psych chapter thirteen questions

Approximately _____ percent of the population suffer from panic disorder.

1-2

Approximately 1 in _____ Americans reports having experienced a depressive or bipolar disorder in the past year.

10

The odds of becoming addicted to cocaine after trying the drug is _____ percent.

17

In a study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels, researchers went to mental hospital admissions offices and complained of "hearing voices" saying "empty," "hollow," and "thud." This was the only complaint they reported and they displayed no other symptoms. They were admitted and released an average of _____days later.

19

In the United States, bipolar disorder affects women and men in a ratio of:

1:1

Having drug-abusing biological parents increases the risk of drug abuse among adopted people by a factor of:

2

The odds of becoming addicted to tobacco after trying the drug is _____ percent.

32

Drug overdoses account for about _____ percent of suicide attempts, but only _____ percent of suicide fatalities.

80; 14

What percentage of Americans agreed that "increased government spending on mental health screening and treatment" would be a "somewhat" or "very" effective "approach to preventing mass shootings at schools?"

84%

Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty waiting to take turns in playground games with his classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of

ADHD

Why might alcohol make a person more helpful or more aggressive?

Alcohol is a disinhibitor—it makes us more likely to do what we would have done when sober, whether that is being helpful or being aggressive.

Which of the following statements is true of bulimia nervosa?

Bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges.

Increased activity in brain areas linked with the control and inhibition of traumatic memories has been linked with

DID

Two or more distinct identities appear to alternately control the behavior of those with

DID

Which of these disorders is almost never diagnosed in countries such as Great Britain, Japan, and India?

DID

Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system MOST often used in the United States, she should read the _____.

DMS-5

Most psychologists and psychiatrists use _____ to classify psychological disorders.

DSM descriptions and codes

Near-death experiences are strikingly similar to the experiences evoked by _____.

LSD

The experience of vivid geometric images and dreamlike scenes is most likely to be triggered by

LSD

Who is MOST likely to commit a violent criminal act?

Marco, who has schizophrenia

Matthew spends each morning counting every book in his personal library, as well as every kitchen utensil and dish before he will leave for work. He repeats the process when he comes home. He recognizes that this is irrational, but he becomes extremely agitated when he tries to stop. Matthew's behaviors are most likely symptoms of

OCD

People who are troubled by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions or both are suffering from:

OCD

Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress intrusive thoughts that she might have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of

OCD

Taryn, who was sexually assaulted in a parking lot, experiences frequent nightmares and has withdrawn from her family and friends. Since the attack, she has difficulty sleeping and can no longer hold down a job. Taryn's symptoms indicate that she suffers from

PTSD

Which of the following statements about the DSM-5 is FALSE?

The DSM-5 is of little practical value to mental health workers because it does not predict the future course of a disorder.

Naima washes her hands about 50 times a day because she is afraid of the germs that seem to be everywhere. On the other hand, Rana washes her hands about 50 times a day because she is a nurse practitioner and she knows that it is an important part of her job. Which reason does NOT explain why only Naima's hand washing is considered part of a psychological disorder?

The behavior has been part of Naima's upbringing.

Clark is restless and irritable when he tries to cut back on his gambling habit, even though he has lost thousands of dollars betting in weekly poker games. Clark is most clearly experiencing symptoms of

a behavior addiction

An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with

a manic episode

A feeling of intense dread that can be accompanied by chest pains, choking sensations, or other frightening sensations is called

a panic attack

Jules has been in and out of prison for various crimes in which he scammed people out of their money. He feels no guilt or remorse for his behavior; in fact, he blames his victims for being "suckers." Jules best illustrates

a personality disorder

Mr. Santo has not left his home for 10 years for fear of having a panic attack. When he does think of leaving his home, he begins to hyperventilate, shake, and experience chest pains. Mr. Santo has the symptoms of

agoraphobia

Worry that a panic attack might occur can result in an individual avoiding places. This can lead to a condition called:

agoraphobia

Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese, even though she is underweight. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey most clearly demonstrates symptoms of

anorexia nervosa

Raquel was initially excited to make the cheerleading squad. However, her parents noticed that she has stopped eating dinner with them, wanted to help make most meals, and had a list of good and bad foods. She then began portioning the amount of food she ate and claiming to have already eaten. Most concerning was the significant weight drop from a healthy 105 pounds to 90 pounds. This case demonstrates symptoms of:

anorexia nervosa

Bob has never been able to keep a job. He has been in and out of jail for armed robbery, sexual assault, and domestic abuse. Bob would MOST likely be diagnosed as having:

antisocial personality disorder

Kyle is extremely manipulative and can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to any suffering they might experience as a result of his actions. His behavior best illustrates

antisocial personality disorder

Last week, Tate went into the hospital for a painful medical procedure. Amazingly, he did not seem worried beforehand, and he showed no signs of autonomic nervous system arousal. In addition, Tate seems to lack a conscience for wrongdoing. It is possible that Tate would be diagnosed as having:

antisocial personality disorder

Low levels of anxiety are most characteristic of

antisocial personality disorder

_____ disorders are characterized by distressing, persistent nervousness or by maladaptive behaviors that reduce the feeling.

anxiety

People who are diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder:

are tense and apprehensive all the time

After participants in one study were informed that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases such as "a passive, dependent type" and "frightened of his own aggressive impulses." This study best illustrated the

biasing power of diagnostic labels

After study participants were told that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases like "passive type" or "frightened of his own impulses." This study BEST illustrates the:

biasing power of diagnostic labels.

Which category is new in the DSM-5?

binge-eating disorder

Dr. Cobbs believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Cobbs believes in a _____ model.

biopsychosocial

Dr. Cobbs believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Cobbs believes in a(n) _____ model.

biopsychosocial

Dr. Gonzales seeks to account for the substance abuse of her therapy clients in terms of their abusive home environments, their limited sense of life purpose, and the altered functioning of their neurotransmitter systems. Dr. Gonzales is most clearly using a _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.

biopsychosocial

Many psychologists reject the disorders-as-illness view and instead maintain that other factors may also be involved—for example, the person's bad habits and poor social skills. This view represents the _____ approach.

biopsychosocial

Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It is very likely that Boris is suffering from a(n) _____ disorder.

bipolar

The police brought Elaine to the emergency room after she was seen running down the street in her underwear yelling that she "has the power!" Elaine was also spending large amounts of money across town and was rude and reckless over the last five days. In the ER, Elaine would not be quiet long enough for the nurse to ask her questions. Elaine is MOST likely suffering from _____ disorder.

bipolar

_____ disorder consists of states of sadness alternating with periods of overexcited hyperactivity.

bipolar

Malik was severely depressed for two weeks, but then became very agitated, going on wild spending sprees and driving recklessly around town. He was arrested for running into a bar with no clothes while laughing and yelling very loudly. Malik's behavior illustrates

bipolar disorder

Thirty-year-old Jeremy has extreme, recurring mood swings in which he experiences severe bouts of depression and then becomes extremely agitated and euphoric for no apparent reason. Jeremy is most clearly suffering from

bipolar disorder

Melissa uses laxatives in an attempt to lose some of the weight she gained from binge eating. Melissa most clearly demonstrates symptoms of

bulimia nervosa

________ is an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person engages in binge eating and then purges the excessive food consumption by self-induced vomiting or by the misuse of laxatives or enemas.

bulimia nervosa

Which type of schizophrenia develops slowly and is less responsive to treatment?

chronic schizophrenia

Which of the following psychoactive drugs produces the quickest and most powerful rush of euphoria?

cocaine

Last week, Becky read that labels can bias perceptions, so she does not support placing diagnostic labels on psychological problems. If you were trying to convince her that these types of labels do have benefits, you might tell her that mental health professionals use labels to

communicate about their clients, study the underlying causes of psychological problems, choose the most effective course of treatment

The learning perspective proposes that phobias are

conditioned fears

Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when approaching any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear results from a traumatic boat accident she experienced as a child. The therapist's suggestion reflects a ________ perspective.

conditioning

Long-term use of Ecstasy can

damage serotonin-producing neurons

Nicotine triggers a(n) ________ in anxiety and a(n) ________ in mental alertness.

decrease, increase

Over the past 50 years, women in Western cultures have expressed ________ satisfaction with their body, and they have experienced a(n) ________ incidence of serious eating disorders.

decreasing; increasing

A _____ is a false belief that often accompanies schizophrenia.

delusion

A person with positive symptoms of schizophrenia is most likely to experience

delusions

Mr. James believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his life savings. Mr. James is most clearly suffering from

delusions

Betty's husband passed away two years ago after a prolonged battle with cancer. To this day, Betty finds it difficult to function. She quit her job, rarely leaves the house, and cries almost every day. Recent changes to the DSM would allow Betty to be diagnosed with:

depression

wo major disorders that are found worldwide are schizophrenia and _____.

depression

David Rosenhan and colleagues (1973) conducted a study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels. They went to mental hospital admissions offices and complained of "hearing voices" saying "empty," "hollow," and "thud." This was the only complaint they reported and they displayed no other symptoms. They were all:

diagnosed as mentally ill and the causes for their disorders were "discovered."

A drug that leads people to behave impulsively and to lack normal behavioral restraint or self-control is said to act as a(n)

disinhibitor

Many researchers believe that several of the symptoms of schizophrenia result from an overabundance of receptors for the neurotransmitter

dopamine

While researchers have discovered that there are an excessive number of receptor sites for _____, it is not the only neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia.

dopamine

The drug ______ became popular in the 1990s in nightclubs and all-night raves.

ecstasy

This drug is BOTH a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen that can destroy serotonin-producing neurons with repeated use.

ecstasy

A personality disorder, such as antisocial personality, is characterized by

enduring and inflexible behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

_____ is the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a change in DNA.

epigenetics

According to the textbook, 9-month-old infants attend more to sounds representing ancient threats, such as thunder, than to sounds representing modern dangers, such as gunfire. This BEST supports the role of _____in anxiety.

evolution

Research on psychological disorders and violence indicates that

focusing gun restrictions only on mentally ill people is unlikely to significantly reduce gun violence

_____ proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings, and that this submerged mental energy sometimes produces mystifying symptoms, such as anxiety.

freud

Delilah is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Delilah MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder

generalized anxiety

Diane is constantly concerned about things at work, even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life, even when she is at work. Diane has free-floating worry that leaves her tense, irritable, impairs her concentration, and leaves her with many sleepless nights. Diane MOST likely suffers from _____disorder.

generalized anxiety

Lenore is unexplainably and continually tense and is plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from

generalized anxiety disorder

People with schizophrenia may hear voices urging self-destruction, an example of a(n) ________.

hallucination

Michael complains that threatening voices are constantly telling him that he is so evil he should drown himself. Michael is experiencing

hallucinations

People with schizophrenia often have disturbed perceptions called _____, which are sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

hallucinations

Regarding the treatment of schizophrenia, therapeutic drugs that block dopamine receptors are MOST likely to reduce:

hallucinations

Therapeutic drugs that block dopamine receptors are MOST likely to reduce:

hallucinations

Therapeutic drugs that block dopamine receptors are most likely to reduce

hallucinations

Which of the following was eliminated from the American Psychiatric Association's list of psychological disorders in 1973?

homosexuality

_____ is NOT a psychoactive drug.

ibuprofen

Use of marijuana

impairs motor coordination, perception, reaction time, and memory

The biological effects of anxiety disorders can express themselves in two areas of the brain, one responsible for _____ and the other for _____.

impulse control; habitual behavior

If you have a parent or sibling with depression or bipolar disorder, your chances of also having depression or bipolar disorder:

increase

Julia is suffering from depression. In addition to medication to alleviate her symptoms, Julia's doctor may also recommend that she _____ to increase serotonin.

increase exercise

Corey is trying to cut back on his consumption of caffeinated beverages. He will NOT experience:

increased energy

An intense fear of spiders isn't considered a psychological disorder unless

it interferes with normal day-to-day life.

Dissociative identity disorder is controversial because

it is almost never reported outside of North America

Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder characterized by signs of depression such as lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, and loss of interest in family, friends, and activities. To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, these signs must:

last for two or more weeks

The social-cognitive perspective has linked the experience of depression with:

learned helplessness

PET scans of murderers' brains have revealed

lower-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes.

Elaine feels that her life is empty, has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from

major depressive disorder

For the past four weeks, Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. It is MOST likely that Odessa is suffering from:

major depressive disorder

John is not interested in going out with friends or even answering the phone. He has let a number of bills go unpaid, he is sleeping 12 to 14 hours a day, and he cannot concentrate at work. He has called in sick to work at least once each week. John is most likely suffering from

major depressive disorder

Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money, but over the past two weeks he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire life savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of

mania

A therapist says that psychological disorders are sicknesses and people with these disorders should be treated as patients in a hospital. This therapist believes in the ______ model.

medical

Which of these cultural groups has a lower rate of substance abuse as compared with the general population?

mennonites

Which factor is the WEAKEST predictor of violence?

mental illness

Young women can become addicted to alcohol ________ quickly than young men because they have ________ of a stomach enzyme that digests alcohol.

more, less

People who suffer from generalized anxiety disorder are:

mostly women

Victor's mother is frustrated because she cannot get Victor involved in any activities. Although he has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, she still expects him to do things around the house. But most days, he sits in a chair with no expression on his face. This type of absence of appropriate behavior is reflects the _____symptoms of schizophrenia.

negative

_____ symptoms are to an absence of appropriate behaviors as _____ symptoms are to a presence of inappropriate behaviors.

negative; positive

To reduce feelings of tension and anxiety, Hannah often rubs the surfaces of her fingers and hands with a fingernail file until she bleeds. Hannah's behavior best illustrates

nonsuicidal self-injury

Treatment for depression often includes drugs that increase supplies of the neurotransmitters _____and _____.

norepinephrine; serotonin

Marina became consumed with the need to clean the entire house and refused to participate in any other activities. Her family consulted a therapist, who diagnosed her as having _____-_____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

Michael is extremely fearful of germs. He sleeps in a special chamber at night, wears gloves, and will only eat food that he can unwrap. His symptoms are most characteristic of _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

Sally is focused on cleaning her home, which she does for three to four hours per day. In particular, the fringe on her rugs must be straight on both sides in all five rooms. This takes considerable time and she often repeats this 10 to 12 times per day in addition to her ritualistic cleaning. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

Chances for recovery from schizophrenia are best when

onset is sudden, in response to stress

A reduction in anxiety, pupil constriction, slower respiration, and feelings of lethargy are associated with _____.

opiates

The depressants include alcohol, barbiturates,

opiates

Generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, PTSD, and OCD express themselves biologically by:

overarousing areas of the brain responsible for impulse control and habitual behaviors.

MOST teens and college students:

overestimate how much their peers are using drugs

Hallucinations similar to those that accompany the near-death experience can be produced by

oxygen deprivation

Several times in the past two months, Petra has experienced a racing heart, intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and an inability to breathe. Petra MOST likely is suffering from _____ disorder.

panic

Symptoms that can be incorrectly perceived as a heart attack are MOST characteristic of _____ disorder.

panic

Several times in the past two months, Petra has experienced an irregular heartbeat, intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and an inability to breathe. Petra most likely suffers from

panic attacks

Symptoms that may be misperceived as a heart attack are most characteristic of

panic disorder

Rates of bipolar disorder have risen dramatically in the twenty-first century, especially among

people 19 and under

People with a(n) _____ disorder have a tendency to behave in ways that interfere with their social interactions. They may withdraw and avoid social contact or behave in a way that ignores the social rights of others.

personality

_____ disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring maladaptive character traits that impair social functioning.

personality

When Darcy's boyfriend told her he wanted to break up, she became outraged. She later broke all of the windows in his car and attacked a woman he was talking to. Darcy has a history of impulsive behavior and dramatic outbursts, which has cost her many friends. Darcy most clearly illustrates symptoms of a(n)

personality disorder

Anxiety that takes the form of an irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation is called a _______

phobia

Frank was seen laughing inappropriately in the library as if he were responding to internal stimuli. On the bus home, he was crying uncontrollably and suddenly became angered when a fellow passenger offered him a tissue. His excess of inappropriate behavior reflects the _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

positive

Kyle has been given a diagnosis of schizophrenia. He hears voices and believes the government is plotting to steal his internal organs and sell them to foreign governments. Kyle is demonstrating the ________ symptoms of schizophrenia.

positive

Frank was seen laughing inappropriately in the library as if he was responding to internal stimuli. On the bus home, he was crying uncontrollably and suddenly became angered when a fellow passenger offered him a tissue. His excess of inappropriate behavior is known as:

positive symptoms

Years after he barely survived a terrorist attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event that render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of

post traumatic stress disorder

Years after he barely survived an attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event. They render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is MOST clearly showing signs of _____ disorder.

post-traumatic stress

Until 1973, homosexuality was classified as an illness by the American _____ Association.

psychiatric

Caffeine and nicotine are both _____ drugs.

psychoactive

Chemicals that change perceptions and moods through their actions at the neural synapses are referred to as _____ drugs.

psychoactive

Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when she approaches any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear may be the result of a traumatic childhood boating accident. The therapist's suggestion reflects a(n) _____ perspective.

psychoanalytic

The suggestion that dissociative identity disorder symptoms are created as defenses against the anxiety caused by one's own unacceptable impulses best illustrates the

psychodynamic perspective

Mrs. Higgins believes that aliens from another planet have removed her stomach and are watching her to see how long it takes her to grow another one. Mrs. Higgins is most likely suffering from

schizophrenia

Oxygen deprivation at the time of birth is a known risk factor for

schizophrenia

The brains of people who suffer from depression tend to have low levels of

serotonin

The brains of people who suffer from depression tend to have low levels of:

serotonin

Trina suffers from depression. Her physician has placed her on an antidepressant called Paxil that will help to increase her _____ supplies by blocking reuptake so that her receptor sites get enough of this neurotransmitter.

serotonin

Sufferers of _____ disorder avoid settings where others might judge them because of the fear that they may be evaluated negatively.

social anxiety

Will has an intense fear of speaking in public. Because he can only engage in one-on-one discussions, he has been passed over for promotions. Will may be suffering from _____ disorder.

social anxiety

Tonya, who recently discovered her husband was having an affair, disappeared for several days and was found by the police sleeping under a bridge. She claimed that her name was Mary and that she had no clear memory of her life or identity. Her symptoms best illustrate

social anxiety disorder

Which condition BEST illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

social withdrawal

Which of the following best illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

social withdrawal

Psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the _____-______ perspective.

social-cognitive

Amanda blames herself for her recent job loss. Her therapist suggests that her depression results from this blaming of herself rather than the slumping economy. Her therapist's suggestion BEST illustrates a:

social-cognitive perspective

The MOST common hallucinations experienced in schizophrenia are:

sounds and voices

An effective way to break the cycle of depression is to explain stressful events in terms that are

specific and temporary

Although Mark realizes that his behavior is unreasonable, he is so alarmed by high bridges or expressway overpasses that he avoids them by taking an unnecessarily lengthy route to and from work each day. Mark appears to suffer from

specific phobia

Felix can't remember the conversation he had with his girlfriend yesterday when he was intoxicated with alcohol. His memory failure is most likely a result of the way alcohol

suppresses REM sleep

The widely used system for classifying psychological disorders is known as

the DSM-5

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by

the biopsychosocial approach

An important psychological contributor to drug use is

the feeling that life is meaningless and directionless

To prevent or reduce marijuana use, young people should be educated about

the long-term costs of regular marijuana use

At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. These were replaced with psychiatric hospitals in which attempts were made to diagnose and cure those with psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of

the medical model

In a double-blind procedure, one group of men is given a beverage containing alcohol and a second group is given a similar-tasting beverage that contains no alcohol. In each group, half the men are told that they are drinking an alcoholic beverage and half are told that their beverage is nonalcoholic. All the men then view erotic movies. After watching the erotic material, research indicates that:

the men who thought they were drinking alcohol will feel LESS guilty than those who did NOT think they were drinking alcohol, regardless of the true content of the beverage.

Amanda's therapist suggests that her depression results from mistakenly blaming herself rather than a slumping economy for her recent job loss. Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates

the social-cognitive perspective

What have all of the mass-killing shooters had in common?

they were all young males

After continued use of a psychoactive drug, the drug user needs to take larger doses to get the desired effect. This is referred to as __________.

tolerance

Benny enjoys the feelings created by drinking alcohol. However, over the last several years he has noticed that it takes more and more alcohol to create the desired effects. MOST specifically, Benny's experience illustrates the phenomenon of:

tolerance

Through continued usage, an individual's brain may adapt to compensate for the effects of a drug. This adaptation is called:

tolerance

With repeated use of alcohol, a user's brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug's effect. As a result, the user demonstrates signs of

tolerance

One potential fear of the new classification of "disruptive mood dysregulation disorder" is that it will:

turn a normal temper tantrum into a mental disorder.

The relationship between the season of the year in which people are born and their subsequent risk of schizophrenia best highlights the role of ________ in this disorder.

viral infections

Which factor is NOT affected by a psychological disorder?

vision

The discomfort and distress following discontinued use of a psychoactive drug best illustrates

withdrawal

Although questions remain concerning the cause(s) of depression, we do know that

women are nearly twice as likely as men to suffer from major depressive disorder.

The "gender gap" in depression refers to the finding that _____(men's/women's) risk of depression is nearly double that of _____(men's/women's).

women's; men's