing of a house for sale and asks them how much they should offer for the house. The listing includes all of the relevant information about the house (e.g., location, number of bedrooms and bathrooms, square footage) and also the asking price of $200,000. He shows the remaining 50 students an online listing that is identical to the one above with one difference - the asking price is listed as $300,000. The researcher finds that the students in the first group indicate that they would offer $190,000 on average for the house. The students in the second group meanwhile indicate that they would offer $275,000 on average for the house. The difference between the groups illustrates which decision-making issue:

Anchoring

Two groups of participants are shown the exact same jar full of jelly beans. Participants in Group A are first asked whether they believe there are more or less than 10 jelly beans in the jar. They are then asked to estimate exactly how many jelly beans they believe are in the jar. Participants in Group B are first asked whether they believe there are more or less than 10,000 jelly beans in the jar. They are then asked to estimate exactly how many jelly beans they believe are in the jar. The average estimated number of jelly beans for the participants in Group A was 150. The average estimated number of jelly beans for the participants in Group B was 700. The difference in estimate between Group A and Group B illustrates what decision-making issue?

Anchoring

Tina is a psychologist who works for a federal prison. She is reading the medical file of one of the inmates at her facility. The results of the inmate's personality inventory indicates that the inmate is ruthless, uncooperative, and manipulative. In addition to the personality measures, the inmate's file also indicates that the inmate has a long history of criminal behavior. This criminal behavior started when the inmate was a young teenager. Knowing only the information above, what psychological disorder is the inmate most likely to meet the criteria for?

Antisocial personality disorder

Which of the following disorders is much more common in males than in females?

Antisocial personality disorder

An average individual is five times more likely to die of stomach cancer than be murdered. Nearly every murder though is widely reported in the news, while deaths due to stomach cancer are never reported in the news. If an individual falsely believes they are more likely to be murdered than die of stomach cancer, this most likely reflects what decision-making issue:

Availability bias

Janet was planning a ski-trip to Denver, Colorado. She already had her airplane tickets booked when she saw a national news report about a plane that crashed in the Rocky Mountains on the way to Denver due to poor weather conditions. Janet cancels her plane tickets and decides to drive to Denver instead because she believes that flying is too dangerous. The fact that Janet makes this change even though, in reality, deaths due to car accidents are more common than deaths due to plane crashes is consistent with which decision making issue

Availability bias

Tony lives in a town where there are no Muslim individuals. The only times he sees Muslim individuals are on the news, usually in the context of serious terrorist events in the Middle East. As such, Tony dramatically overestimates the probability that any given Muslim individual is associated with terrorism. This illustrates what decision-making issue?

Availability heuristics

What was the experimenter in the Milgram obedience studies supposed to do to get the participants to continue shocking the learner?

Calmly tell them to continue

Which of the following disorders is much more common in males than females?

Childhood ADHD

An advertisement agency designs a new ad campaign to try to increase the extent to which buyers in Wisconsin have positive thoughts and feelings about a new soft drink. Their 30-second ad contains nothing but famous and well-liked people drinking the soft drink. In this case the advertisement agency is attempting to produce positive thoughts and feelings via a form of _______________.

Classical conditioning

Melanie is the spokesperson for a major corporation. The company's private research has clearly shown that their most popular product is linked to birth defects. However, when Melanie is asked by a reporter about the possibility of such a link, she lies and says that there's no evidence of any link between their product and birth defects. Melanie feels very uncomfortable with herself until she decides that the private research from her company isn't actually that conclusive and thus she wasn't really lying. The discomfort that Melanie felt before changing her mind about the reliability of the research is referred to as:

Cognitive dissonance

Tim is a high school junior. Although he doesn't love baseball, he tries out and makes the team. However, he is told by the team captain that before he can officially become a team member, he has to pass a series of tests. These "tests" turn out to be hazing activities. The activities include laying still while being covered in rotten food, being forced to clean the locker room toilets with his bare hands, and having to drink a bottle of hot sauce. Under normal situations, Tim would never perform these degrading and uncomfortable acts. However, despite this Tim nonetheless performs the activities and joins the team. Tim initially experiences a great deal of mental discomfort after joining the team due to the fact that his behavior (undergoing hazing) did not match his beliefs (would not allow himself to be degraded). This discomfort is known as:

Cognitive dissonance

Alton believes that it is incredibly important that he study every single night once he reaches college in order to reach his goal of becoming a doctor. However, during Alton's first month in college he almost never studies. This state of affairs would likely cause Alton to experience ______________, which could be relieved if ____________.

Cognitive dissonance; he decided studying wasn't very important

Based on the description above, solitary confinement has taken away two of the three basic needs described by Self-Determination theory? Which basic need has NOT been removed (based only upon the descriptions above)?

Competence

Helen is writing a paper examining the pros and cons of gun control. She strongly believes that guns are bad and should be totally banned. She does three Google searches for resources to cite in her paper using the terms: "guns bad," "guns dangerous," and "guns should be banned".

Confirmation bias

Rachael believes that watching lots of violent movies causes children to become more violent. She searches the internet to find scientific sources to back up this conviction. Specifically, she searches for: "violent movies cause violence", "violent movies cause aggression", "violent movies harm children". Rachael's search for sources is consistent with:

Confirmation bias

Steve grew up in a house where both parents smoked. His parents always told him that smoking was perfectly healthy. When Steve got to college, his roommate told him that smoking causes cancer. Steve didn't believe his roommate, but decided to do an internet search to check. He used the following search phrases, "Smoking cigarettes is healthy" and "Smoking causes cancer myth." This leads Steve to websites that (falsely) claim that smoking is unrelated to cancer. Steve's behavior is an example of what decision making issue:

Confirmation bias

A group of research participants are given the following problem: 'Sidney is extremely active in church, prays nightly, and volunteers for a number of faith-based charities. Which of the following is more likely? Option A) Sidney is a man Option B) Sidney is a man who was raised in a very religious household' Any research participant who chooses Option B would be showing evidence of:

Conjunction fallacy

Jamie is politically very liberal. Jamie volunteers at a food bank and at a nature preserve. Jamie has taken part in a number of protests against the oil industry and the banking industry. If research participants read the paragraph above about Jamie and are then asked which of the following options is more likely to be true: Option A) Jamie is a female Option B) Jamie is a female who is a vegetarian Any research participant who chooses Option B would be showing evidence of:

Conjunction fallacy

Before his accident, Phineas Gage was described as extremely organized, always on time, good-natured, and extremely helpful. These descriptions are consistent with being HIGH in which two personality traits?

Conscientiousness, agreeableness

Deb's son is now 30 and has a number of tattoos. Despite the fact that when Josh was 18 years old he had no tattoos at all, when Deb remembers moments when Josh was 18, she thinks of him having tattoos. This is an example of what memory issue:

Consistency bias

Thomas was a big fan of the band Nickelback while he was in middle-school. He had all of their albums, saw them frequently in concert, and listened to their songs every day. Now that Thomas is in college though, he dislikes Nickelback's music. When Thomas is asked whether he was a Nickelback fan in middle-school, he says that he never really enjoyed their music very much. This is an example of what memory failure?

Consistency bias

Glenn was interested in whether there is a relationship between an individual's extraversion trait score and their pain tolerance. Glenn recruited 100 participants for his study. He first measured each individuals' pain tolerance by having them put their hand in a bucket of ice water until they could no longer stand the pain. The amount of time the participant kept their hand in the ice water was thus the measure of pain tolerance. He also had every participant complete the NEO-PI, which gave him a measure of how extraverted each participant was. The results showed that more extraverted individuals had greater pain tolerance than more introverted individuals. What type of study is this?

Correlational

Although Nadia doesn't care very much about sports, she decides to join the school volleyball team. In order to join the team, the current team members force her to drink milkshakes until she vomits and then to run through the school cafeteria in her underwear. Once Nadia is finally accepted onto the team, she rates the volleyball team as the most important aspect of her life. This is an example of:

Justification of effort

Kathy sees a violent robbery taking place. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the probability that Kathy will attempt to help?

Kathy is more likely to help if she has military training in close quarters combat

Valerie calls her best friend Kim on the phone. Kim tells Valerie that she's on the bus, but she'll call her right back once she gets off. Unfortunately, Kim drops her phone just as she exits the bus and it breaks. As such, she's unable to call Valerie back. If Valerie makes the fundamental attribution error, she will assume Kim didn't call her back because ____________, which is a ____________ attribution.

Kim is inconsiderate; dispositional

In a crowded restaurant you typically don't notice or remember any of the conversations going on in the tables surrounding you. However, if one of the other diners says your name, you will often notice immediately. This is most consistent with:

Late selection model of attention

Which of the following would not be considered a "significant life event" when it comes to the measurement of stress?

Living in poverty

Mary is a 20-year-old female college student. She was born and raised in a suburb of Chicago. One day, she is in a train station in Chicago with lots of people around her. She sees a man aggressively hit another man in the corner of the train station. Which of the following factors would INCREASE Mary's likelihood of helping to stop the fight?

Mary recognizes one of the men from her chem lab

The first time Mindy sees an advertisement for a new car, she thinks that the car is extremely ugly. However, after seeing the same advertisement 30 times while watching a Youtube playlist, she finds that the car is actually pretty nice. Mindy's change in attitude about the car most likely was the result of the:

Mere exposure effect

Which of the following best describes the results of Milgram's obedience experiments?

Most individuals were willing to give extremely high levels of electric shock

If I give you a list of fifteen names to remember, which names will you be LEAST likely to remember?

Names on the middle of the list

Beth is always described as being very calm and self-secure. She almost never worries about herself or her future. Based upon this description alone, Beth would be rated as LOW for:

Neuroticism

Carol has the persistent fear that she has left the stove burners on and that this is going to cause the house to burn down. Because of this, she constantly has to go to the kitchen to touch the burners to ensure they are off. This issue has progressed to the point that she cannot even leave the house because she needs to be able to check the burners regularly. The symptoms above are most consistent with what psychological disorder?

OCD

Two objects have exactly the same number of photons reflecting off of them. Object A though is in the shadow of a tree, while Object B is in the bright sunshine. Which of the two objects will you perceive as being a lighter shade?

Object A

Alice, from the book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, is described as being incredibly curious and imaginative. Based on only that description, she would likely score HIGH in what personality trait?

Openness

An experimenter asks participants to give an estimate of the number of airports in the world. He also asks them to give a range of estimates in which they are 98% certain the true number will be present (e.g., one participant might believe there are 50,000 airports in the world, and be 98% certain that the true number is between 48,000 and 52,000 airports). Most participants will tend to be __________ in their estimates, meaning that their range is too ________

Overconfidence; narrow

Peter (male), Emily (female), and Tony (male) attend different universities with different final exam schedules. Peter's exams are 6 weeks away. He has not yet felt any stress about his upcoming exams. Emily's exams are 4 weeks away. She has just started feeling stressed about her upcoming exams. Tony's exams were finished yesterday. He has felt high levels of stress for the past 4 weeks. What hormone is likely to be found circulating in Emily's blood when she experiences stress, that will not be found in Peter or Tony's blood?

Oxytocin

One night on the way home Sandra was violently assaulted and robbed. After this experience, she frequently wakes up in the middle of the night and experiences flashbacks of the night she was assaulted. She is often in a negative mood and avoids going outside for fear of being robbed again. Sandra's symptoms are most consistent with which of the following disorders?

PTSD

Which of the following pairs of sisters are likely to be MOST SIMILAR in terms of their scores on intelligence tests? Pair A: monozygotic twins; raised together in the same home from birth Pair B: monozygotic twins; raised apart in different homes from birth Pair C: dizygotic twins; raised together in the same home from birth Pair D: non-twin biological sisters; raised in the same home from birth Pair E: non-related adopted sisters; raised in the same home from birth

Pair A

Which of the following would you expect to have the LOWEST correlation between their IQ scores?

Pairs of individuals chosen completely at random from anywhere in the USA

Jason is studying under a tree and has five pieces of paper in front of him. Some of the pieces of paper are in the direct sunlight, while some are in the shade. Which of the following pieces of paper will Jason perceive to be the LIGHTEST shade (i.e., whitest)?

Paper E: in the shade, reflecting 60 photons per second

Three individuals all undergo different versions of Asch's classic conformity study. Person A: in a group with 3 others (confederates), all 3 confederates give the wrong answer Person B: in a group with 3 others (confederates), 2 of the 3 confederates give the wrong answer, one gives the right answer Person C: in a group with 1 other (confederate), the 1 confederate gives the wrong answer Which person is MOST likely to conform?

Person A

As children age, _____________ stressors become less prevalent/stressful, while ___________ stressors become more prevalent/stressful.

Physical; psychosocial

Sarah is terrified of snakes. She reacts with extreme fear not just around live snakes, but even around pictures of snakes or when seeing snakes on television. She thus actively avoids any situation where she might encounter a snake. The fact that certain fears (e.g., the fear of snakes or the fear of spiders) are far more common than other fears (e.g., the fear of bicycles) is consistent with what theory?

Preparedness Theory

An individual is given the opportunity to take one of two options: Option 1: 50% chance of winning $3000 50% chance of winning $0 Option 2: 100% chance of winning $1200 An individual who chose Option 2 may be

Risk averse

Dana is a clinical psychologist assessing a new patient. The patient indicates that she has been having difficulty thinking and concentrating, has had trouble sleeping, has diminished sexual interest, and has been overwhelmed by feelings of sadness and hopelessness. Given the patient's symptoms (and the correct diagnosis for those symptoms), what type of treatment is Dana most likely to prescribe for the patient?

SSRI

Which of the following is a concern that doctors have when prescribing SSRIs to children to treat major depressive disorder?

SSRIs have been linked with increases in suicidal thoughts & behaviors in children

Daphne discovers a previously uncontacted tribe. She is interested in mapping the words they use for emotions to words that are used in English. One such emotion is labeled as "Scondora." The chief describes this emotion as being one with positive valence and low arousal. Which emotion below is "Scondora" most likely to be in English?

Satisfied

Brian is a clinical psychologist in Sweden. A new patient comes into Brian's office. Upon hearing the patient's symptoms and talking with the patient about her various issues and problems, Brian prescribes phototherapy for the patient. What psychological disorder was the patient most likely diagnosed with?

Seasonal affective disorder

Karl and Blake both failed their Organic Chemistry mid-term. If Karl is asked about his own failure, he is likely make a _________ attribution. If Karl is asked about Blake's failure, he is likely to make a _________ attribution.

Situational, dispositional

A small community has two charities that are both targeted to raising money for children's poverty. In this community, people are looked highly upon when they show involvement in the community such as by donating to charities. Both charities have a policy that they will post information on who donates to the charities. The charities operate the same except that charity A lists everyone's name that donates no matter how much money they donated while charity B lists both who donates and how much money they donated. Charity B tends to raise more money than charity A. This is likely because of which psychological phenomenon?

Social loafing

The belief that all individuals from India are good at math is an example of:

Stereotype

Kris is a track athlete. Right before the biggest race of the year, one of the coaches says to Kris, "Don't worry. I know you'll do great, even though you're the only white person in the whole competition" (thus evoking the idea that white individuals are not athletic). Kris ends up in last place, with her worst time of the year. The coach may have contributed to Kris's poor performance by activating _________.

Stereotype threat

Which of the following below would be evidence against the idea that there are global personality traits and evidence for the idea that all traits are determined by the situation?

Steve tends to be extremely shy at parties and when meeting strangers, but when he is with his small group of friends he is the life of the party.

Brendan is an avid soccer fan. After his team loses a big match, he finds himself in a large group of fellow fans that are all very angry. Some of the fans start tipping over cars, smashing windows, and setting things on fire. Although ordinarily Brendan would never do such things, he nonetheless finds himself joining in and sets several fires himself. This illustrates the phenomenon of:

Deindividuation

Jamie believes that aliens are watching him at all times because he is destined to be their king. False beliefs such as these are known as ________ and are one of the primary symptoms of ___________.

Delusions; schizophrenia

The pattern of lost and preserved (kept) function shown by Henry Molaison after his surgery was surprising evidence that

Different brain areas are responsible for different aspects of memory

Carl lives in Madison, Wisconsin and is the only witness to a mugging. Carl doesn't get a good look at the attacker, but knows the attacker was wearing a red sweatshirt and he thought he saw the white letter N on the sweatshirt as well. The police officer takes the statement and then goes back to his office where he notes that the official colors of both the University of Wisconsin-Madison and North Carolina State University are red and white. If the officer focuses heavily on the fact that Carl thought he saw the letter "N" (which would be consistent with North Carolina State University) and ignores the fact that University of Wisconsin sweatshirts are MUCH more common in Madison than North Carolina State University sweatshirts, this may be an example of what decision-making issue:

Base-rate neglect

Gail's 6-year-old daughter is feeling dizzy, lightheaded, and has a headache. When Gail looks up those symptoms on a medical website, it says that the symptoms are a 50% match for an ear infection and a 60% match for a stroke. It also says that ear infections are 100,000 times more common in 6-year old children than strokes. Gail focuses only on the fact that there's a higher percent symptom match for stroke (and ignores the fact that ear infections are much more common than strokes in 6-year-olds). She thus rushes her daughter to the emergency room. This would be an example of what decision-making issue?

Base-rate neglect

A psychologist gives three members of a family - Ben (65 years old), Dan (35 years old), and James (10 years old) a personality inventory. The psychologist returns seven years later and gives the three family members the inventory again. Which of the family members is likely to have the most consistent (ranked ordered) trait values from the first to the second test?

Ben

Alex is a 4-year-old boy who was recently diagnosed with Autism. Considering Alex's diagnosis, which of the following relatives is most likely to also have Autism?

Biological twin living in different home

For which of the following disorders is medication nearly always FAR more effective than cognitive, behavior, or cognitive-behavioral therapy alone?

Bipolar disorder

When Paul is asked explicitly, he says he has no hostility toward any particular group. However, when tested with the Implicit Association Test, Paul's results suggest he finds it easier to associate white faces with positive words, than he does to associate black faces with positive words. This pattern suggests that while Paul might have no ___________ biases against black individuals, he may still have ________ biases.

Blatant, automatic

Jane was an average high school soccer player. Out of the 20 players on her high school team, she was the 10th best player. Now though, when Jane tells stories of playing soccer in high school, she usually refers to (and remembers) herself as the "second or third best player on the team." This is an example of what memory failure?

Egocentric bias

Adam buys an old t-shirt at a yard sale for $1. Although Adam wouldn't have been willing to buy the shirt himself for any more than $2, when a friend offers to buy it, Adam refuses to sell for less than $20. Adam's behavior is consistent with:

Endowment effect

Bryan has several old baseball cards in his closet. If he were at a baseball card shop, he wouldn't be willing to pay more than $1 for any of the cards. However, when his friend offers to buy one of Bryan's baseball cards, Bryan refuses to sell it for less than $10. Bryan's behavior is consistent with:

Endowment effect

The Robber's Cave Experiment demonstrated the efficacy of using ________ as a method to reduce conflict between groups.

Equal status contract

Albert knows that humans find overcrowded living conditions to be very stressful and he is interested if the same is true in rats. To test this, he places 10 adult rats in a single cage. Each day he puts a unique antigen (protein) in with the rats' food. If the rats' immune system is functioning well on the given day, it will produce an antibody to the given antigen. After 30 days, Albert tests each rats' blood for antibodies to the various antigens. He finds that all of the rats have antibodies to the antigens that were given in the first 15 days, but none of the rats have antibodies for the antigens given over the final 3 days. What phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome were the rats likely in by the end of the experiment?

Exhaustion

Jackie has the repetitive, intrusive thought that she has lost her keys. As a result, she constantly has to stop, reach into her purse, and feel her keys. When she touches her keys, this temporarily reduces her anxiety that she has lost them. However, within 30 seconds the fear will have returned and she'll be forced to once again check that her keys are still in her purse. Given these issue, Jackie now hardly leaves the house. Given the psychological disorder indicated by Jackie's symptoms above, what treatment would most likely be suggested by her health care professional?

Exposure and response prevention

Kim has designed a video game that requires users to be very social, fun loving, and outgoing in order to enjoy the game. Which of the Big 5 personality dimensions do the players need to be HIGH in?

Extroversion

James and Susan are watching a scary movie where a person is being attacked by a grizzly bear. James naturally moves his face in a fearful expression and eventually becomes fearful. Susan though was asked by an experimenter to hold her face in a smiling position while watching the movie. Susan was thus smiling during the scary grizzly bear scene. Unlike James, Susan experienced much less fear while watching this scene. The difference in emotion experienced by Susan and James is consistent with which of the following theories?

Facial feedback

A grocery store sells packages of ground beef from two different butchers. Butcher A labels his ground beef as "80% lean!". Butcher B labels his ground beef as "20% fat!". If the grocery store sells twice as many packages of Butcher A's ground beef as Butcher B's ground beef, this might be due to what decision making bias?

Framing

Gillian is a politician who wants to institute a tax that would be paid by individuals who inherits more than $10 million. This money would then be used to subsidize college loans for low income students. Gillian calls it the "Billionaire Estate to College Tuition reallocation." Sarah is a politician from a rival party who does not want to institute this tax and calls it the "More Taxes Even After Death Tax." When pollsters judge the popularity of the proposal, they find that the "Billionaire Estate to College Tuition Reallocation" is 50% more popular than the "More Taxes Even After Death Tax," even though these are, in fact, the exact same thing. This difference in popularity is an example of what decision-making issue?

Framing

We learned of the case study of Elliott - who lost the ability to exhibit emotions. The damage to his brain was primarily in the ________ lobe.

Frontal

The case studies of Elliott, who lost the ability to exhibit emotion, and Phineas Gage, who had severe changes in personality, both involved patients with damage to which lobe of the brain?

Frontal lobe

Five different individuals took a personality test 5 years ago: Jenny - female - current age: 13 years old John - male - current age: 18 years old David - male - current age: 25 years old Jasmine - female - current age: 30 years old Gail - female - current age: 50 years old If all five individuals take the same personality test again today, which individual would be expected to show results that are MOST SIMILAR to their results from five years ago?

Gail

A baseball player has failed to get a hit in his last 10 tries. He is thus confident that he'll get a hit during his next try because the long streak of failures means that he's "due for a good result." What decision-making error has the player fallen victim to?

Gamblers fallacy

Joan is playing darts with her friends. Although Joan generally makes a bullseye in around 10% of her throws, today she has missed her last 30 shots. Joan is now convinced that she will make her next shot because she is "due for some good luck."

Gamblers fallacy

Joan is playing darts with her friends. Although Joan generally makes a bullseye in around 10% of her throws, today she has missed her last 30 shots. Joan is now convinced that she will make her next shot because she is "due for some good luck." Joan's belief is an example of:

Gamblers fallacy

Mary always buys a lottery ticket whenever she goes to the gas station. She hasn't won any money the last ten times she's played. Today, as she's walking into the gas station, she tells her husband that she's definitely going to win today because all of her previous losses means that she's "due for a win." This is an example of what decision-making issue:

Gamblers fallacy

Robert's favorite baseball team (the Cardinals) has lost the last 15 games in a row (hooray!). Robert decides to bet $1000 on the next game because he's sure that the Cardinals are "due to win a game." What bias is Robert showing evidence of?

Gamblers fallacy

Christine goes to see her clinical psychologist. Christine tells her psychologist that she is always worried. Christine's worries aren't centered on one thing, but change from day to day. She even tends to worry about how much she worries. She also finds it difficult to concentrate and to sleep. Christine's symptoms are most consistent with what psychological disorder?

Generalized anxiety disorder

George was recently diagnosed with major depressive disorder. What second disorder is George most likely to have as well?

Generalized anxiety disorder

Which of the disorders below is the MOST common?

Generalized anxiety disorder

Which of the following demonstrates that it is possible to have reasonably normal human intelligence, but severely limited language abilities?

Genie's case study

Three groups of individuals are asked to judge how funny a comic's new routine is. Group one is told to smile through the entire routine no matter what. Group two is told to frown through the entire routine no matter what. Group three is given no instructions. Which group will likely give the routine the highest (i.e. "most funny") ratings?

Group 1

Two groups of students are taken on a campus tour. Group A is taken on the tour at 9 AM. Group B is taken on the tour at 9 PM. Twelve hours later (i.e. Group A will not have slept, Group B will have slept), both groups are asked to describe how to go most directly from the Psychology Building to Memorial Union, which was not the route the tour took. Which group is expected to perform better on this task?

Group B

Bull riding is generally considered to be a very dangerous sport. However, you do not personally believe bull riding is very dangerous. You believe that bull riding is no more dangerous than any other sport and that any injuries that occur are generally minor. You thus join a bull riding team with people who share similar beliefs to you. After meeting and talking with the other people on the bull riding team, you begin to think even more strongly that bull riding is not a dangerous sport. Your strengthened belief that bull riding is not dangerous is consistent with which psychological phenomenon?

Group polarization

A psychiatrist is interviewing an individual diagnosed with schizophrenia. The individual indicates that he is a secret government agent whose job is to protect the United States from alien invaders. As the psychiatrist continues her interview, the patient suddenly indicates that he can now hear the President of the United States speaking directly to him. Hearing a voice that is not present is an example of which diagnostic feature of schizophrenia?

Hallucinatiob

Jim has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He says that he hears an ex-government agent speaking directly into his brain in an attempt to help him. This would be an example of a _________.

Hallucination

A lawyer is about to give her closing statement to a jury. The case has been very complicated - involving high-level genetics, biology, chemistry, and statistics. The case has also been extremely long. The lawyer expects that the jury likely did not fully understand all of the evidence and is having trouble staying interested. What type of persuasion should the lawyer use in her closing statement?

Heuristic persuasion

Joan and Devon are both running for Senior Class President at Eastern High School. Joan knows that the principal at Eastern High School (Principal Goodman) is very unpopular amongst the student body. She thus makes a flier that has a picture of Devon next to a picture of the principal with the text "Devon = Principal Goodman" below the pictures. In this case, Joan is attempting to use what form of persuasion?

Heuristic persuasion

Individuals with which of the following personality characteristics are most likely to die at an early age from heart problems?

High levels of hostility

Eve was interested in the relationship between windier conditions (i.e. higher maximum wind speed) and violent crime. On each day across an entire year she measured both the maximum wind speed (in miles per hour) and the number of violent crimes in 10 different cities throughout the United States. She found a correlation coefficient of -0.5. What can she conclude?

Higher maximum wind speeds are associated with lower amounts of violence, but may not cause a drop in violence

Patricia was in a car accident and part of her brain was severely damaged. Ever since the accident she has been unable to learn any new factual information, such as the name of her neurologist or the medication she is supposed to take every day. She can remember things from before the accident though - such as the name of her parents, siblings, and childhood friends. What area of Patricia's brain has likely been damaged?

Hippocampus

Patient H.M. had his ________ removed, which is an area in the ________ lobe. After this surgery he could not __________.

Hippocampus; frontal: learn new explicit facts

Bill is playing blackjack at a casino. After winning six hands in a row, Bill believes that he is "on a roll" and thus bets all of his money on the next hand. Bill is showing evidence of:

Hot hand fallacy

The presence of neuropsychological disorders such as Broca's Aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia provides evidence in favor of what hypothesis about language evolution/why humans have language while other animals do not?

Humans have evolved brain structures that uniquely support various language abilities

Which of the following pairs of individuals would be expected to have the MOST similar levels of intelligence:

Identical twins in the same household

Which of the following DECREASES the chance that a bystander will intervene when he sees a woman being attacked?

If the bystander is in a large group of people

Fred is on the second floor of the Psychology Building waiting for the elevator. When the elevator arrives, there are already three people in the elevator. Rather than facing forward though (i.e., facing toward the elevator door), all three people are facing toward the back wall of the elevator. Fred is slightly confused when he enters, but nonetheless turns and faces the back of the elevator too. All of the following changes to the scenario above would decrease the chance that Fred conformed (i.e., faced backward) EXCEPT:

If there were five people in the elevator and all five were facing backward

Victoria's first college class is one that is mainly reserved for Freshman only. When she enters the class on the first day, she is the first student in the room. She thus picks a desk and sits down. However, she notices that of the next 5 students that enter the classroom, 4 do not sit down at a desk. Instead, those 4 students stand with their feet together directly next to their desk. Victoria is somewhat confused, but she decides to also stand up next to her desk with her feet together. Which of the following changes to the situation above would DECREASE the chance that Victoria conformed (i.e., decrease the chance that she stood next to her desk rather than sit)?

If there were only 2 others students in the room instead of 5

Jane Elliot's experiment in which she divided and treated children differently based on the color of their eyes resulted in increases in which of the following?

In group/out group bias

Fran is going to dinner at a restaurant that opens at 6 PM. She arrives exactly at 6 PM and sees that there are several individuals standing around the door, but none seem to be going in. Rather than try to open the restaurant door, Fran stands at the end of the group of individuals. This is an example of:

Informational social influence

If you divide an individual's "mental age" (given by their performance on a test) by their chronological age (i.e., their true age in years), you will have their:

Intelligence Quotient

Professor Gordon is conducting an experiment examining how males and females perform on a spatially demanding video game. Which statement might Professor Gordon make before every session of the experiment that would activate stereo-type threat in the female participants and that would in turn cause the females to perform disproportionately poorly?

It will be interesting to see if the results of this game match the well-known fact that females have poorer spatial skills than males."

Brenda is the newest member of the mock trial team. The team captain introduces all of the current team members in this order: "Kristin, Patricia, Markus, Gary, Janet, Paula, James, Joe, Karen." Which team member's name is Brenda MOST likely to forget:

Janet

Betty is a psychologist interested in why elderly individuals often find it difficult to find employment in fast-paced office environments. She hypothesizes that prospective employers may tend to view elderly adults as slow thinkers and young adults as fast thinkers. She has a group of prospective employers complete two blocks of the Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT). The instructions are as follows: In Block 1: Press the left key if you see a picture of an elderly individual OR a 'fast' word (e.g., swift; quick). Press the right key if you see a picture of a young individual OR a 'slow' word (e.g., sluggish; lethargic). In Block 2: Press the left key if you see a picture of an elderly individual OR a 'slow' word (e.g., sluggish; lethargic). Press the right key if you see a picture of a young individual OR a 'fast' word (e.g., swift; quick). After all the participants have finished the study, Betty computes the average reaction time (RT) for Block 1 and Block 2 in milliseconds (ms). Which set of results below would SUPPORT Betty's hypothesis?

Block 1 RT: 800 ms; Block 2 RT: 500

Gary and Kristin are talking about a woman they just met. Gary says, "And she was so tall - she must have been 6'2"! Although the woman was only actually 5'10", when Kristin is asked to describe the woman a week later, she confidently says that the woman was definitely over 6' tall. This demonstrates the principle of _______________ in memory.

Suggestibility

Jerry and Bob were both groomsmen in their friend Tom's wedding 10 years ago. They started discussing the tuxedos they had to wear for the wedding. Jerry didn't remember the tuxedos that well, but Bob said, "Don't you remember, the vests were so uncomfortable!" In fact, they hadn't worn vests in the wedding and Bob was remembering the tuxedos from a different wedding. However, based upon Bob's false recollection, when Jerry thought back to the wedding later on, he too remembered himself wearing an uncomfortable vest. Jerry's false memory is a good example of what memory issue:

Suggestibility

Maryanne is the President of a company that makes lamps. In order to be profitable, lamps can cost no more than $2.50 to make. Maryanne's company has spent the last year creating a new lamp (costing more than $1 million in design costs). Initially, they believed the lamp would cost $2.20 to make, but now they believe it will cost $3.00. Maryanne decides to continue with production because "otherwise we waste a year of development and $1 million in design." What decision making error is Maryanne making?

Sunk cost fallacy

Patrick paid $100 for a charity all-you-can-eat buffet dinner a month in advance. On the day of the dinner, Patrick comes down with the stomach flu and doesn't feel like eating anything. However, he still attends and eats the dinner because he "didn't want his $100 to go to waste." This is an example of what decision-making issue:

Sunk cost fallacy

Jenny has acrophobia (a specific fear of heights). What is the most effective long-term treatment for this disorder?

Systematic desensitization

Sarah is terrified of snakes. She reacts with extreme fear not just around live snakes, but even around pictures of snakes or when seeing snakes on television. She thus actively avoids any situation where she might encounter a snake. Given Sarah's symptoms (and the correct diagnosis for those symptoms), what treatment might a psychologist recommend as the best long-term solution to Sarah's disorder?

Systematic desensitization

The most effective long-term treatment for specific phobia (with the fewest side effects) is:

Systematic desensitization

Chris is playing an extremely scary video game with a friend. As they explore the video game town, they decide to split up to cover more ground. Chris leads his character down a dark and frightening alley. All of a sudden he sees a dimly lit object jump out in front of him. He screams as he immediately shoots at the object. Unfortunately, the dimly lit object was his friend. Game Over. Which of the following likely reflects the correct order of brain regions that were activated in Chris that led to his decision to shoot?

Thalamus, amygdala

In one classic study, participants were shown a picture of either a black face or a white face, followed by either a picture of a gun or a tool. They were then asked to respond very quickly as to whether the picture was a tool or gun. In this condition, the participants were more likely to incorrectly categorize a tool as a gun when the preceding face was black. What reflects the correct order of brain regions that were likely activated in these decisions (sometimes called the 'fast road' or 'low road')?

Thalamus, amygdala

Bill and Tina are both taking the same five standardized tests spaced out over two weeks. Bill tends to perform well on standardized tests, while Tina tends to perform poorly. Tina developed a cold following the exams while Bill did not. Which of the following is a reason for why Tina was more likely to develop a cold than Bill?

Tina secondarily appraised the test as more difficult to handle than did Bill

You are visiting a culture located on a tiny island in the South Pacific Ocean. This culture has not been exposed to many other cultures and no one on the island speaks your language. However, you have a very easy time understanding whether the people of the local culture are experiencing emotions such as happiness, anger and fear. Your experience is most consistent with:

Universality theory of emotion

Which of the following types of reward schedules will typically produce the most actions or the greatest change in behavior?

Variable ratio

Bonnie is a neurologist who is seeing a new patient. The patient enters and says, "He's always very furry when she goes along to the duck." The patient does not appear to understand any of Bonnie's questions. What area of the patient's brain might be damaged?

Wernicke's area

Devon is walking down the street when he sees a young woman being accosted by three young men. In which of the situations below will David be MOST likely to help the woman.

When there are only 2 other people on the street and the woman screams out "Devon, it's Diane from your apartment building. Please help!"

Robert is a participant in a dichotic listening experiment. He is asked to attend to the voice speaking in his left ear and ignore the voice speaking in his right ear. For the first minute of the experiment, he doesn't notice anything being said in the right ear. However, at the one-minute mark, the voice in the right ear begins saying sexually explicit phrases, which Robert immediately notices. The fact that Robert only recognized and became aware of the speech in the right ear when the speech included sexually explicit material is most consistent with the:

attenuation model of attention

The University of Wisconsin is playing the University of Texas in football. Wisconsin fans all wear red shirts, while Texas fans all wear orange shirts. Because the game is here in Madison, Wisconsin fans outnumber Texas fans 10:1. After the game Vicky sees one of the fans throw a rock through her car window. She says the individual was wearing an orange shirt. Because it was dark though, she could be at most 70% accurate in telling orange from red. If based on Vicky's testimony, the police assume that the perpetrator was definitely a Texas fan, they might be showing evidence of what bias?

base rate neglext

What is NOT true about case studies?

can be easily generalized to the wider population

The following terms describe Jennifer: organized, self-disciplined, calm, secure. According to the Big Five factor model of personality, Jennifer would rate HIGH for _________, and LOW for ___________.

conscientiousness; neuroticism

David is a college professor who, for the past ten years, has used MacBook laptops. Interestingly, when he thinks back to his undergraduate days, he also remembers himself carrying around a MacBook laptop even though MacBook laptops literally didn't even exist yet while David was an undergraduate. David's false memory is a good example of what memory issue:

consistency bias

A person with damage to their right posterior parietal cortex will most likely have difficulties with which of the following:

drawing features on the left side of a face

In the dichotic listening task, individuals attending to the speech in their left ear typically don't remember anything about the meaning of the speech in their right ear. This fact is consistent with:

early selection model of attention

Janice is now 55 years old. She was a high-school track athlete in high school. In her senior year of high school she made it to the state finals in the 1600-m distance where she finished 9th in the state. However, when talking about the race with her friends from the job she has had for the past 10 years, she always says she finished in 4th ("Just off the podium," she says). This is consistent with what type of memory failure:

egocentric bias

The study examining the effect of background television on learning demonstrated that the presence of background television primarily affects _________.

encoding

Jason is interested in the effect of caffeine on the ability to learn lists of words. Jason assembles a group of 40 participants and divides them into 4 groups. All of the participants are instructed to not consume any caffeine for the entire day prior to learning the list. Then, one-hour prior to learning the list, the groups are given the following: Group A: a drink with 5 mg of caffeine Group B: a drink with 50 mg of caffeine Group C: a drink with 100 mg of caffeine Group D: a drink with 200 mg of caffeine Jason then gives the participants a list of 30 words to read 5 times after which the participants have to write down as many words from the list as they can remember. Jason's study would be best described as a:

experimental

A company is looking to hire someone for their social media division. This person needs to be extremely talkative, social and enjoy interacting with others. This person also needs to be able to be self-disciplined, organized and hard working. Based upon the description above, the company is looking for someone who is high on which two Big-5 personality traits?

extraversion, conscientiousness

What does damage to the right parietal lobe do?

hemineglect

A man enters a neurologist's office. Only half of his face is shaved and when the doctor asks him to draw a picture of a daisy, he only draws the right half of it. The most likely diagnosis is ___________ caused by a stroke in the ____________.

hemineglect; right posterior parietal cortex

A group of doctors want to increase the amount of exercise that individuals engage in weekly. They realize that people who need to learn about the benefits of exercising are people who avoid coming to doctors' offices and show little interest in their own health and wellbeing. Given the information above, if the doctors wish to maximize their chances that they are able to persuade this group of individuals to change their behavior and exercise more, which method of persuasion should the doctors' use and what is an example of that method?

heuristic persuasion; put out a television ad showing how a popular celebrity lost weight and became happier by exercising more

Patient H.M. (Henry Molaison) had his __________ removed bilaterally in an attempt to cure his seizures. After this surgery he was unable to ____________.

hippocampus; learn any new declarative facts, such as the capital of Canada

Which is of the following is the best explanation for why humans have language while other animals do not?

humans have evolved dedicated neural structures specialized for language

Consider the following setup for an Asch-style conformity study: I) There are two other group members (confederates) who each give the same wrong response before the participant's turn to answer II) The participant has no relationship with the other group members III) When it is his turn, the participant is asked to write his answer down and hand it in (without the other members seeing it) rather than saying it aloud Which of the following modifications to the setup above will DECREASE the chance that the participant conforms?

if the participant is asked to write his answer down before hearing the confederates' responses; then when it is his turn, he can either keep his original response or change his response before handing it in

All other things being equal, which of the people below would be expected to have the lowest overall measured IQ.

male aged 75

Which of the following IS true about performance on intelligence tests:

men tend to outperform women on measures of spatial intelligence

James has an insect bite on his leg that is extremely itchy. When James scratches the bite, the unpleasant itchy sensation temporarily goes away. As a result, James spends more and more time scratching the bite. This is an example of:

negative reinforcement

In the study of emotion, 'angry' and 'sad' are both associated with __________, but 'angry' is associated with ________, while 'sad' is associated with __________.

negative valence, high arousal, low arousal

Gabe and Jessica are having an engaging conversation about their weekend plans while eating lunch in a crowded restaurant. The couple at the table next to them is talking about the guest list for their upcoming wedding. The woman at this table starts listing names of guests, "Jim, Diana, Kristin, Gabe, Jessica, Carrie, Dylan...". According to the early selection theory of attention, which of these names should Gabe notice being said?

none of the names

John believes in the stereotype that all Asian individuals are good at math. If John is asked to estimate the average math SAT score for Asian individuals as well as estimate the typical range of scores, he is likely to to what, relative to the true values?

overestimate average performance; underestimate variability

Most Americans know very little about the new trade pact being negotiated. A politician wants to persuade as many US citizens as possible to agree with his position on the deal. What type of persuasion should he use?

peripheral/heuristic persuasion

The case study of Genie showed that it is possible for a human to have relatively normal ___________, but highly impaired _____________.

spatial intelligence; language

After three months of training, Office Daley is presented with a very similar situation. He has asked an individual on the street for their driver's license. The individual moves his hand toward his back pocket. Officer Daley's initial reaction is fear that the individual is reaching for a weapon. However, he does not respond immediately. He sees that the individual is in fact only reaching for his wallet in his back pocket. What is the correct order of brain areas that were activated and resulted in Officer Daley's decision to NOT shoot in the simulation?

thalamus, sensory cortex, prefrontal cortex, amygdala

What is an example of a "bottom-up" source of information you use in determining how far away an object is in the world?

the angle between your eyes when you focus on the subject

Two groups of individuals are given a shot of epinephrine. Group #1 is told that the shot may cause physiological arousal including flushing on the skin, increased heart-rate, and increased respiration rate. Group #2 is told that the shot is a placebo that will have no effect whatsoever. Both groups are then exposed to a confederate in the experiment who is smiling and clearly happy. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, the participants in the two groups should feel __________. According to the Schacter & Singer theory of emotion, the participants in the two groups should feel ___________.

the same, different

What is the "bottom-up" input to the brain that is used to calculate the color of an object?

the total number of photons of different wavelengths being absorbed by photoreceptors

Historically many children who were born deaf were not diagnosed as being deaf until they were 5 or 6 years old. These children thus did not receive any language exposure for the first 5 or 6 years of their life. The fact that such children very often never attained true language proficiency when they were subsequently taught American Sign Language is evidence in favor of the idea that ____________:

there are sensitive/critical periods for language acquisition

A researcher is interested in whether performance on a certain psychological test has a genetic link. He does a large-scale correlational study and finds the following average correlations between pairs of siblings on the test: Monozygotic twins, raised together: 0.5 Monozygotic twins, raised apart: 0.0 Dizygotic twins, raised together: 0.5 Adopted (not biologically related) siblings, raised together: 0.5 Given the data above, which of the following is a CORRECT interpretation?

there is no effect of shared genetics

George decided to condition his mother to blink whenever she received a text message. To do this, George repeatedly played the text message sound ('ding') and at the exact same time, he puffed a bit of air into his mother's eyes. After about 15 minutes of this pairing, George played the text message sound alone and, indeed, his mother blinked. In this scenario, the air puff was being used as a(n):

unconditioned stimulus

In determining whether a psychological condition should be classified as a disorder, psychologists consider all of the following except:

whether the condition has a known biological cause

A new company has been selling a pill that they claim enhances memory abilities in college students. Dave is interested in whether these claims are true. Dave finds 100 college students who have never taken the memory pill before. All of the students are asked to take one pill per day for one week. A random half of the students are given the true memory pill, while the other half are given a sugar pill. At end of the week, Dave measures the memory abilities in all 100 students and compares the abilities of the students who took the memory pill with those who took the sugar pill. What type of method did Dave use in Study 1?

Experimental

Two high school teachers are given a list of 25 words to read once a day for 3 days. Teacher A reads the list at his desk every day. Teacher B the list at her desk on the first day, in the cafeteria on the second day, and in the library on the third day. If the teachers are asked to recall as many words as possible while sitting in the gymnasium, Teacher _________, would be expected to perform better.

B

Bill and Susan are studying for an online test. Bill studies in the living room with the television on in the background. Susan studies in her bedroom with the television off. After 1 hour of studying, Bill takes the test in his bedroom with the television off. Susan takes the test in the living room with the television on. All other things being equal, who will perform worse on the test?

Bill

Which of these is NOT TRUE of case study methodology?

Case studies can be easily generalized to the wider population

Five individuals are given 100 hours to practice on a new video game. Each individual practices according to a different schedule. Individual A: 4 hours per practice session, 2 practice sessions per day Individual B: 4 hours per practice session, 1 practice session per day Individual C: 2 hours per practice session, 2 practice sessions per day Individual D: 2 hours per practice session, 1 practice session per day Individual E: 1 hour per practice session, 1 practice session per day At the end of their 100 hours of practice, which individual would you expect to show the WORST performance on the video game?

Individual A

ane is interested in whether regular aerobic exercise reduces cholesterol levels. To examine this question, Jane performs two studies: Study A) Jane recruits 1000 participants for the study. When the participant arrives at the lab, they fill out a questionnaire indicating how many hours per week of aerobic exercise they do. They then have blood drawn to check their cholesterol levels. Study B) Jane puts up fliers looking for participants who rarely exercise. 100 such individuals sign up for her study. All participants first have blood drawn to check their cholesterol levels. Then, Jane randomly assigns half of the participants to the "Aerobic Exercise" group - where the participants have to do 30 minutes of aerobic exercise, three times per week, for six months. The other half of the participants are assigned to the "Stretching" group - where the participants have to do 30 minutes of stretching without any aerobic activity, three times per week, for six months. Finally, after the six months are up, all participants have their blood drawn again to check their cholesterol. In Study A, Jane finds that there is a correlation of -0.5 between hours of aerobic activity and cholesterol level. From this she can conclude that:

Individuals who exercise more tend to have lower levels of cholesterol

Which learning principle best explains why I insist that you switch seats every lecture?

Interleaved practice is superior to blocked practice

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding childhood physical punishment

It is very difficult to change parental attitudes towards childhood physical punishment

Dennis, Peter, and Jeff are all learning to play darts, but they each practice in different ways. Dennis's practice schedule (40 total darts): 10 darts thrown at the number 20; 10 darts at the number 3; 10 darts at the number 11; 10 darts at the number 6. Peter's practice schedule (40 total darts): 5 darts thrown at the number 20; 5 darts at the number 3; 5 darts at the number 11; 5 darts at the number 6; 5 darts at the number 20; 5 darts at the number 3; 5 darts at the number 11; 5 darts at the number 6 Jeff's practice schedule (40 total darts): Jeff randomly throws at numbers 20, 3, 11, & 6 with the rule that he can't throw at the same number more than twice in a row. If after their practice, Dennis, Patty, and Jeff have a competition to see who had hit the number 18 the most times out of 10 darts, the most likely winner (all other things being equal) would be __________ because ________________.

Jeff; his practice was the most interleaved

Last year Donna and Kay were students in the same high school psychology class. Both women studied for the class according to the same schedule - 30 minutes per day, every day. They studied in different locations though. Donna always studied in the exact same seat that she sat in during class. Kay studied in a new location almost every day. Now, both women are taking an Introduction to Psychology class in college. All other things being equal, which woman is likely to recall more information from her high school psychology class while in the Brogden Psychology Building and why?

Kay; her studying was more variable in terms of context than Donna's studying

Mark and Mary both studied for their Psychology exam on the exact same schedule - one hour per day for ten days. Mark did not study in a consistent location. He studied in a different location every day (e.g., his dorm room, a coffee shop, Union South, etc.). Mary did study in a consistent location. She studied in the same exact spot in the library every day. All other things being equal, who would you expect to perform better on the Psychology exam taken in the Psychology building main lecture hall?

Mark

Mark and Jeff want to be professional tennis players when they grow up. There are four different types of tennis courts: hard, clay, carpet, and grass. Mark and Jeff currently only play tennis tournaments on hard courts. But professional tennis plays on different types of courts. Mark only practices on hard courts and Jeff varies his practice between the four different types of courts. All else being equal, _______will likely perform best on the current tournaments and _______ will likely perform better on future tournaments.

Mark, Jeff

Carol is a tennis instructor. She wants to teach her students to hit two types of serves (kick serves and flat serves). She has ten minutes scheduled for serving practice each day. How should her students spend the time?

Randomly doing kick serves and flat serves (but never more than 3 in a row of any one type)

Bob studied for an exam in four different places - his dorm room, at the library, at the union, and at a coffee shop. Sarah studied for the same exam in only one location - in one seat in a classroom in psychology. Assuming Sarah and Bob are equal in all ways other than where they have studied the material, which of the following is expected:

Sarah will do better than Bob on the exam if she takes the exam in the exact same seat that she studied in, otherwise Bob will likely do better

Jasmine is a professional singer who was invited to sing the Canadian national anthem at a baseball game. She has never heard the song before and has only three hours to prepare before she has to sing. How should she distribute her time to maximize the chance that she'll be able to sing the whole song?

Spend 1 hour reading the lyrics and 2 hours attempting to sing the song

Gina won an award for business person of the year. She has to give a 10 minute speech and wants to memorize it, rather than read from note cards. She has 3 total hours to work on memorizing her speech. How should she spend those hours to maximize the chance that she'll remember the speech perfectly?

Spend 1 hour reading the speech, 2 hours trying to give the speech from memory

A high school debate team wants to perform well in the next debate that is coming up in 10 days. In order to maximize fairness across schools, a rule is in place indicating that each team is allowed to prepare for a maximum of 10 hours. The debate team leader wants to schedule the practice sessions in such a way as to maximize the team's performance. Doing well in the debate will require the team members to be able to recite from memory a number of laws, statutes, and direct quotes from Supreme Court decisions. After setting the overall practice schedule, the debate team leader is now trying to determine how the team members should distribute their time during practice to reading the relevant laws, statutes, and quotes versus actively attempting to practice reciting the laws, statutes, and quotes. What distribution should she choose?

Spend 35% of the time reading the laws, statutes, and quotes; 65% attempting to recite

Student A's roommate is listening to a podcast in the background when Student 1 is reading the passage, but then turns it off when Student 1 starts to take the test. Student B is able to read the passage in silence, but then her roommate turns on a podcast while Student 2 starts to take the test. Student C reads the passage and takes the test in silence. Student D's roommate is listening to classical music (no vocals) in the background when Student 4 is reading the passage and taking the test. Student E is able to read the passage in silence, but then her roommate turns on classical music (no vocals) in the background when Student 5 starts to take the test. All other things being equal, which student would you expect to do the WORST on the test?

Student A

Five classmates are all trying out for the lead role in the school play about Abraham Lincoln. As part of their audition they are given 1 hour to memorize one of Lincoln's most famous speeches - the Gettysburg Address. The five students have very different practice strategies in terms of how much time they spend re-reading the speech and how much time they spend actively rehearsing the speech. Student A: 1 minute reading; 59 minutes rehearsing Student B: 20 minutes reading; 40 minutes rehearsing Student C: 35 minutes reading; 25 minutes rehearsing Student D: 50 minutes reading; 10 minutes rehearsing Student E: 60 minutes reading; no time rehearsing Based on what we've learned in class, which student would show the best learning of the speech?

Student B

A new company has been selling a pill that they claim enhances memory abilities in college students. Dave is interested in whether these claims are true. He does two studies to address this question: Study 1: Dave finds 100 college students who have never taken the memory pill before. All of the students are asked to take one pill per day for one week. A random half of the students are given the true memory pill, while the other half are given a sugar pill. At end of the week, Dave measures the memory abilities in all 100 students and compares the abilities of the students who took the memory pill with those who took the sugar pill. Study 2: Dave finds 200 college students who are regular users of the memory pill and 200 college students who have never taken the memory pill. He measures the memory abilities of all of the students and compares the abilities of those students who regularly take the memory pill with those students who have never taken the memory pill. _______ provides stronger evidence regarding the pill's efficacy because _______.

Study 1; in Study 2 there are many ways the students in the two groups might be different from one another beyond just whether they regularly take the memory pill

Study 1: Kevin measures the reading performance of 1000 children in first grade. He also asks the children's parents if they read to their child when the child was younger than 2 years old. Kevin's results show that children who were read to performed 25% better on the reading measures than children who were not read to. Study 2: Kevin finds 200 parents who have a 1-year old child and do not currently read to them. Of those 200, he asks a random half of the parents to start reading to their child every night for one year. He asks the other half to continue not reading to their children. Then, when the children reach first grade, he measures their reading performance. He finds that the children whose parents he asked to start reading to them perform 10% better on the reading measures than the children whose parents he asked to continue not reading to them. ________ provides stronger evidence that the parents' reading actually caused an increase in the children's reading performance because __________.

Study 2; in Study 1 there are many factors other than the parents' reading that likely differ between the children and that could have caused the effect

John and Jason are eating identical bowls of a type of tomato soup that they both have eaten and liked in the past. However, while John is eating the soup with his normal vision, Jason was given special glasses to wear that makes everything look like a black and white movie. As such, the tomato soup looks normal (red) to John, but gray in color to Jason. When John and Jason are asked to rate the taste of the soup, John much prefers the taste of the soup as compared to Jason. The BOTTOM-UP information about taste in this case was __________ for John and __________ for Jason.

The molecules reaching the taste buds on the tongue; the molecules reaching the taste buds on the tongue

Dorcas is at the starting line preparing for her race to begin. She is focused entirely on listening for the sound of the starting gun and thus does not notice any members of the crowd cheering. However, right before the race begins, she hears her father's voice shouting from the sidelines, "You can do it Dorcas!" The fact that Dorcas did not notice any of the voices other than the personally salient voice of her father is most consistent with what model of attention:

attenuation model of attention

Craig is a police officer in north Minneapolis. He holds the stereotypical belief that all individuals from Somalia are violent and likely to be carrying guns. Late at night he sees three Somali individuals walking through a dark and shadow filled alley. One of the individuals is carrying something black by what appears to be a handle. In this case, the ____________ information is poor and thus the ________________ information will dominate Craig's perception which in turn will _____________ the chance he will literally "see" a gun in the individual's hand.

bottom-up; top-down; increase

Diana is a neurologist in a major hospital. A patient comes into her office that has suffered a stroke that has severely damaged his frontal lobe. Over the course of several months, Diana intensively studies her patient, giving him many background questionnaires and psychological tests. This would best be described as a:

case study

Dr. Smith is a neurologist. One of Dr. Smith's patients has a rare bilateral brain lesion. Dr. Smith runs a series of tests on this patient and sees how the patient responds under different conditions. For example, Dr. Smith tested whether the patient could read words when the words were presented on a gray background versus when they were presented on a white background. Dr. Smith also took an extremely detailed medical history from the patient and conducted detailed scans of the patient's brain. This would best be described as which type of research method:

case study

I have to give my cat a pill every night. In order to get her to take the pill, I roll the pill up in a cat treat. My cat's natural reaction to seeing a cat treat is to salivate. Now though, as soon as she sees the pill container (before seeing the treat), she begins to salivate. The pill container is thus an example of a(n):

conditioned stimulus

A new company has been selling a pill that they claim enhances memory abilities in college students. Dave is interested in whether these claims are true. He does two studies to address this question: Dave finds 200 college students who are regular users of the memory pill and 200 college students who have never taken the memory pill. He measures the memory abilities of all of the students and compares the abilities of those students who regularly take the memory pill with those students who have never taken the memory pill. What type of method did Dave use?

correlational

Jane is interested in whether regular aerobic exercise reduces cholesterol levels. To examine this question, Jane performs two studies: Study A) Jane recruits 1000 participants for the study. When the participant arrives at the lab, they fill out a questionnaire indicating how many hours per week of aerobic exercise they do. They then have blood drawn to check their cholesterol levels.

correlational

Kevin is a researcher interested in whether children with parents who read to them when they are younger than 2 years old end up performing better in first grade reading measures compared to children whose parents do not read to them. Kevin does two studies to look at this question: Study 1: Kevin measures the reading performance of 1000 children in first grade. He also asks the children's parents if they read to their child when the child was younger than 2 years old. Kevin's results show that children who were read to performed 25% better on the reading measures than children who were not read to. What type of method does Kevin use?

correlational

If humans do not receive consistent information in the two eyes during the first few years of life (for example, if their eyes are misaligned - meaning the two eyes do not look in the same direction), they largely never develop the ability to see in 3D (called "stereovision"). This is an example of:

critical period

Jeb is interested in whether caffeine affects exam performance. He randomly assigns students to drink a caffeinated beverage one hour, two hours, three hours, or four hours before an exam. A fifth group is told to not have any caffeine on that day at all. He then examines whether there is a relationship between the caffeine group that a student was assigned to and their performance on the test. This is an example of what type of method?

experimental

Kevin is a researcher interested in whether children with parents who read to them when they are younger than 2 years old end up performing better in first grade reading measures compared to children whose parents do not read to them. --> Kevin finds 200 parents who have a 1-year old child and do not currently read to them. Of those 200, he asks a random half of the parents to start reading to their child every night for one year. He asks the other half to continue not reading to their children. Then, when the children reach first grade, he measures their reading performance. He finds that the children whose parents he asked to start reading to them perform 10% better on the reading measures than the children whose parents he asked to continue not reading to them. What type of method did Kevin use?

experimental

Robert is interested in the relationship between exposure to loud traffic noise and stress. He randomly selects 1000 students for his study and divides the students into 5 groups of 200 students each. Each group is put into a large room and traffic noise is played for 1 hour. The only difference between the groups is in the loudness of the traffic noise (measured in decibels: higher numbers = louder noise).

experimental

Gabriel's dog Spot likes to greet the mailman when he comes to the door each day. The mailman comes every day at exactly 1 PM, so Spot starts to look at the door at around 12:15 PM, and looks more and more until the mailman actually comes at 1 PM. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

fixed interval

The washing machine in Bill's dorm take exactly 30 minutes to finish. After starting a load of clothes in the machine Bill does not check to see if it is finished for the first 25 minutes. However, after 25 minutes he starts checking more and more frequently until finally, right at the 30-minute mark, the machine has just finished. This is an example of a ______________ reinforcement schedule.

fixed interval

Two video game designers are having a competition to see who can design a successful video game where the players simply click the mouse repeatedly. The winner of the competition will be the designer whose game encourages players to click the mouse the most times in five minutes. In Designer #1's game, players are given 1000 points after every 50th click. In Designer #2's game, players are given 1000 points after, on average, every 50 clicks. Sometimes though, the player is given 1000 points after far fewer clicks (e.g. after 10 clicks) and sometimes it takes more clicks (e.g. after 80 clicks). Designer #1 is using a _________ reinforcement schedule, while Designer #2 is using a ___________. Given this __________ is most likely to win the competition.

fixed ratio; variable ratio; Designer 2

Eve hypothesized that hotter outside temperatures lead to more violence. For one year, in 10 different cities throughout the US, she measured both the maximum outside temperature and the number of violent crimes. She found a correlation coefficient of 0.5. What can she conclude?

higher temperatures are associated with greater amounts of violence

A researcher is interested in whether watching violent television programs is associated with increases in childhood aggression. She knows that there have been hundreds of studies done in the past that have investigated this question. She thus decides to combine the statistics from all of these different previous studies to see whether there is a strong link between watching violent television programs and childhood aggression. What type of study has the researcher conducted?

meta-analysis

A shy child works up the courage to answer a question in class. The teacher calls on him and the child delivers an excellent answer. The teacher exclaims, "That is the best answer I've ever heard. Come to the front of the room for a sticker!" Unfortunately, the child found the attention unpleasant and so now no longer answers questions in class. His behavior of answering questions has been:

negative punishment

Alice has two young sons. Every time her sons get into a fight over a toy, Alice permanently takes the toy away. Over time, her sons get into fewer and fewer fights over toys. This is an example of:

negative punishment

Jim's son Harold received detention for talking back to the teacher three days in a row. Jim responded by taking away Harold's television and computer for a week. Harold now no longer talks back to his teacher. Taking away Harold's television and computer is an example of:

negative punishment

Kelly's teenage son Brian used a word at the dinner table that Kelly didn't like ("bro"). Kelly responded by grounding Brian (no television, no phone, no internet) for a week. Brian never used that word at the dinner table again. Grounding in this case acted as:

negative punishment

Patrick is a prisoner in a federal prison. During his first two weeks in prison, Patrick breaks a number of the prison rules. He is thus placed in solitary confinement where he is housed in a small cell for 23-hours a day. He has no freedom of movement, no ability to choose how he'll spend the day and is not allowed to interact with any other individuals (either guards or prisoners). If we view solitary confinement as the prison guards taking away Patrick's freedom of movement/choice as well as his opportunities to interact with others in the attempt to reduce Patrick's rule breaking, this would be an example of:

negative punishment

Shaun has two sons - Gerald and Jerome. They each have a list of 10 chores they have to do every week (that they hate). However, if they get straight A's on their report card, Shaun allows them to skip 3 chores a month. Shaun is using ________ to encourage his sons to get good grades?

negative reinforcement

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

occipital lobe

Which part of the brain below is most strongly associated with visual processing?

occipital lobe

Diana had worked really hard for the past month in her job. She was nonetheless very surprised when, at the monthly full company meeting, she was given the "Employee of the month" award by her boss and asked to give a speech. Public speaking makes Diana very nervous and she hated having to stand up in front of everyone and speak. After this experience Diana started working less hard in order to avoid winning the award and having to give a speech again. In this case, Diana's behavior of working really hard was:

positive punishment

Marie wants to train her cat to not scratch the couch. Thus, whenever Marie sees the catch scratching, she sprays the cat with water from a squirt gun. Eventually, not only does the cat stop scratching, but the cat avoids the entire couch as well as Marie. The use of the squirt gun in this case is an example of:

positive punishment

Jenny trained her dog Daisy to fetch the newspaper by first rewarding Daisy for going near the newspaper, then by rewarding Daisy for touching the newspaper, then by rewarding Daisy for picking the newspaper up in her mouth, and finally by rewarding Daisy for picking the newspaper up in her mouth and bringing it to the table. This procedure is known as:

shaping

Harold cuts himself while peeling potatoes. Initially, Harold doesn't think the cut hurts very much until he looks down at his cut and sees that it is bleeding very badly. In his experience, cuts that bleed this much usually hurt quite a lot. The bottom-up pain information in this case is _______, while the top-down information is _________. Thus, assuming that the sensation of pain works the same as the other senses we have covered in class, Harold will likely experience that the pain is _________ after he looked at his wound as compared to before he looked at his wound.

the raw pain signal sent from his cut skin; his knowledge of how much a cut that bleeds so badly usually hurts; more intense

Two types of soda are made with the exact same formula, but are sold under different brand names. Jackie does not know that the two brands of soda are, in fact, identical. Instead, she believes that "Soda A" is sweeter than "Soda B." In a blind taste test (meaning the sodas are given to Jackie without any brand labels), you would expect Jackie to rate "Soda A" as being ______ "Soda B" because only the _________ information is available.

the same sweetness as; bottum-up

Walter looked at his new green shirt in three locations: (1) the store dressing room - which was lit by a fluorescent light bulb; (2) in the mall parking lot - which was lit by the sun; and (3) his bedroom - which was lit by an incandescent bulb. In all three locations, Walter perceived the shirt to be the same green color. The bottom-up information related to the color of the shirt was the _____________. This information was _____________ in the three locations.

the total number of photons of different wavelengths reflecting off the shirt; different

A trained doctor is capable of immediately perceiving a lung issue in an X-ray image, while an untrained observer, looking at the exact same X-ray image, may see only a series of black and white blobs. The difference in perception between the doctor and the untrained observer is largely due to differences in _____________.

top down

Stephanie's PSY 202 class meets in Room 105 of Brogden Hall. This is also where she'll take all the exams for the class. However, Stephanie's future classes where she'll need to recall information from PSY 202 take place in classrooms in many different buildings all around campus. If Stephanie only cares about being able to recall the PSY 202 material for her PSY 202 exams, Stephanie should study in _______. However, if Stephanie wants to be able to recall the PSY 202 material well in her future classes, she should study in _________.

Brogden Hall; varied locations

Brandon and Karen are having a conversation on the steps of their school. Brandon is paying careful attention to only Karen's voice. Behind them, a school teacher is checking off the names of her students. The teacher says, "Bill, Carol, Diane, Cathy, Courtney, Brandon, Harry, Richard." According to the late selection theory of attention, which of the names said by the teacher should have reached the recognition stage of processing in Brandon's brain?

All of the names - in the late selection theory, attention acts after the recognition stage

Professor Morgan recently read a published research article. This paper used a correlational research method to show that children who read more books when they were four years old tended to know more vocabulary words when they were five years old. Which method should Professor Morgan use if she wants to conclude that book reading CAUSES increases in children's vocabulary?

Randomly sample a group of 4-year-old children. Ask half the children to read exactly 2 books each week. Ask the other half of the children to read 5 books each week. Measure differences in vocabulary between children assigned to the two groups when they turn 5-years-old.

Which of the following is a bottom-up cue to color perception?

The wavelength of the light that is reflecting off of objects and entering the eye

Vanessa and Martha both study for 10 total hours for an upcoming exam. They study in different ways though. Vanessa begins studying twenty days before the exam - each day she studies for 30 minutes. Martha doesn't begin studying until the day before the exam - she studies for 10 hours that day. ____________ would be expected to perform better on the exam because _______________.

Vanessa; her studying was more distributed

Wendy is reading a book with the television on in the background. She is thoroughly engrossed in the book and does not notice the television at all until a news broadcast comes on that mentions the name of her hometown. As soon as she hears the name of her hometown she immediately stops reading and looks up at the television. The fact that Wendy only noticed the television when the broadcast mentioned something highly relevant to her is most consistent with which theory of attention?

attenuation model of attention

You are sitting on a train reading a book. You are focused on your book and do not process information in anyone else's conversation. However, all of a sudden you hear someone saying the name of your roommate: "Danica." Which theory can best account for the fact that you did not process any information about other's conversations until you heard your roommate's name?

attenuation model of attention

Ralph was raised in an apartment in a big city and almost never saw any wild animals. Mike was raised in a house in the woods surrounded by lots of wild life. As Mike and Ralph are taking a walk through a wooded park one day, they both see a small bit of movement and a trace of gray color in the bush ahead of them. Ralph has no idea what it was, but Mike instantly perceives it to be a raccoon. Although Ralph and Mike have the same _________ information, Mike has _________ information that Ralph does not, allowing him to correctly identify the animal.

bottom-up; top-down

Dr. Gray is interested in understanding how motor skills develop from birth to 2-years of age. Dr. Gray decides to carefully observe his own child's motor skills for the child's first 2-years of life. Every day he writes down detailed notes on his observations. Dr. Gray conducted what type of study?

case study

Gail is a neurologist. Her newest patient has a very unusual injury. He was shot with an arrow through the head and one very specific part of his temporal lobe was destroyed. Over the course of several months, Gail intensively studies her patient, giving him many background questionnaires and psychological tests to assess the impact of his brain injury. This would best be described as a:

case study

A waitress who has brown hair and is medium height introduces herself to you as Jill. You order a soda from her but the soda is taking a long time to arrive. You mistakenly call to another waitress who has brown hair and is medium height and say "Hi Jill, I am wondering when my soda will arrive?" The waitress says that she is not Jill but will check on your soda anyway. The reason for why you did not notice that the waitress you called for was not Jill is consistent with:

change blindness

A marketing company wants to know whether commercials that show famous celebrities using certain products increases the likelihood that consumers will buy those products. The marketing firm's head researcher randomly assigns participants to view either a commercial showing a famous celebrity using a product or a commercial showing an average (i.e., not famous) person using the same product. The researcher then asks the consumers in both groups how likely they are to buy the product. What type of study has the marketing company conducted?

experimental

Which prediction about how individuals will perform in dichotic listening experiments is closest to the attenuation model of selective attention?

individuals will recognize and become aware of information in the unattended ear only if the information in the unattended ear is primed, highly frequent, or highly relevant

Jim and Linda both have new dogs that they are training to use the bathroom outside. They use very different strategies though: Jim's Strategy: Dog uses the bathroom inside - Jim does nothing Dog uses the bathroom outside - Jim gives the dog a treat Linda's Strategy: Dog uses the bathroom inside - Linda screams and smacks the dog with her palm Dog uses the bathroom outside - Linda does nothing In this case Jim is using _________, while Linda is using _____________.

positive reinforcement; positive punishment

Selective attention involves what two things?

selecting certain information to process; ignoring distracting information

A certain slot machine is set up to pay out monetary rewards every 20 pulls on average. However, sometimes it pays out a reward out after fewer pulls (i.e. sometimes it will pay out a reward after only two pulls), while other times it only pays out after more pulls (i.e. sometimes it will take 30 pulls before a payout occurs). This is an example of a ____________ reinforcement schedule.

variable ratio

In a dichotic listening experiment, the early selection model of attention hypothesizes that:

while the input to the unattended ear is detected, it is not recognized

. A piece of paper placed inside a room lit by an incandescent bulb will tend to reflect a greater percentage of ___________ light, than if it is placed outside on a sunny day.

yellow

Josh wears his favorite blue t-shirt everywhere. When Josh wears the t-shirt inside his house at night (with incandescent bulbs on) the raw wavelengths of light will be more __________ than when he wears the t-shirt outside on a sunny day

yellow

An individual with damage to his right posterior parietal cortex is likely to show what symptoms and/or behavioral problems?

an inability to attend to information on the left side of space

Which of the following is true of background distraction (such as background TV)?

background distraction equally disrupts encoding and retrieval

A 12-year-old female child, known as "Debbie" is found living in an abusive situation. Debbie had been raised from birth with virtually no human contact. The only time Debbie was around other human beings was when she ate. However, because all of the lights were turned off while she was fed, Debbie had never seen another human face before she was rescued by child protective services. Over the course of five years, Angela, a research psychologist, exams all aspects of the Debbie's abilities, behaviors, and biology (including having Debbie undergo multiple brain scans). Angela's study of Debbie would best be referred to as a(n):

case study

A complete description of the abilities of a single individual, usually an individual who has some unusual ability/disability/brain lesion/etc

case study

Diana is a neurologist in a major hospital. A patient comes into her practice that has suffered a stroke that has severely damaged his pre-frontal cortex. Over the course of several months, Diana intensively studies her patient, giving him many background questionnaires and psychological tests. This would best be described as a:

case study

Jane is interested in whether regular aerobic exercise reduces cholesterol levels. To examine this question, Jane performs two studies: Study A) Jane recruits 1000 participants for the study. When the participant arrives at the lab, they fill out a questionnaire indicating how many hours per week of aerobic exercise they do. They then have blood drawn to check their cholesterol levels. Study A is an example of what type of method?

correlational

Tina hypothesizes that the more time 12-year-old children spend watching television, the lower their scores will be on a standardized math test. To test this, Tina asks 200 12-year-old children how much television they watch. She then examines how their reported television watching time relates to their performance on the standardized math test. What type of method did Tina use?

correlational

Dan adopts a new kitten. The next day he gets the kitten's crate out of the closet, puts the kitten in the crate, and takes the kitten to the vet in order to get her shots. The shots are painful and cause the kitten to react with fear. Six months later, the kitten needs her booster shots. Again, Dan gets the kitten's crate out of the closet, puts the kitten in the crate, and takes the kitten to the vet for shots. Again, the shots are painful and cause the kitten to react with fear. Two weeks later, Dan is cleaning out the closet and pulls out the crate in order to reach some boxes behind it. As soon as the kitten sees the crate, she runs away in fear. In the scenario above, the kitten's reaction to the shots is an example of:

unconditioned response

Kevin is a researcher interested in whether children with parents who read to them when they are younger than 2 years old end up performing better in first grade reading measures compared to children whose parents do not read to them. Kevin does two studies to look at this question: Study 1: Kevin measures the reading performance of 1000 children in first grade. He also asks the children's parents if they read to their child when the child was younger than 2 years old. Kevin's results show that children who were read to performed 25% better on the reading measures than children who were not read to. What type of study?

Correlational

What "top-down" cue to depth is responsible for why you tend to perceive the scene below as a house in front of an oval, rather than a house sitting right to the side of a half oval?

occlusion

Research shows that studying the different topics __________ is LESS effective than ___________.

one at a time, interleaving the topics

Which of the following is a top-down cue to perception?

one's knowledge about linguistic structure