Psychology Practice Exam 3
Which of the following is NOT an effect of alcohol?
A decrease in the neurotransmitter GABA
Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
A glass of water
Which of the following is characteristic of people in a trance?
A lack of voluntary control
If Janet were to fly from Toronto to London, she might have difficulty adjusting to the new time. This is likely because _______.
Her circadian rhythms are adjusted to the time in Toronto
Darcy is in a relaxed state with decreased self-consciousness. In this state she is open to suggestion. Which state is Darcy in?
Hypnosis
Which of the following is not a likely explanation of the Flynn effect in many cultures?
IQ tests have become progressively easier over time
Which of the following is an important difference between classical and operant conditioning?
In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary
Stimulus-control techniques have gained popularity in laboratory research. Now, scientists interested in perception have studied "higher" cognitive processes in pigeons such as whether or not they know how to categorize. This higher cognitive process can also be described as which of the following?
Ability to sort or arrange different items into classes
The "law of effect" states:
Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated
The researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are:
B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike
The questions on Binet's original intelligence test were developed by:
Binet, who applied "reasonable standards" for each question selection
Stimulants such as cocaine produce euphoria because they ______.
Block the re-uptake of dopamine in the brain
In Bandura's famous experiment children observed either an aggressive or a non-aggressive model in a room of toys and a Bobo Doll. When allowed to play with Bobo, researchers observed that children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive in their own interactions. Research concluded that:
Children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior is acceptable
In the classic study by Hartshorne, May, Maller, and Shuttleworth (1928), the authors found that if they varied the situation, they could get children to behave honestly or dishonestly depending on the situation. This study supports the belief that ______.
Children's ethical behavior depends on the situation
Sidney Crosby, a famous hockey player, is paid $10 million to wear Reebok ice-skates. Reebok hopes this will increase sales of their skates due to:
Classical conditioning
As learning occurs over repeated conditioning trials, the conditioned stimulus increasingly predicts the unconditioned stimulus, and prediction error __________.
Declines
Personality refers to ______.
Characteristic ways that people differ from one another
Wayne likes to travel to learn about new cultures. Whenever he returns from a trip he brings home a piece of art from that culture to add to his collection. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?
Openess
John is a Canadian having dinner with his friends from China. He openly shows both his enthusiasm and his anger about various topics as they speak. John notices that his friends smile and nod but that they do not display strong emotions. This is an example of ________.
cultural influence on emotion norms
If Jack confiscates his son Joshua's video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua's behavior?
negative punishment
Which of the following is NOT an example of low awareness?
studying
Which of the following is NOT a theory to explain dreams?
Dreams are suppressed memories from childhood
In classical conditioning, the response is ________ by a stimulus that comes ________it.
Elicited; before
When you drink spoiled milk or put a rancid piece of cheese in your mouth, you may spit it out before you have any cognitive awareness of why you are feeling disgusted. From an evolutionary perspective, this demonstrates which concept?
Emotions help us act with minimally conscious awareness
Researchers had an infant crawl toward their mother across a table, and then the mother was instructed to make a face expressing a specific emotion. The response of the infants demonstrated an awareness of the mothers' emotions. Which emotional expression led to the child refusing to crawl to her in all instances?
Fear
When people are aware of stereotypes about their social group as it relates to scores on intelligence tests:
Fear may undermine their performance
This person was among those who pioneered psychological measurement. Among other contributions, he was possibly the first to popularize the notion that the heritability of psychological traits could be assessed by looking at identical and fraternal twins.
Francis Galton
According to researcher Carol Dweck, when children believe that their intelligence is changeable and evolving, they experience a(n) ________ mindset. She notes that this mindset is healthier than other beliefs about one's own intelligence.
Growth
Dianne has a reputation for being a difficult person. She is suspicious of others, unhelpful, and not very compassionate. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Dianne likely score low in?
Agreeableness
Which type of brain activity is associated with wakeful states?
Beta Waves
In Pavlov's experiments, what type of stimulus was the bell, generally?
Conditioned
Which of the following is an example of "dissociation"?
Daydreaming while driving
The stimulus controlling the operant response is called a __________ stimulus. For example, students do not learn simply when material is set in front of them. Instead, the material sets the occasion for learning to occur.
Discriminative
Howard Gardner proposed that
Intelligence is comprised of multiple intelligences - a model that claims there are eight different types of intelligence that are independent of each other
Pin-ya raises her hand when she wants to speak in the classroom; however, she does not need to do so at home. This is because at school, her operant behavior is under _________ control.
Stimulus
Which of the following best described the Flexible Correction Model?
The way a person can use high awareness to change opinions formed in low awareness conditions
Our emotions are influenced, in part, by our cultures. Culture provides information about which emotions it is ideal to have. How do people learn these cultural messages?
They are taught to use by our caregivers and through books, movies, advertisements and other cultural products
The observation that Chimpanzees are able to use deceptive tactics when competing for food indicates:
They have a theory of mind
__________ is the idea that an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure and can predict future performance or behaviors.
Validity
Which type of intelligence related skill would be found in Stratum I?
Verbal comprehension
Crystallized Intelligence is to Fluid Intelligence:
information that has been acquired through experience: ability to reason and problem solve in novel situations
Paulo is being tested in the office of a licensed psychology. The test is examining Paulo's ability to acquire, process, recall, and apply information. In short, his cognitive capacity is being assessed. Paulo is probably undergoing a(n) __________ test.
intelligence
Which of the following is associated with dreaming?
rapid eye movement
Emotions serve a cultural function. One function is
to guide how people ought to feel in various situations
In what way are classical and operant conditioning distinct?
In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses.
Leonard is a psychotherapist and is very good at his job partly because he has a strong sense of empathy for others. Which type of intelligence from Gardner's multiple intelligences theory does this most clearly indicate?
Interpersonal
Marlon has found that when he gets sad, his girlfriend becomes particularly nurturing and tries to take care of him. While he does not particularly want to feel these emotions, the response it draws from his girlfriend demonstrates the ________ function of emotions.
Interpersonal
When Christa gets angry, she gets motivated to become productive so that whatever is making her angry can be overcome. She also notices that whenever she is angry she gets very warm and starts to perspire excessively. These psychological and physical changes demonstrate the ________ functions of an emotion
Intrapersonal
One challenge to the trait approach to personality is that traits may not be as stable across situations as we think they are. An explanation for this instability is that personality:
Is shaped by the situations that we are exposed to
Which of the following is a major advantage of the Implicit Associations Test (IAT)?
It is difficult to fake
Which of the following is true of sleep?
Many studies show that sleep is a common problem for college students
Kyle has a reputation for being very calm during an emergency. He copes very well with stress and is able to think clearly and make effective decisions. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score low in
Neuroticism
If you compare your IQ score of 95 to your buddy who scored 105, you should feel
Not disappointed, because 95 and 105 not statistically difference. The small difference is not meaningful in the real world
A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:
Observational learning
Hammond likes his daily routine that involves eating the same breakfast while reading the newspaper, and taking the same route to work. Every year he vacations at his favorite beach resort. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score low in?
Openess
Spearman viewed G as the general factor of intelligence. From his perspective:
People who score high in one-sub area, such as math, tend also to score high on other sub-areas such as verbal scores
Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene behavior (e.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a:
Positive Reinforcement
The process by which we look to other people to get information about how to feel in specific situations is called social ________.
Referencing
The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable is known as what?
Reinforcer devaluation eggect
What phenomenon describes the possibility of an extinguished response being activated again in a new context?
Renewal effect
Each night at 10 pm, Jiao becomes very sleepy. This is most likely because _________.
She experiences an increase in melatonin production
Young Lilah is taken to a family dinner and she meets an uncle who she has never met before. As he reaches to her for a hug, Lilah looks to her mother with an uncertain look on her face. As she sees her mother nodding and smiling, Lilah looks back to the uncle and gives him a warm hug. Lilah has used ________ to determine how to act in this situation.
Social referencing
Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning?
Spontaneous recovery
Wechsler designed IQ tests that provide specific scores for different kinds of abilities. Performance items:
Test nonverbal abilities such as the ability to copy block designs
Dr.Reddy wants to examine potential prejudice against women. He shows participants images of men and women and has them rate each picture as "competent" or "incompetent," and measures the time it takes to create these judgments. He is using __________.
The Implicit Associations Test (IAT)
What are characteristics of the dimension added by the HEXACO model to the Five-Factor Model?
The honesty-humility dimension was added to describe people who are sincere, fair, and modest, not manipulative, narcissistic, or self-centered
If a tone is sometimes preceded by a light, and always followed by a shock, an animal will likely learn to fear:
The tone, but not the light
Jaspreet has been nagged by his parents to make his bed.
When Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced
A Pavlovian conditioned response elicites:
a whole system of responses in which some are more easily measured or observed
In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Badura observed the process of vicarious reinforcement, where children behaved less aggressively when:
aggressive models were punished
Which of the following is characteristic of hallucinogenic substances?
alterations in visual perception or sense of time
Intelligence is:
an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information
Factor analysis allowed personality theorists to:
analyze the correlations among traits and identify the most important ones
Fear conditioning can play a role in creating __________ in humans.
anxiety disorders
Which is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura?
attention, retention, initiation, motivation
Social models are an important part of observational learning. Which group is NOT necessarily a good social model for learning?
best friends
Simon was driving erratically after drinking and was stopped by the police. They administered a "breathalyzer" test intended to measure Simon's _________.
blood alcohol level
In general:
both a and c
When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. Her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that's exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept can explain this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e. enjoyment of the cupcake)?
conditioned compensatory responses
The night before a midterm exam, Kurt is invited to a party by his friends. He decides not to go to the party because doing well in the course is important to his career goals. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?
conscientiousness
What are the three criteria that characterize personality traits?
consistency, stability, and individual differences
Cultural ________ rules are norms regarding the management and modification of emotional expressions based on cultural standards.
display
In classical conditioning, the response is _________________ by a stimulus that comes _________________ it.
elicited; before
Some researcher say that ____________________ is really a set of skills including stress management and the ability to perceive moods.
emotional intelligence
Clint is a very confident person who tends to take charge when he has been assigned to a group task. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Clint likely score high in?
extraversion
Alfred takes an IQ test at ages 25 and 55, measuring his fluid and crystallized intelligence. Based on research of their respective developmental trajectories, what are most likely changes in these two areas that we would see?
his fluid intelligence would decrease with age, whereas his crystallized intelligence would increase
Mr. Sampson's mouth always waters when he sees a donut. He nearly always orders a coffee when he has a donut. One day, he orders a coffee and a chocolate donut. He is served the coffee right away, but told that the donuts are still being made and he will have to wait a few minutes. He takes a seat while he is waiting and takes a deep sniff of his coffee. As he does so, he begins salivating. In terms of classical conditioning, why did this happen?
it happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus
We should really call classical conditioning "twitmeyerian conditioning" because
it was discovered by Edwin B. Twitmeyer, not Pavlov
The fact that you now smell milk before drinking it after accidentally drinking a cup of spoiled milk several months ago demonstrates how emotions can
motivate future behaviors
I always put my seatbelt on before turning on my car. That way I avoid the loud alarm that would remind me to do so. This increase in behavior (buckling up) is an example of what kind of learning?
negative reinforcement
Kelly is grounded by her father, until she sits down and completes an important homework assignment. Which technique has her father used to try to alter her behavior?
negative reinforcement
Psychological tests are often used to measure characteristics (e.g., IQ) across people of different ages, who live in different places, and so on. In order that people can be properly ordered on the dimension of measurement (e.g., compare their IQs), it's important that these tests are:
normed
When people are asked to rate one of their own personality traits, they tend to:
rate themselves higher on the trait compared to others
t the end of class, students start packing up their things. That's because they want to escape. They've learned to do this because packing up has been ______________ because of the ________ outcome of leaving.
reinforced, appetive
Effects that increase behaviors are __________; effects that decrease them are ____________.
reinforcers; punishers
Personality traits are defined as:
relatively enduring dispositions in behavior that characterize individuals across varying types of situations
When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to:
say the same things and do what they observed the adults did
Which of the following is one of the physical responses that are immediately inspired by an emotional experience?
shutting down of unneeded digestive processes
When she notices that her girlfriend, Ellana, seems particularly quiet, Bess starts gently asking her what is wrong. After a while Ellana shares that she is having some problems in their relationship and this leads to a very constructive conversation about how things can be improved. This demonstrates the way that emotions can have ________ that elicits actions from others.
signal value
In classical conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________ with a significant event. In operant conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________with a significant event.
stimulus; behavior
In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is:
the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus
When small children get frustrated at school they sometimes cry. A teacher might say, "calm down" or "use your words to tell how you feel." This process of learning appropriate emotional behavior would be an example of _______.
the social or cultural function of emotion
In the real world Classical and Operant Conditioning occur together. The stimulus - response - outcome framework can explain many behaviors. Occasion setting is defined in the most complex link. Occasion setting is when:
the stimulus signals the response-outcome relationship is in effect
As you consider how emotions function at the level of culture, which of the following flows naturally and immediately from the fact that societies are complex?
there is a need for social order
In a "Skinner box" experiments with rats the rats can learn:
to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet
Almost all forms of gambling, including the example of a slot machine, give out rewards after a random number of rounds played (or levers pulled). This schedule of reinforcement is best described as:
variable ratio
Jessy was speeding on his motorcycle when he saw another person pulled over by the police. This made Jessy slow down because he was reminded through watching another person what the punishment of his behavior would be. What is this specific process of observational learning called?
vicarious reinforecment
