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inertial

Acceleration and deceleration of the vocal folds

two factors that contribute to the increased fundamental frequency in soft or high pitched phonation are

INCREASED stiffness of the vocal fold cover and DECREASED mass per unit length

the tendency for a speaker to increase their vocal intenisty whe speaking in a noisy environment is referred to as ____ effect

Lombard

contractile

active stress arising from activation of the thyroarytenoid

the purpose of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles is to

adjust the overall position of the larynx and to stabilize the larynx

aerodynamic

air pressure within the glottis during the open phase of phonation

the cricothyroid joint

allows the thyroid cartilage to rock forward and downward to achieve vocal fold elongation

research suggests that auditory feedback is

an important component of overall sensory feedback that helps us control both fundamental frequency and intensity

the larynx is located

at the level of the cervical vertebrae

the hyoid bone

attaches to the base of tongue via muscles and ligaments

During vocal fold oscillation, the vocal folds are pushed apart by the

buildup of lung pressure

the bernoulli effect by itself _____ sustain vocal fold vibration

cannot

impact

collision of the vocal folds at midline

during phonation, glottal closure results in _____ of the air molecules in the supraglottal vocal tract

compression

the paired arytenoid cartilages articulate with the cricoid cartilage by means of the ______ joint

cricoarytenoid

the abduction and adduction of the vocal folds is achieved by movement of the

cricoarytenoid joints

the cricothyroid joint results in cartilage movement upon contraction of the ______ muscle

cricothyroid

incomplete glottal closure during phonation can ____ vocal intensity

decrease

intermediate layer of lamina propria

densely distributed, organized elastin fibers

superficial layer of lamina propria

disorganized and loosely arranged elastin fibers

during vocal folds vibration, the arytenoid cartilage _____ abduct and adduct the vocal folds

do not

three factors of vocal fold closure that are important in the regulation of intensity are

duration, speed, and degree

in the body cover mechanical model of the vocal folds, the body consists of the

epithelium and the superficial and intermediate layers of the vocal folds

amplitude of mucosal wave vibration is greater at higher fundamental frequencies than at lower fundamental frequencies

false

change in vocal fold stress as a function of strain is constant across all levels of vocal fold stretch

false

shear stress and colision stress are both forces applied perpendicular to the vocal fold tissue during phonation

false

sound energy cannot travel downward into the trachea during vocal vibrations because the airflow is moving from the trachea upward into the vocal tract

false

the amount of lung pressure required to initiate vocal fold vibration is generally the same as the mount of lung pressure to sustain the vibration for five seconds

false

the bernoulli effect is the primary6 means by which the vocal folds are adducted into the airstream during phonation

false

the conus elasticus is a cone-shaped membrane that encircles the sides of the epiglottis and allows the cartilage to move forward and backward

false

the extrinsic laryngeal muscles do not affect voice production

false

the relatnioship between length and frequency is the same vocal folds as it is for strings of musical intruments

false

vocal fold stffness is the major regulator of intensity of the voice

false

voice quality consists of pitch and loudness

false

shear

force applied parallel to the surface of the vocal folds

which order of type of phonation onset corresponding to vocal fold adduction that is simultaneously with the onset of airflow, after onset of airflow, and before onset of airflow

gentle, breathy, glottal attack

during vocal fold vibration, the restorative forces of the vocal fold tissues

help to return the vocal folds to their midline position

increased lung pressure may ______ findamental freq

increase

increased fundamental frequency is achieved by elongating the vocal folds, which ______ their stiffness and ______ their mass per unit length

increase, decrease

increased vocal fold stiffness requires ______ lung pressure for phonation

increased

the duration of glottal closure is _____ for greater intensity

increased

the major regulator of intensity is

increased lung pressure

in the three-layer mechanical model of the vocal folds, the vocal ligament consists of the the

intermedia and deep layers of the lamina propria

the group of muscles responsible for vocal fold movement and adjustments for regulation of vocal characteristics are the ______ laryngeal muscles

intrinsic

phonation threshold pressure

is the lowest lung pressure required to initiate phonation

laryngeal airway resistance

is the same as glottal resistance

whihc statement about voice quality is accurate

it is a perceptual phenomemnon that is only partially related to the acoustic signal

tensile

longitudinal force applied in an anterior-to-posterior direction

the m ajor regulator of intensity is

lung pressure or subglottal pressure

during vocal fold vibration, the arytenoid cartilages

maintain adduction of the vocal folds

the force that helps the vocal folds move laterally away from midline during phonation is ______

momentum

the layers of the vocal folds from the superficial to deep, become ______ stiff.

more

the movement of the arytenoid cartilage is achieved through contraction of the muscles attached to

muscular processes

during vocal fold vibration, the air pressure below the vocal folds

must be greater than air pressure above the vocal folds

vocal fold vibration during phonation is explained by what theory of voice production

myoelastic-aerodynamic theory

abduction refers to the _____ movement of the vocal folds, and adduction refers to the _____ movement of the vocal folds

opening, closing

the self oscillation of the vocal folds during phonation is considered a _____ event

passive

the lombard effect tells us that

people tend to increase thier vocal intensity when speaking within noise

the conversion of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy is called

phonation

the lowest level of lung pressure necessary for phonation is called the

phonation threshold pressure

the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds is the

posterior cricoarytenoid

the movement of the cricoarytenoid joint is

primarily rocking

the stress-strain curve describes the

relationship of the biomechanical forces acting on the vocal folds as they are passively stretched beyond resting length

during the opening phase of vocal oscillation, the upper border of the vocal folds

separates after the lower border

the biomechanical force contributes to the upward movement of the vocal fold tissue during mucosal wave movement is the _____ force

shear

the two major properties of the vocal folds that govern fundamental frequency are mass per unit length

stiffness

biomechanical properties of the vocal folds include

stress, which is the force per unit area, and strain, which is the force acting on the tissue when it is stretched

strain is the force acting upon the vocal folds when they are

stretched or lengthened

the laryngeal vestibule is also referred to as _____ space

supraglottic

the Bernoulli effect tells us

the air pressure will decrease as the air flows through the vocal tract in an area of constriction

fundamental frequency is controlled by

the mass per unit length and stiffness of the vocal folds

on average sound pressure level SPL is proportional to

the square of the lung pressure

the thyrovocalis and thyrouscularis together comprise the _____ muscle

thyroarytenoid

deep layer of lamina proria

tightly packed collagen fibers

a pressure difference between the sub and supraglottis must be present in order for vocal fold vibration to occur

true

an adult with an average speaking fundamental frequency of 105 Hz would most likely b male

true

breathy vocal fold is associated with incomplete glottal closure during phonation

true

duration of glottal closure is greater at higher intensities than at lower intensities

true

the adams apple is the most prominent anterior point of the thyroid cartilage

true

the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of voice production describes passive vibration of the vocal folds when adduction into the airstream

true

the physiologic range of vocal intensity for both men and women is approx. 50 to 100 dB SPL

true

the thyrovocalis muscle is the medial portion of the thyroarytenoid and the thyrovocalis is the lateral portion of the thyroarytenoid

true

vocal fold stiffness is a critical variable in control of fundamental frequency

true

vocal rise time varies as a function of type of phonation

true

stress is a measure of force per

unit area

the quadrangular membrane forms the _____ folds superiorly and the _____ fold inferiorly

ventricular, aryepiglottic

the mucosal wave is the term to refer to

vocal fold oscillation

breathy onset

vocal folds approximate after exhalation is initiated

gentle onset

vocal folds approximate t the same time as exhalation is initiated

hard onset

vocal folds are firmly approximated prior to initiated of phonation

rouch, harash, breathy, and nasal are all descriptors of

voice quality

the anterior-posterior phase difference describes the

zipper-like openings and closing of the vocal folds

average fundamental frequency during reading aloud has been measured at approx.

215 Hz for women and 115 Hz for men

average conversational level moderate intensity is approx.

70 dB SPL


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