quiz 3 content
inertial
Acceleration and deceleration of the vocal folds
two factors that contribute to the increased fundamental frequency in soft or high pitched phonation are
INCREASED stiffness of the vocal fold cover and DECREASED mass per unit length
the tendency for a speaker to increase their vocal intenisty whe speaking in a noisy environment is referred to as ____ effect
Lombard
contractile
active stress arising from activation of the thyroarytenoid
the purpose of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles is to
adjust the overall position of the larynx and to stabilize the larynx
aerodynamic
air pressure within the glottis during the open phase of phonation
the cricothyroid joint
allows the thyroid cartilage to rock forward and downward to achieve vocal fold elongation
research suggests that auditory feedback is
an important component of overall sensory feedback that helps us control both fundamental frequency and intensity
the larynx is located
at the level of the cervical vertebrae
the hyoid bone
attaches to the base of tongue via muscles and ligaments
During vocal fold oscillation, the vocal folds are pushed apart by the
buildup of lung pressure
the bernoulli effect by itself _____ sustain vocal fold vibration
cannot
impact
collision of the vocal folds at midline
during phonation, glottal closure results in _____ of the air molecules in the supraglottal vocal tract
compression
the paired arytenoid cartilages articulate with the cricoid cartilage by means of the ______ joint
cricoarytenoid
the abduction and adduction of the vocal folds is achieved by movement of the
cricoarytenoid joints
the cricothyroid joint results in cartilage movement upon contraction of the ______ muscle
cricothyroid
incomplete glottal closure during phonation can ____ vocal intensity
decrease
intermediate layer of lamina propria
densely distributed, organized elastin fibers
superficial layer of lamina propria
disorganized and loosely arranged elastin fibers
during vocal folds vibration, the arytenoid cartilage _____ abduct and adduct the vocal folds
do not
three factors of vocal fold closure that are important in the regulation of intensity are
duration, speed, and degree
in the body cover mechanical model of the vocal folds, the body consists of the
epithelium and the superficial and intermediate layers of the vocal folds
amplitude of mucosal wave vibration is greater at higher fundamental frequencies than at lower fundamental frequencies
false
change in vocal fold stress as a function of strain is constant across all levels of vocal fold stretch
false
shear stress and colision stress are both forces applied perpendicular to the vocal fold tissue during phonation
false
sound energy cannot travel downward into the trachea during vocal vibrations because the airflow is moving from the trachea upward into the vocal tract
false
the amount of lung pressure required to initiate vocal fold vibration is generally the same as the mount of lung pressure to sustain the vibration for five seconds
false
the bernoulli effect is the primary6 means by which the vocal folds are adducted into the airstream during phonation
false
the conus elasticus is a cone-shaped membrane that encircles the sides of the epiglottis and allows the cartilage to move forward and backward
false
the extrinsic laryngeal muscles do not affect voice production
false
the relatnioship between length and frequency is the same vocal folds as it is for strings of musical intruments
false
vocal fold stffness is the major regulator of intensity of the voice
false
voice quality consists of pitch and loudness
false
shear
force applied parallel to the surface of the vocal folds
which order of type of phonation onset corresponding to vocal fold adduction that is simultaneously with the onset of airflow, after onset of airflow, and before onset of airflow
gentle, breathy, glottal attack
during vocal fold vibration, the restorative forces of the vocal fold tissues
help to return the vocal folds to their midline position
increased lung pressure may ______ findamental freq
increase
increased fundamental frequency is achieved by elongating the vocal folds, which ______ their stiffness and ______ their mass per unit length
increase, decrease
increased vocal fold stiffness requires ______ lung pressure for phonation
increased
the duration of glottal closure is _____ for greater intensity
increased
the major regulator of intensity is
increased lung pressure
in the three-layer mechanical model of the vocal folds, the vocal ligament consists of the the
intermedia and deep layers of the lamina propria
the group of muscles responsible for vocal fold movement and adjustments for regulation of vocal characteristics are the ______ laryngeal muscles
intrinsic
phonation threshold pressure
is the lowest lung pressure required to initiate phonation
laryngeal airway resistance
is the same as glottal resistance
whihc statement about voice quality is accurate
it is a perceptual phenomemnon that is only partially related to the acoustic signal
tensile
longitudinal force applied in an anterior-to-posterior direction
the m ajor regulator of intensity is
lung pressure or subglottal pressure
during vocal fold vibration, the arytenoid cartilages
maintain adduction of the vocal folds
the force that helps the vocal folds move laterally away from midline during phonation is ______
momentum
the layers of the vocal folds from the superficial to deep, become ______ stiff.
more
the movement of the arytenoid cartilage is achieved through contraction of the muscles attached to
muscular processes
during vocal fold vibration, the air pressure below the vocal folds
must be greater than air pressure above the vocal folds
vocal fold vibration during phonation is explained by what theory of voice production
myoelastic-aerodynamic theory
abduction refers to the _____ movement of the vocal folds, and adduction refers to the _____ movement of the vocal folds
opening, closing
the self oscillation of the vocal folds during phonation is considered a _____ event
passive
the lombard effect tells us that
people tend to increase thier vocal intensity when speaking within noise
the conversion of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy is called
phonation
the lowest level of lung pressure necessary for phonation is called the
phonation threshold pressure
the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds is the
posterior cricoarytenoid
the movement of the cricoarytenoid joint is
primarily rocking
the stress-strain curve describes the
relationship of the biomechanical forces acting on the vocal folds as they are passively stretched beyond resting length
during the opening phase of vocal oscillation, the upper border of the vocal folds
separates after the lower border
the biomechanical force contributes to the upward movement of the vocal fold tissue during mucosal wave movement is the _____ force
shear
the two major properties of the vocal folds that govern fundamental frequency are mass per unit length
stiffness
biomechanical properties of the vocal folds include
stress, which is the force per unit area, and strain, which is the force acting on the tissue when it is stretched
strain is the force acting upon the vocal folds when they are
stretched or lengthened
the laryngeal vestibule is also referred to as _____ space
supraglottic
the Bernoulli effect tells us
the air pressure will decrease as the air flows through the vocal tract in an area of constriction
fundamental frequency is controlled by
the mass per unit length and stiffness of the vocal folds
on average sound pressure level SPL is proportional to
the square of the lung pressure
the thyrovocalis and thyrouscularis together comprise the _____ muscle
thyroarytenoid
deep layer of lamina proria
tightly packed collagen fibers
a pressure difference between the sub and supraglottis must be present in order for vocal fold vibration to occur
true
an adult with an average speaking fundamental frequency of 105 Hz would most likely b male
true
breathy vocal fold is associated with incomplete glottal closure during phonation
true
duration of glottal closure is greater at higher intensities than at lower intensities
true
the adams apple is the most prominent anterior point of the thyroid cartilage
true
the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of voice production describes passive vibration of the vocal folds when adduction into the airstream
true
the physiologic range of vocal intensity for both men and women is approx. 50 to 100 dB SPL
true
the thyrovocalis muscle is the medial portion of the thyroarytenoid and the thyrovocalis is the lateral portion of the thyroarytenoid
true
vocal fold stiffness is a critical variable in control of fundamental frequency
true
vocal rise time varies as a function of type of phonation
true
stress is a measure of force per
unit area
the quadrangular membrane forms the _____ folds superiorly and the _____ fold inferiorly
ventricular, aryepiglottic
the mucosal wave is the term to refer to
vocal fold oscillation
breathy onset
vocal folds approximate after exhalation is initiated
gentle onset
vocal folds approximate t the same time as exhalation is initiated
hard onset
vocal folds are firmly approximated prior to initiated of phonation
rouch, harash, breathy, and nasal are all descriptors of
voice quality
the anterior-posterior phase difference describes the
zipper-like openings and closing of the vocal folds
average fundamental frequency during reading aloud has been measured at approx.
215 Hz for women and 115 Hz for men
average conversational level moderate intensity is approx.
70 dB SPL
