Quiz 15 (Chapter14)

Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite his having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities? A. Cognitive dissonance theory B. Social exchange theory C. Two-factor theory D. Scapegoat theory

A

Students at State University are convinced that their school is better than any other; this most directly illustrates: A) an ingroup bias. B) prejudice and discrimination. C) the scapegoat effect. D) the just-world phenomenon.

A

The belief that those who suffer deserve their fate is expressed in the: A) just-world phenomenon. B) phenomenon of ingroup bias. C) fundamental attribution error. D) mirror-image perception principle.

A

After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies being promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some, even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction best illustrates the significance of: A) social facilitation. B) the reciprocity norm. C) the bystander effect. D) the just-world phenomenon. E) deindividuation.

B

Justin and Shane believe their team is better than the other teams in town. This illustrates: A. social loafing. B. the in-group bias. C. the just-world phenomenon. D. scapegoat theory.

B

The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of their river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of A) groupthink. B) superordinate goals. C) deindividuation. D) the bystander effect.

B

We tend to perceive the members of an ingroup as ________ and the members of an outgroup as ________. A) similar to one another; different from one another B) different from one another; similar to one another C) above average in ability; below average in ability D) below average in ability; above average in ability

B

After Sandy helped Jack move into his new apartment, Jack felt obligated to help Sandy when she moved. Jack's sense of responsibility can best be explained by: A) evolutionary psychology. B) two-factor theory. C) the social responsibility norm. D) the reciprocity norm.

D

Increasing the number of people who are present during an emergency tends to: A) increase the likelihood that people will cooperate in rendering assistance. B) decrease the empathy that people feel for the victim. C) increase the role that social norms governing helping will play. D) decrease the likelihood that anyone will help.

D

Conformity is when we adjust our thinking and behavior to go along with a group standard. Which of the following is NOT likely to influence whether or not we conform? A. your level of intelligence B. the size of the group that you are with C. whether or not the group is observing you D. whether or not the group has status

A

Jane and Sandy were best friends as freshmen. Jane joined a sorority; Sandy didn't. By the end of their senior year, they found that they had less in common with each other than with the other members of their respective circles of friends. Which of the following phenomena most likely explains their feelings? A) group polarization B) groupthink C) deindividuation D) social facilitation

A

Often the easiest way for a person to cope with the unpleasant state associated with cognitive dissonance is to A) Change his or her attitudes B) Lie about his or her behaviors C) Engage in groupthink D) Continue the discrepant behavior

A

When a group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates: A) group polarization. B) the bystander effect. C) social facilitation. D) deindividuation. E) social loafing.

A

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference best illustrates the importance of: A. social traps. B. the mere exposure effect. C. mirror-image perceptions. D. the reciprocity norm.

B

When visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian was said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of A) the mere exposure effect. B) the just-world phenomenon. C) the social-responsibility norm. D) deindividuation.

B

Which of the following is an example of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon? A) To persuade a customer to buy a product, a store owner offers a small gift. B) After agreeing to wear a small "Enforce Recycling" lapel pin, a woman agrees to collect signatures on a petition to make recycling required by law. C) After offering to sell a car at a ridiculously low price, a car salesperson is forced to tell the customer the car will cost $1000 more. D) All of the above are examples.

B

Which of the following most accurately states the effects of crowding on behavior? A) Crowding makes people irritable. B) Crowding sometimes intensifies people's reactions. C) Crowding promotes altruistic behavior. D) Crowding usually weakens the intensity of people's reactions.

B

According to cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance is most likely to occur when: A) a person's behavior is not based on strongly held attitudes. B) two people have conflicting attitudes and find themselves in disagreement. C) an individual does something that is personally disagreeable. D) an individual is coerced into doing something that he or she does not want to do.

C

After extensive exposure to X-rated sexual films, men are subsequently ________ accepting of women's sexual submission to men and _______ likely to perceive a woman's friendliness as sexual interest. A) more; less B) less; more C) more; more D) less; less

C

Alexis believes that all male athletes are self-centered and sexist. Her beliefs are an example of: A) ingroup bias. B) groupthink. C) stereotypes. D) the fundamental attribution error

C

Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of: A) the bystander effect. B) social facilitation. C) deindividuation. D) the mere exposure effect. E) the fundamental attribution error.

C

Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates: A) the bystander effect. B) the mere exposure effect. C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. D) social facilitation. E) group polarization.

D

Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of A) Group-think on social conflict B) De-individual on the bystander effect C) Team membership on social loafing D) Role playing on attitude change

D

Which of the following factors is the most powerful predictor of friendship? A) similarity in age B) common racial and religious background C) similarity in physical attractiveness D) physical proximity

D

Which theory describes how we explain others' behavior as being due to internal dispositions or external situations? A) social exchange theory B) reward theory C) two-factor theory D) attribution theory

D

Kelly, a Republican, and Carlos, a Democrat, both believe that members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of other parties. Their beliefs best illustrate: A) the social responsibility norm. B) the just-world phenomenon. C) the two-factor theory. D) deindividuation. E) ingroup bias.

E

Marilyn judges her professor's strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his over controlling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates: A) the mere exposure effect. B) group polarization. C) deindividuation. D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. E) the fundamental attribution error

E

Which of the following is an example of social facilitation? A. A funny movie seems even more amusing when you watch it with a group of friends. B. Solving difficult math problems is easier when you are in a quiet room with only one other person. C. People may be more likely to help if there is a large crowd watching. D. People are more likely to work much harder in a group than when they are alone.

A

Which of the following is important in promoting conformity in individuals? A) whether an individual's behavior will be observed by others in the group. B) whether the individual is male or female. C) the size of the room in which a group is meeting. D) whether the individual is of a higher status than other group members.

A

Aggression is defined as behavior that: A) hurts another person. B) is intended to hurt another person. C) is hostile, passionate, and produces physical injury. D) has all of the above characteristics.

B

Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the: A) bystander effect. B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon. C) fundamental attribution error. D) frustration-aggression principle. E) just-world phenomenon

B

Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the: A. bystander effect. B. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. C. fundamental attribution error. D. frustration-aggression principle

B

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of A) social facilitation. B) normative social influence. C) mirror-image perceptions. D) the mere exposure effect.

B

Early in the day, you see a fellow student in the cafeteria spill a whole tray of food as she trips over something on the floor. You think to yourself, "Wow, she sure is clumsy!" Later on in the day, you also trip in the cafeteria and spill your tray. You think to yourself, "Wow, this floor is uneven and dangerous, someone should fix it!" This illustrates the psychological concept called: A. foot-in-the-door. B. bystander apathy. C. fundamental attribution error. D. out-group bias.

C

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for: A) conflict. B) self-disclosure. C) harmony. D) passionate love. E) cognitive dissonance.

C

In Stanley Milgram's experiments, obedience was lowest when: A. the person giving the orders was perceived to have legitimate authority. B. the "victim" was at a distance. C. other participants were seen disobeying the experimenter. D. the participants were women.

C

In a study of social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students tugged hardest when they thought: A) three others were pulling with them. B) three others were pulling against them. C) no others were pulling with them. D) no one was monitoring how hard they pulled.

C

Max fails to recycle his glass, metal, and plastic garbage because he thinks it's personally inconvenient and likely to have minimal impact on the city's already overflowing landfills. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics of A) the mere exposure effect. B) the fundamental attribution error. C) a social trap. D) social facilitation.

C

Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in: A) the fundamental attribution error. B) group polarization. C) the bystander effect. D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. E) the mere exposure effect.

C

Participants in Milgram's obedience experiments were informed that they were involved in a study of A) aggression. B) altruism. C) learning. D) visual perception.

C

The most likely reason that Kitty Genovese did not receive help when being stabbed in front of her apartment is: A) The situation was ambiguous. B) No observers noticed the emergency or heard her cries for help. C) No observers took responsibility for helping. D) No observers planned a course of action to help. E) No observers cared about her safety.

C

When visiting the Bergin-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian was said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of: A) the mere exposure effect. B) social facilitation. C) the just-world phenomenon. D) the social responsibility norm. E) deindividuation

C

Which theory best explains why the excitement that lingers after a frightening event can facilitate passionate love? A) social exchange theory B) cognitive dissonance theory C) the two-factor theory D) equity theory

C

In his study of obedience, Stanley Milgram found that the majority of subjects: A) refused to shock the learner even once. B) complied with the experiment until the "learner" first indicated pain. C) complied with the experiment until the "learner" began screaming in agony. D) complied with all the demands of the experiment.

D

Professor Washington's students did very poorly on the last exam. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead her to conclude that the class did poorly because: A) the test was unfair. B) not enough time was given for students to complete the test. C) students were distracted by some social function on campus. D) students were unmotivated.

D

Research studies indicate that in an emergency situation the presence of others often: A) prevents people from even noticing the situation. B) prevents people from interpreting an unusual event as an emergency. C) prevents people from assuming responsibility for assisting. D) leads to all of the above.

D

Since everyone in her dorm watched American Idol and The Apprentice, Tyra decided she better do the same. She didn't particularly like those shows, but she wanted everyone to accept her. This example best illustrates: A. informational social influence. B. social facilitation. C. groupthink. D. normative social influence.

D

The fundamental attribution error involves: A) failing to give aid in an emergency situation involving many onlookers. B) becoming more extreme in one's individual opinions following group discussion. C) performing a complex task more poorly when in the presence of others. D) underestimating situational constraints on another's behavior. E) losing self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.

D

The phenomenon in which individuals lose their identity and relinquish normal restraints when they are part of a group is called: A) groupthink. B) cognitive dissonance. C) empathy. D) deindividuation.

D