Public Health
risk factors
health factors that need to be present for a disease
secondary intervention
high risk or onset of first symptom, not disease
incidence rate
how often a disease occurs within a period of time
informed consent
gives choices
Tuskegee Study
study in Alabama in the 1930s-1970s where African American men with syphilis were studied and told they were given treatment, only some were, others were studied to see the effects of syphilis and it spread through communities and generations
epidemiology
study of disease
etiology
study of where disease comes from
contemplation
thinks about risk and action, nothing planned yet; info on short term and long term gains, positivity
public health achievements
tobacco control, motor vehicle safety, occupational safety, cardiovascular disease prevention, cancer prevention
downstream
treatment, secondary, tertiary
randomized clinical trial
two groups, one variable, control for everything else
screening
use of tests on asymptomatic individuals
Social determinants of health
systems, policies, historical
individual
addiction problem, community wide ad campaign won't help; personalized attention; expensive; only reaching one person at a time; taking time away from working with other people
tertiary intervention
after onset of disease
primary intervention
before disease or symptoms; prevention
no other alternative
causality
association
causality: A and B vary together
Temporality
causality: A comes before B
shared decision making
collective
case-control
compare outcomes of 2 groups, one has risk factors and the other doesn't
health disparities
disproportion rates of disease or poverty, etc, shows us how some health outcomes are worse in some communities compared to others
health literacy
doctors provide info in a way anyone can understand
determinants
factors bringing about disease, behavior, infection, genetics, environment, SES, geography
interpersonal
family/friends; teen mom for familial support and better health outcomes
sample
group that is representative of a population
Social-ecological model
individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy
public policy
laws by government, smoking cessation laws' draft policy and get it passed, legislation; may be more than one, Elon adopts a policy that affects its students
cohort study
look at how disease develops over time according to risk factors
eugenics
medical providers told those with bad genes to not have kids
community
neighborhood, town; changing things socially or in the environment, improve overall health outcomes for many people; instead of talking about STI's at individual, intervene at community level, encourage conversation to spread because its a social networking issue
Precontemplation
not considering change; assess readiness for change, timing is key
Stages of behavioral change model
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
preparation
prepare action; set obtainable goals, more than one form of support (family and medication, peers), remove associated activities
upstream
prevention
inform of decision
professional tells you
prevalence rate
proportion of people already with the disease
maintenance
reinforce methods, social reinforcement
Action
rewards, encouragement, anticipate relapse, day at a time approach, have plan for cravings, support
relative risk
risk of getting a disease if risk factors are present vs if they arent
organizational
school or boys and girls club; Boys and Girls Club would like to have more retention or improve eating habits in the Boys and Girls Club