PSYCH CH 1,2,6

What is the link between the development of language skills and childhood amnesia? Infants' brains aren't fully developed enough for memories to be encoded and processed into long-term memory. Many of the most critical choices we make in life occur in late adolescence and early adulthood. Young children don't have the language skills necessary to strengthen the memory of early experiences. Children can't understand the words adults are using to describe events.

Young children don't have the language skills necessary to strengthen the memory of early experiences.

One theory for explaining how autobiographical memories work uses the concept of "event clusters." An event cluster refers to: a group of memories on a related theme or that take place close together in time. particularly vivid flashbulb memories. unrelated eidetic images. retrograde memory clusters.

a group of memories on a related theme or that take place close together in time.

A chromosome is to a necklace cord like the genes are to the _____. beads pendant bracelet clasp

beads

Which of the following skills is likely to be most indicative of having a "good memory" in non-Western cultures? being able to name the winners of all past World Cup tournaments being able to recall the dialogue of a movie verbatim being able to recite a long list of words after hearing it just once being able to recite the lines of descent of families

being able to recite the lines of descent of families

We encode verbal information for storage in STM phonologically, meaning __________. by its volume by how it looks by its meaning by its sound

by its sound

The ________ includes the brain and the spinal cord, which together contain more than 90% of the body's neurons. central nervous system autonomic nervous system limbic system peripheral nervous system

central nervous system

Noah met an old friend at a coffee shop. He jotted down the friend's new phone number, but later that afternoon he could not find it or remember what he had done with it. A couple of days later, Noah went back to the coffee shop, and while waiting in line, he suddenly remembered where he had put the phone number. This is an example of: mnemonics state-dependent memory. inattentional blindness. context-dependent memory.

context-dependent memory.

Because what we remember has practical consequences and takes place in context, _____ has significant effects on what we remember and what information we remember most easily. personality culture language intelligence

culture

Decay theory, which holds that the passage of time causes forgetting, derives support from: proactive interference studies. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomena. distractor studies. studies involving cerebral decay.

distractor studies.

More than 40 years of research by Elizabeth Lofus has demonstrated that: the reliability of eyewitness testimony increases when eyewitnesses have been first questioned by police, lawyers, and other investigators. eyewitness testimony is unreliable. eyewitness testimony should only be trusted when the witness testifies under oath. eyewitness testimony is more reliable when children testify than when adults testify

eyewitness testimony is unreliable.

Schemata are to information as a folder is to a _____. hard drive drawer file cabinet

file

Your grandparents are having a conversation about what they were doing when they heard that John F. Kennedy had been assassinated. Your grandfather was having lunch and remembers exactly what he was eating and what his waitress's name was. Your grandmother was in her car with a friend when she heard the news on the radio and can recall the details of what she and the friend were wearing. These kinds of memories are known as __________. semantic memories procedural memories eidetic memories flashbulb memories

flashbulb memories

Information stored in the LTM can potentially endure for how long? several months several decades for a lifetime several years

for a lifetime

The record of visual information in our sensory register is the __________. icon eidetic static echo

icon

People who experience a head trauma, such as may happen in an automobile accident, often have trouble remembering what happened moments before the accident. This is known as retrograde amnesia,and is thought to occur because: memories that took place just prior to the accident are fully consolidated and are not available for recall. memories that took place just prior to the accident haven't had a chance to fully consolidate in the brain. they develop Korsakoff's syndrome. the transfer of information from sensory memory to short-term memory is disrupted.

memories that took place just prior to the accident haven't had a chance to fully consolidate in the brain.

Mnemonists is a term used to describe: gifted people. people with highly developed memory skills. eyewitnesses. people who having particularly poor memories.

people with highly developed memory skills.

Which of these is among the five enduring issues of psychology? person-situation youth-age opportunity-disenfranchisement friends-family

person-situation

"The role of the frontal cortex in self-control." An article such as this would most likely be written by a: counseling psychologist. developmental psychologist. physiological psychologist. social psychologist.

physiological psychologist.

In serial learning, the __________ effect occurs because of the opportunity to rehearse the first few items in a list and transfer them to long-term memory. primacy recency latency rote-rehearsal

primacy

The novel In Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust famously begins with the narrator eating a madeleine cake dipped in tea, which brings back previously forgotten childhood memories of his family's country home. The smell and taste of the cake have __________ the narrator's memory, triggering distinct memories associated with that sensory experience. rehearsed repressed interfered with primed

primed

According to Broadbent, even though you heard it, you normally cannot remember what was said at neighboring tables at a restaurant because _____ of the information did not continue long enough. hearing sensing interpreting processing

processing

Francesca's mother accused her of lying when she overheard Francesca retelling the story of a car accident she had been in and changing the details to leave out that she had been texting when it happened. It is very possible that instead of lying, Francesca's memory had just undergone the normal process of _____. reconstruction retroactive interference recall storage

reconstruction

Not being able to recall what happened to you just prior to sustaining head trauma is called: insufficient acetylcholine. retrograde amnesia. decay. Alzheimer's disease.

retrograde amnesia.

The hippocampus plays a pivotal role in the formation of new long-term __________ memories. semantic and episodic procedural and episodic semantic and emotional emotional and procedural

semantic and episodic

The most important factor in determining the degree of interference is __________. the current emotional state the amount of damage to the amygdala suffered over a lifetime the similarity of the competing items how recently the memories were formed

the similarity of the competing items

The two important functions of short-term memory are to: to briefly store new information and to work on, or actively process, information. process new information and store old information without working on it. serve as an entry point for sensory data and simply then to retain that information for a brief period of time. briefly retain conceptually meaningless information and to transfer it back to sensory memory for additional processing.

to briefly store new information and to work on, or actively process, information.

You want to answer the question, "Do opposites really attract?" As a critical thinker using the scientific method, it is most important that you do which of the following? If data conflict, go with the largest data set. Collect a large number of self-reports. Try to simplify things as much as possible. Be skeptical of self-reports as they may be biased.

Be skeptical of self-reports as they may be biased.

Which of the following did Elizabeth Loftus do with her research on memory? Demonstrated that the greater the trauma, the more accurate the eyewitness testimony. Demonstrated that eyewitness testimony is unreliable. Demonstrated that children are the best eyewitnesses. Demonstrated the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.

Demonstrated that eyewitness testimony is unreliable.

The American Psychological Association's Code of Ethics governing research requires which of the following? An equal number of males and females must be included. Drugs cannot be used in studies of psychological disorders. Informed consent must be documented. All research participants must be over the age of 18.

Informed consent must be documented.

Which of the following is a reason feminist theory has been important in expanding traditional psychological theories? It has led to the understanding that men and women are so similar that it's easy to apply knowledge about one gender to the experiences of another. It has led to the understanding that gender is fixed. It has helped reinforce traditional gender roles so that psychologists can focus on other topics. It examines similarities and differences and puts a spotlight on gender stereotypes.

It examines similarities and differences and puts a spotlight on gender stereotypes.

Neurons belonging to the somatic nervous system are involved in which of the following? Making involuntary movements of the skeletal muscles Making voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles Controlling the involuntary activities of the internal organs Controlling voluntary thoughts and behaviors

Making voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles

You are trying to explain to someone that "forgetting" sometimes occurs because of the reconstructive nature of long-term memory. Which of the following would be an example that you might use to support your position? Rote rehearsal with no intention to remember has little effect on long-term memory. People who learn material in a particular setting tend to recall that material better if they return to that same setting. People often rewrite their memories of past events to fit their current view or desired view of themselves. People can distinguish between real and fictional accounts in narratives.

People often rewrite their memories of past events to fit their current view or desired view of themselves.

What concept accounts for why you might be unable to remember a previous phone number that you used for years, but you are able to recall your current phone number immediately? Retroactive interference—learning the new phone number "pushed aside" the old one in your memory. Proactive decay—we've consciously forgotten the old phone number to make room for the new one. Retroactive decay—we forget all information after enough time has passed. Proactive interference—knowledge of the old phone number made it difficult to remember the new one.

Retroactive interference—learning the new phone number "pushed aside" the old one in your memory.

Which of the following is a current scientific theory about the cause of childhood amnesia? Children have underdeveloped eidetic senses. Damage to the amygdala occurs with the aging that causes it. It is caused by repressing childhood trauma. The brain is not fully developed yet.

The brain is not fully developed yet.

Suppose we assume that brown eyes are dominant, and blue eyes are recessive. If a child inherits the blue-eye gene from one parent and the brown-eye gene from the other, what color eyes will the child have? blue brown hazel green

brown

A(n) __________ is a specific, testable prediction derived from a theory. phenomenon experiment scientific method hypothesis

hypothesis

If a person's cerebellum were damaged, it would most likely lead to ________. vision problems problems in movement problems with speech short-term memory problems

problems in movement

Samuel is sexually attracted to both men and women. Samuel's __________ is bisexual. sex stereotype gender identity sexual orientation

sexual orientation

Donald Broadbent suggested we filter incoming information, and Anne Treisman suggested we monitor information we are not paying attention to; the _____ phenomenon is an example of their theories. noisy room Starbucks lecture cocktail party

cocktail party

Marlisa is a researcher who is studying brain MRIs of patients with severe anxiety. She hopes to identify exactly how brain chemistry changes during an anxiety attack. Marlisa is working in which field of psychology? counseling psychology neuropsychology cognitive development neural conditioning

neuropsychology

Encoding, storage, and retrieval are steps in a model that compares the brain to a computer. This model is called the _____ model. information-processing digital Ebbinghaus memory

information-processing

Which of the following secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels? pancreas thyroid gland gonads pituitary gland

pancreas

Fiona's brain is getting information about her movements and her external environment. The part of the central nervous system that is communicating this is called the _____ nervous system. somatic autonomic sensory automatic

somatic

Your classmate Jared says he does not need to be concerned about ethical standards for his naturalistic observation study because he won't be manipulating any variables. On the basis of what you have learned from this chapter, your reply should be: "You're right. Only laboratory experiments must conform to ethics standards." "You're right. Ethical guidelines don't apply to naturalistic studies." "You're wrong. All psychological research is subject to ethical guidelines." "If your research is not funded by the federal government, then you're right."

"You're wrong. All psychological research is subject to ethical guidelines."

________________ are impairments of the ability to use or understand language. Occipital delays Aphasias Speech impediments Temporal delays

Aphasias

Following the rise of behaviorism, what led to a renewed interest in things we cannot observe directly, like thoughts, by the science of psychology? The theories of the behaviorists were proved wrong. The public did not like the focus on behavior alone. It was proven that the unconscious mind is what shapes us. New research methods made the scientific study of mental processes possible.

New research methods made the scientific study of mental processes possible.

Rote rehearsal helps us store conceptually meaningless information such as: the route between home and work. Social Security numbers. a weekly class schedule. the definitions of words.

Social Security numbers

Why do people from different cultures develop different neural networks? Because people from different cultures often have very different experiences Because people from different cultures have very different genes Because people from different cultures have different levels of intelligence Because people from different cultures have different levels of hormones

Because people from different cultures often have very different experiences

Which of the following is true about dendrites? They are found in every type of cell. Some neurons have them, and some do not. They carry outgoing messages to neighboring neurons. They pick up incoming messages and transmit them to the cell body

They pick up incoming messages and transmit them to the cell body

In psychology, the idea that adaptive traits that increase survival chances will become more common in a species, as those who survive long enough will pass on the genes for those traits to more members of their species, is known as: behavioral genetics. human social survival. evolutionary psychology. trait genetics.

evolutionary psychology.

hich branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for quick action in an emergency? the parasympathetic division the efferent division the sympathetic division the somatic division

the sympathetic division

Freud's psychodynamic theory emphasized the importance of: the unconscious. reinforcement. emotions. conditioning.

the unconscious.

Dr. Skalski wants to study the effects of drugs and toxins on single neurons. She researches what types of recording techniques have been utilized to study the functions of single neurons and finds she would be best served by using ________. structural imaging microelectrode techniques macroeclectrode techniques functional imaging

microelectrode techniques

The emergence of psychology as a science in the 1900s can be seen as having occurred in the following three stages: Behavioral, Humanistic, Freudian emergence of science, behaviorism, cognitive behaviorism animism, dualism, tabula rasa science of the mind, the behaviorist decades, the cognitive revolution

science of the mind, the behaviorist decades, the cognitive revolution

Which of the following led to the rise of behaviorism? It was proven that the unconscious mind is what shapes us. Freud's theories were proved wrong. The belief that if you cannot measure something, it cannot be an object of scientific study. Evidence that Titchener's three basic "atoms" of were not the only elements of consciousness.

The belief that if you cannot measure something, it cannot be an object of scientific study.

What is the primary responsibility of the parathyroid glands? to balance levels of androgens in the body to balance levels of acetylcholine in the body to balance levels of thyroxin in the body to balance levels of calcium and phosphate in the body

to balance levels of calcium and phosphate in the body

The process of selectively looking, listening, smelling, tasting, and feeling (touch) is the definition of _____. memory. creativity. attention information processing.

attention

Which of the following is true of macroelectrode recording techniques? They use radioactive energy to map the brain. They are used to map regions of the brain. They are used to study the functions of single neurons. They are used to study brain waves.

They are used to study brain waves.

Chemical and structural changes take place in the brain, forming new neural networks in which neurons become more connected and fire electrical charges together more easily in the process called _____. procedural potentiation (PP) long-term potentiation (LTP) neural-synaptic networking (NSN) action-potential increase (API)

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Located on the underside of the brain and often called the "master gland," the __________________ gland is connected to the hypothalamus and produces the largest number of different hormones. thyroid pineal pituitary adrenal

pituitary

The ___________ is the level an impulse must exceed to cause a neuron to fire. threshold of potential threshold of excitation action potential graded potential

threshold of excitation

Short-term memory is also called __________. temporary memorization schemata rote rehearsal working memory

working memory

Problem solving, combining information into meaningful units, and active rehearsal may all take place in short-term term memory, which helps explain why it is sometimes called: active memory. long-term memory. rehearsal memory. working memory.

working memory.

Which of the following is true about the spinal cord? It contains two major neural pathways. It is made up of hard, bonelike bundles of dendrites. It contains neural circuits that require input from the brain. It is not actually connected to the brain.

It contains two major neural pathways.

What makes neurons different from other cells? They are shaped like trapezoids. They have two nuclei. They have dendrites and axons. They are in the brain.

They have dendrites and axons.

Which brain center plays a pivotal role in the formation of new long-term memories? the cerebellum the hippocampus the prefrontal cortex the occipital lobe

the hippocampus

If you subscribe to this school of psychology, you believe that psychology is the study of only what is observable and measurable. This historical and modern perspective is better known as __________. behaviorism gestalt psychology functionalism psychoanalysis

behaviorism

A recessive gene can control the appearance of a certain trait only if it is ________. related to a physical trait paired with a dominant gene related to intelligence paired with another recessive gene

paired with another recessive gene

We cannot understand human behavior without also understanding: how little human diversity there is. that culture has little influence on human psychology. the influence of culture on human diversity. animal cognition and behavior.

the influence of culture on human diversity.

Which of these is a major benefit of naturalistic observation as a research method? The behavior observed in everyday life is likely to be more natural, spontaneous, and varied than that observed in a laboratory. Researchers tend to record all of what they see, so potentially relevant details are not likely to be overlooked. Naturalistic observation has the least risk of observer bias. Researchers don't need to be specially trained to learn how to observe their environment.

The behavior observed in everyday life is likely to be more natural, spontaneous, and varied than that observed in a laboratory.

Which of the following releases melatonin, which helps regulate sleep-wake cycles? thyroid gland pineal gland adrenal glands pancreas

pineal gland

The area comprising one neuron's axon terminal, the synaptic space, and the dendrite or cell body of the next neuron is called the: ion channel. synapse. receptor site. terminal button.

synapse

The _______________ is the tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of the next neuron. neurotransmitter vesicle terminal button synaptic cleft

synaptic cleft

Which of these is the modern, formal definition of psychology? Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Psychology is the study of psychological disorders and treatment. Psychology is as much an art as a science. Psychology today studies only cognition and emotion

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Damage to the hypothalamus might result in which of the following problems? difficulty recognizing people's faces difficulty paying attention difficulty sleeping difficulty controlling emotions

difficulty controlling emotions

In an experiment to test the effects of sleep deprivation on test performance, a researcher who manipulates the amount of sleep that participants get is controlling the _____. experimental group dependent variable control group independent variable

independent variable

Francesca is studying behavior genetics with mice that have been bred to be genetically similar to each other. This type of research is called a _____ study. genetic twin strain cross-sectional

strain

__________ is a biological term used to refer to a subpopulation whose members have reproduced exclusively among themselves, while __________ is based on cultural characteristics. Race; ethnicity Sexual orientation; sex. Sex; gender Gender; sex

Race; ethnicity

Critical thinkers are willing to __________. subject their own deeply held beliefs to scrutiny look at similarities but not differences in a problem accept common knowledge accept the opinions of established experts in a field

subject their own deeply held beliefs to scrutiny

"Historically, psychology has been focused on understanding mental illness. It is time to turn some of our attention to understanding human strengths and virtues, happiness, well-being, and wisdom." This quotation most accurately represents which of the following new directions in psychology? gestalt psychology. positive psychology. cognitive psychology. evolutionary psychology.

positive psychology.

Is there a single perspective dominating psychology today? No. Although the emerging field of positive psychology is exciting, not many psychologists are adhering to it. Yes. Behaviorism, as developed by John B. Watson, remains unchallenged as the most comprehensive psychological perspective in the early 21st century. Yes. As the influence of Freudian psychodynamic theory declined, evolutionary psychology took its place as the dominant mode of study today. No. Psychologists are more flexible in considering new approaches and combining elements of different perspectives.

No. Psychologists are more flexible in considering new approaches and combining elements of different perspectives.

Understanding how and why groups differ in their values, behaviors, approaches to the world, thought processes, and responses to situations—in other words, understanding human _____, —gives us tools to reduce interpersonal tensions. universal features innate behavior diversity genetics

diversity

Juanita walks out to the garage to get something out of her car. Suddenly a possum scurries out from behind an old carpet, and Juanita tenses, screams, and jumps back. Her heart is racing, and she is breathing rapidly. Once the possum scurries away and Juanita realizes she isn't in danger, her heart begins to slow, and her breathing begins to return to normal. This calming effect is promoted by which of the following? the sympathetic division the endocrine system the somatic nervous system the parasympathetic division

the parasympathetic division

Glutamate enhances learning and memory by ________. stimulating neurons that reside in the hindbrain strengthening synaptic connections between neurons strengthening the myelin sheath stimulating neurons in the midbrain

strengthening synaptic connections between neurons

Long-term memories are often not exact but, instead, contain the main points of what we are trying to remember. This is because long-term memories are principally coded by: images. senses. meaning. words.

meaning

pisodic memories are __________ rather than __________. informative; emotional personal memories; historical facts emotional; informative historical facts; personal memories

personal memories; historical facts

Which type of study assesses heritability in animals and helps determine the degree to which a trait is inherited? single-blind study naturalistic observation selection study double-blind study

selection study

Image that you are counting to 99 by threes. Which one of the following sensory inputs is MOST likely to interfere with you doing it successfully? a TV program that you're not interested in someone asking for your phone number music being played in the same room people talking at a table near yours in the cafeteria

someone asking for your phone number

Dilated pupils and bronchi, a relaxed bladder, and an accelerated heart rate would all be attributed to the stimulation of the ________. parasympathetic division endocrine system limbic system sympathetic division

sympathetic division

Which of the following illustrates resting potential in a neuron? The neuron has a slightly higher concentration of positive ions inside than there are outside of it. The neuron has a slightly higher concentration of negative ions inside than there are outside of it. The neuron has the same concentration of negative ions inside than there are outside of it. The neuron has a slightly lower concentration of negative ions inside than there are outside of it.

The neuron has a slightly higher concentration of negative ions inside than there are outside of it.

Why are people with amygdala damage sometimes unable to "read" facial expressions, even though they recognize the person's face? Amygdala damage makes people unable to perceive subtle changes in facial muscles, so they can only perceive extreme emotions. The amygdala plays a pivotal role in the formation of new episodic memories, which includes emotional memories. Amygdala damage often renders people unable to form new emotional memories or remember the emotional content of past memories. People with amygdala damage often develop what is known as "face blindness."

Amygdala damage often renders people unable to form new emotional memories or remember the emotional content of past memories.

Which of the following statements is true? Women still receive less than half the PhDs in psychology. Historically, some colleges refused to grant degrees in psychology to women. Historically, women more often than men have been participants in psychological research. Women were prevented from joining the American Psychological Association when it was first formed.

Historically, some colleges refused to grant degrees in psychology to women.

The human genome, or sum total of all the genes necessary to build a human being, contains approximately ________. 15,000 to 20,000 genes 20,000 to 25,000 genes 5,000 to 10,000 genes 10,000 to 15,000 genes

20,000 to 25,000 genes

Which of the following is a part of the American Psychological Association (APA) code of ethics regarding psychological experiments? Participants must be informed about the nature of the research only when the experiment's methods are potentially harmful. Deception about the goals of the research can be used only when absolutely necessary to the integrity of the research. Participants in research studies must be 18 or older. Deception about the goals of the research can never be used.

Deception about the goals of the research can be used only when absolutely necessary to the integrity of the research.

Which of the following correctly describes the role of sleep in the formation of memories? Sleep interferes with recalling information accurately. During sleep, we lose many memories as neural connections weaken. Sleeping less has a positive impact on working memory. During sleep, the neurons involved in initial learning reactivate and strengthen their connections.

During sleep, the neurons involved in initial learning reactivate and strengthen their connections.

What does it mean to say "Psychology has a long past, but a short history"? Only recently, with the discovery of DNA, have psychologists been able to determine the causes of human behavior. For centuries, philosophers wondered about human nature but it was not until the late 1800s that the scientific method began to be applied to understanding psychology. Until the 20th century, psychology relied upon self-reports rather than rigorous scientific methods to gather data. Psychologists have conducted research for hundreds of years but only recently has that research provided insight into mental processes.

For centuries, philosophers wondered about human nature but it was not until the late 1800s that the scientific method began to be applied to understanding psychology.

Which of the following is true regarding the use of animals in psychological research? The APA code of ethics for research on animals is the same as the code for research on humans. Studies involving animals have shed very little light on human behavior. Some people question whether it is ever ethical to use nonhuman animals in psychological research. Animals can be used as long as they are not subjected to pain, stress, or privation.

Some people question whether it is ever ethical to use nonhuman animals in psychological research.

Which psychologist's controversial 1963 experiment involved participants being told to administer increasingly intense shocks to other participants? Jean Piaget Al Maisto Stanley Milgram Keneth Clark

Stanley Milgram

In contrast to experimental studies, correlational studies are generally characterized by which of the following? They take a longer time to carry out. They are more likely to use a biased sample. They are unsuitable for drawing inferences about causality. They require many fewer people to participate as subjects.

They are unsuitable for drawing inferences about causality.

Which of the following is an advantage of case studies? They enable an immense amount of information to be gathered quickly and inexpensively. They prevent the presence of an observer from altering the person's behavior. They yield a great deal of detailed information that can be useful for forming hypotheses. They offer researchers the opportunity to draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships.

They yield a great deal of detailed information that can be useful for forming hypotheses.

Why is it important to distinguish between correlation and cause and effect? Studies that look for cause and effect run the risk of asking leading questions, which yield unreliable answers. Correlated variables are not statistically significant. When one variable causes another, that doesn't mean that the variables are necessarily related, only that they occur in tandem. Two variables can be related to each other, but that does not imply that one causes the other.

Two variables can be related to each other, but that does not imply that one causes the other.

The _________________ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that carries messages between the central nervous system and the internal organs. sympathetic division somatic nervous system parasympathetic division autonomic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

According to the APA code of ethics, are researchers who use animals in experiments ever allowed to subject those animals to pain or stress? Yes, but only if the animals are given appropriate anesthesia and no other procedure is available. The APA does not issue guidelines on the use of animals in research. No, the APA does not condone the use of animals in research in any circumstance. Yes, but only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the goal is justified by its prospective scientific, educational, or applied value.

Yes, but only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the goal is justified by its prospective scientific, educational, or applied value.

If a psychologist gave one group of rats extra handling and an enriched environment and deprived a second group of rats, then measured how quickly each group learned a maze, he or she would be engaged in: correlational research. a controlled experiment. naturalistic observation. field research.

a controlled experiment.

Alex's elderly father has been having problems with memory and speech, and Alex suspects he may have Alzheimer's disease. This diagnosis is later confirmed by his father's doctor, who explains to Alex that Alzheimer's has been linked to degradation of the brain cells that produce and respond to ________. endorphins acetylcholine dopamine serotonin

acetylcholine

Odessa is 37 and is pregnant with her third child. Her obstetrician tells her that her pregnancy is high risk because of her age and suggests she undergo a test to screen for genetic defects. She explains that the test involves harvesting cells from the fluid in which the fetus grows. Odessa's doctor is referring to ________. gene therapy amniocentesis ultrasound chorionic villus sampling

amniocentesis

Which of the following is not a compelling reason for why psychologists should study human diversity? because our society is made up of so many different kinds of people. because diversity psychology is one of the major subdivisions of psychology. to help identify what humans have in common. to help solve interpersonal tensions based on misunderstandings of other people.

because diversity psychology is one of the major subdivisions of psychology.

Why do left-hemisphere strokes typically lead to aphasias? because movement of the left side of the body is primarily controlled by the left cerebral hemisphere because language is primarily controlled by the left cerebral hemisphere because spatial visualization is primarily controlled by the left cerebral hemisphere because writing is primarily controlled by the left cerebral hemisphere

because language is primarily controlled by the left cerebral hemisphere

A highly trained classical guitarist sustained brain damage as the result of an automobile accident. Despite recovering most of her memory, language, and cognition, she is unable to play the guitar. Because her loss of function appears principally to affect her motor control and coordination, it is most likely that her __________ was damaged in the collision. cerebellum hippocampus prefrontal cortex occipital lobe

cerebellum

Alessio believes that men's and women's gender roles are the result of biological adaptations in our deep ancestry. Women cared for children and men hunted and defended territory, he says, so it makes sense that, even today, women should be responsible for domestic duties and men should work outside the home. Alessio is using theories based in __________ to explain his views on gender roles. behavioral adaptation gender studies feminist theory evolutionary psychology

evolutionary psychology

Natural selection is a concept from: mating theory. social psychology. behavioral genetics. evolutionary psychology.

evolutionary psychology.

Jasper is late for work and decides to skip breakfast. As lunchtime draws near, he begins to feel shaky and weak, and when he gets up to go to the cafeteria for lunch, he faints. His coworkers call an ambulance, and at the hospital, tests reveal there is an unusually low amount of sugar in his blood and urine. Jasper is suffering from ________. hypoglycemia overactive thyroid melatonin overload diabetes mellitus

hypoglycemia

Looking at a large crowd of people and failing to recognize that one of the people in the very front of the crowd is dressed as a clown is an example of: filtering. masking. information processing. inattentional blindness.

inattentional blindness.

The dual coding of images explains why: forming a mental image of information rarely improves our memory. memory for words is generally better than memory for images. both rote rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal work well when used together. it is sometimes helpful to form a mental picture of something we are trying to learn.

it is sometimes helpful to form a mental picture of something we are trying to learn.

Tiffany has a final exam coming up and is studying by repeating the information over and over. She is using a process called _____. domain-specific coding short-term potentiation long-term potentiation maintenance rehearsal

maintenance rehearsal

Eva has been unable to sleep lately, and she notices that her attention span has decreased significantly. She has also noticed that she seems to become overstimulated and overexcited in certain situations. After explaining these symptoms to her primary care physician, he suggests she might be suffering from an ________. underactive thyroid gland overactive thyroid gland overactive pituitary gland underactive pituitary gland

overactive thyroid gland

When every member of a population has an equal chance of being chosen for a study, the individuals who are selected to participate constitute a(n)______ sample. independent random representative significant

random

To ensure that the results of a particular study apply to a larger population, researchers use __________ or __________ samples. representative; independent random; naturalistic experimental; independent random; representative

random; representative

Episodic memory can be best described as a: recording of events as they have been subjectively or personally experienced in a specific time and space. a collection of historical facts without connection to our experience. form of procedural memory. dictionary filled with facts and concepts.

recording of events as they have been subjectively or personally experienced in a specific time and space.

The three key terms that constitute the definition of psychology are __________. cognition, human motivation, and thinking scientific, behavior, and mental processes cognition, attitudes, and brain function therapy, behavior problems, and mental illness

scientific, behavior, and mental processes

Behavioral genetics focuses on which of the following? the evolutionary roots of individual behavior the extent to which heredity accounts for individual differences in behavior and thinking whether nature or nurture shapes behavior the basic units of heredity

the extent to which heredity accounts for individual differences in behavior and thinking

The difference between a visual icon and an auditory echo is that: the auditory echo lasts less than a second, while a visual icon lasts less than a second. the visual icon has a virtually unlimited capacity, while an auditory echo has a very limited capacity. an auditory icon has a virtually unlimited capacity, while a visual icon has a very limited capacity. the visual icon lasts less than a second, while an auditory echo may last several seconds

the visual icon lasts less than a second, while an auditory echo may last several seconds

What is the main function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? to prepare the body for quick action in an emergency to signal the body to release hormones from the thyroid gland to signal the body to release hormones from the pituitary gland to calm and relax the body after intense arousal

to calm and relax the body after intense arousal

DeShawn is researching the effects of brain lesions on depression. For ethical reasons, he is not able to cut into the brains of study participants. What is one research method that DeShawn might consider that could shed light on this problem without violating APA ethical guidelines? using animals as test subjects paying volunteers more for their consent to have surgery performing the tests on children whose parents have given consent telling participants that he's actually studying productivity

using animals as test subjects

Consider the following experiment. Children are drawn from high-, middle-, and low-income households. All the children are divided into two groups. One group watches Sesame Street on TV every day for a month. The other group watches cartoons. Both groups are then given a test that measures creativity. In this study, the independent variable is: There is no independent variable; this is a correlational study. what the children watch on TV. the children's socioeconomic class. the children's scores on the creativity test.

what the children watch on TV.