Research 3302 Final
measures of variability
measures providing information about differences among data within a set; measures of dispersion
Mdn
median
ethnoscience
method used in anthropology to discover nursing knowledge
wheel of professionalism in nursing
model depicting behaviors of the professional nurse
disciplined clinical inquiry model
model developed to empower nurses, at math unit level, to transition evidence to practice
R
multiple correlation
R^2
multiple correlation squared
leader
one who takes initiative for change and empowers others
heterogeneous
the degree to which elements are diverse or not alike
range
the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a data set
endemic
the expected occurrence of a particular disease within a community or population
True/False Baseline data are unimportant in outcome measurements.
False
Ethical/Unethical Filling in all missing data at the conclusion of your shift
Unethical
Ethical/Unethical Refusing to participate in outcome measurements
Unethical
True/False All change is positive.
False
True/False All statistically significant findings have clinical significance.
False
Steps of an Outbreak Investigation
1. Research the disease 2. Verify the existence of an outbreak 3. Verify the diagnosis 4. Define and identify cases 5. Desrbibe the data in terms of person, place, and time 6. Develop hypotheses 7. Test the hypotheses 8. Implement measures to control the outbreak and prevent further occurrences
Force 13 of Magnetism
Interdisciplinary Relationships
Force 9 of Magnetism
Autonomy
Match the following: 1. Case control study 2. Cohort study a. OR b. RR
Case control study- OR Cohort study- RR
Match the following: 1. Chi square 2. t test 3. ANOVA 4. Pearson's r 5. Multiple regression a. uses the F statistic b. test for the significance of a correlation between two variables c. has independent and correlated variations d. test the significance of relationships among three of more variables e. test for differences between groups using nonparametric data
Chi square- test for differences between groups using nonparametric data t test- has independent and correlated variations ANOVA- uses the F statistic Pearson's r- test for the significance of a correlation between two variables Multiple regression- test the significance of relationships among three of more variables
Force 10 of Magnetism
Community and the Healthcare Organizaton
Force 8 of Magnetism
Consultation and Resources
Match the following: 1. Count data 2. Incidence 3. Prevalence 4. Rate a. measure of disease frequency in a defined population over a specified period of time b. number of existing cases of disease in a population c. raw number of health phenomena under investigation d. number of new cases of disease in a population
Count data- raw number of health phenomena under investigation Incidence- number of new cases of disease in a population Prevalence- number of existing cases of disease in a population Rate- measure of disease frequency in a defined population over a specified period of time
Ethical or Unethical Including information about incidental findings, especially when they involve side effects or risks.
Ethical
Ethical or Unethical Publishing articles about studies with nonsignificant findings.
Ethical
Ethical/Unethical Continuing to follow protocols after data collection ends
Ethical
Ethical/Unethical Ensuring patients enrolled in a protocol meet criteria
Ethical
True/False Because information is growing at a rapid pace, it is acceptable for nurses to plead ignorance about new knowledge.
False
True/False Clinical guides are only suggestion and are not evidence based.
False
True/False Decision about clinical practice are based solely on evidence.
False
True/False Descriptive epidemiology issued to investigate the determinants of disease.
False
True/False Electronic journals are easily accessible from any library website.
False
True/False Frequency distributions are an effective way to present inferential statistics.
False
True/False From any library websites, we can easily accessible electronic journals.
False
True/False If a conflict exist between evidence and facility policy, the nurse shod implement procedures based on the evidence.
False
True/False If data are highly uniform, a low peak will be observed in a graphic representation of the data.
False
True/False In Kotter's model of change, communicate the vision is the first phase.
False
True/False Nurses need not to follow agency policy and act as change agents to effectively bring the evidence to the point of care.
False
True/False Patient care muse follow clinical guidelines exactly.
False
True/False Qualitative researchers do not have to adhere to the usual protection of human subjects because most studies are noninvasive.
False
True/False Rate describes the number of existing cases of disease in a population.
False
True/False Screening are done even when there is no treatment for the disease being screened.
False
True/False Sensitivity describes the ability of the test to correctly identify people without the disease by negative results.
False
True/False The change phases model is a seven-phase process to describe organizational change.
False
True/False The total number of subjects in a sample is represented by the symbol n.
False
True/False There are no ethical concerns related to false negatives.
False
True/False To maintain ethical integrity, researchers should select statistical tests and alpha levels in advance but should ignore incidental findings.
False
True/False Wheel of professionalism in nursing was proposed by Rogers in 2003.
False
True/False When a nurse researcher suspects abuse, it is unethical to report it because this information was obtained during research interview.
False
True/False Qualitative research is not appraised for scientific rigor, systematic analysis, and conclusions that are grounded in data.
False
F
Fisher's F ration
Identify the following as either formal or informal means of developing oneself as a professional. Attending a mandatory in-service
Formal
Identify the following as either formal or informal means of developing oneself as a professional. Attending conferences
Formal
Identify the following as either formal or informal means of developing oneself as a professional. Enrolling in graduate education.
Formal
Force 12 of Magnetism
Image of Nursing
participants
Individuals in a qualitative study; informants
informants
Individuals in a qualitative study; participants
Identify the following as either formal or informal means of developing oneself as a professional. Finding a mentor
Informal
Identify the following as either formal or informal means of developing oneself as a professional. Reading a journal
Informal
Force 3 of Magnetism
Management Style
Force 11 of Magnetism
Nurses as Teachers
Force 2 of Magnetism
Organization Structure
Calculate the PR for the following 2X2 table: Preterm No Preterm Total Smoking 150 150 300 No Smoking 25 275 300 Total 175 425 600
PR= [a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d) PR= [150/(150+150)]/[25/(25+275)] PR= (150/300)/(25/300) PR=6
r
Pearson product-moment correlation
Force 4 of Magnetism
Personnel Policies and Programs
Force 14 of Magnetism
Professional Development
Force 5 of Magnetism
Professional Models of Care
Forces of Magnetism
Qualities that exhibit nursing excellence
Force 7 of Magnetism
Quality Improvement
Force 6 of Magnetism
Quality of Care
Force 1 of Magnetism
Quality of Nursing Leadership
Match the following terms: 1. Range 2.Semiquartile range 3. Percentile 4. Standard deviation 5. z score 6. Coefficient of variation a. rank b. difference between maximum and minimum values c. measure of the average deviations of a value from the mean d. percentage comparing standard deviations when units of measure are different e. range of the middle 50% of data f. converted standard deviation to a standardized unit
Range- difference between maximum and minimum values Semiquartile range- range of the middle 50% of data Percentile- rank Standard deviation- measure of the average deviations of a value from the mean z score- converted standard deviation to a standardized unit coefficient of variation- percentage comparing standard deviations when units of measure are different
True/False Percentage are often used to describe characteristics of samples.
True
True/False Precise description of indicators is essential.
True
True/False Qualitative findings must be shared with participants.
True
True/False Reading the table after the test is a helpful strategy that can improve comprehension of ideas.
True
True/False Self-development benefits you as well as your employer and your patients.
True
True/False The Internet is fast becoming the first place American look for information about science and technology.
True
True/False The culture of the social system can inhibit change.
True
True/False The semiquartile range is the range of the middle 50% of the data.
True
Ethical or Unethical Selecting an alpha of .05 so that the research hypothesis is supported when it would not be if the alpha were set at .01.
Unethical
True/False Secular trends, changes in disease patterns that occur over a long period of time, are often difficult to interpret but can yield important information.
True
True/False The statistical test used for a case control study is the odds ratio.
True
True/False A false positive is when individuals are told they have the disease hen in reality they do not.
True
True/False A major advantage of poster presentations over other methods is that opportunities for networking exist.
True
True/False A panel of experts synthesize evidence to make recommendations for clinical guidelines.
True
True/False All nurses are obligated to participate in the process of dissemination.
True
True/False As sensitivity of a test increases, specificity of the test decreases.
True
True/False Barriers to EBP include organizational culture, nurses' belief systems, and research-related barriers.
True
True/False Benchmarking is a way to compare facility with national data.
True
True/False Bivariate analysis is performed to describe the relationship between two variables that can be expressed in contingency tables or with other statistical tests.
True
True/False Categories in grouped data must be mutually exclusive.
True
True/False Change keeps nursing practice up to date.
True
True/False Collaboration is needed for the successful use of technology to disseminate best practices.
True
True/False Compliance with statin therapy resulting in a lower cholesterol level is the example of long-term outcomes.
True
True/False Data contained in tables are an important source of evidence for practice.
True
True/False Domain 5 of Domains of Quality in the AGREE II Instrument is applicability.
True
True/False Epidemiology is the study of disease in populations rather than in individuals.
True
True/False Evaluating outcomes is not static, but rather an ongoing process.
True
True/False Evidence-based practice cannot be successful if nurses fail to read or hear about new knowledge.
True
True/False Fictitious names should be use when transcribing data so that actual participants remain unknown to others.
True
True/False For complex analyses, the assistance of a statistician may be needed.
True
True/False If the outcome is not clearly defined, then the measurements and subsequent evaluation will be flawed.
True
True/False If the tail of a distribution is skewed to the left, the data are negatively skewed.
True
True/False In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same value.
True
True/False Innovators are critical thinkers.
True
True/False Input from staff can help clarify outcome measurements.
True
True/False It would be unethical to expose individuals to asbestos to study the disease pattern.
True
True/False Journals, books, and websites are available to assist nurses in selecting outcomes.
True
True/False NOC outcomes could be used in evaluation plans.
True
True/False Nurses should determine that researchers are using the correct statistical tests to analyze data.
True
True/False Nurses should evaluate clinical guidelines because they may be biased.
True
True/False One who assists with professional growth is a mentor.
True
care-related outcomes
a category of outcomes that measures the effect of nursing interventions; the rate of hospital-acquired infections
Chi square
a common statistic used to analyze nominal and ordinal data to find differences between groups
amodal
a data set that does not have a mode; data points {0,1,2,3}
unimodal
a data set with one mode, such as a normal distribution; data points {0, 1, 2, 2} or {1, 1, 1, 2, 2} or {1, 1, 1, 2, 596}
bimodal
a data set with two modes; data points {1, 1, 2, 2}
negatively skewed
a distribution when the mean is less than the median and the mode; the longer tail is pointing to the left
patient populations
a group of patients with similar characteristics
The type of content typically included in EBP posters. a. PICO question b. clinical problem c. assessment d. clinical issue
a. PICO question
Which of the following strategies reduce uncertainty during decision making? SATA a. pilot testing b. reviewing samples c. listening to opinion of peers d. relying on intuition
a. pilot testing b. reviewing samples c. listening to opinion of peers
rate
a measure of disease frequency in a defined population over a specific period of time
percentile
a measure of rank representing the percentage of cases that a given value exceeds
standard deviation
a measure of variability used to determine the number of data values falling within a specific interval in a normal distribution
continuous quality improvement
a participatory process involving indicators that measure quality
coefficient of variation
a percentage used to compare standard deviations when the units of measure are different or when the means of the distributions being compared are far apart
manuscript
a scholarly paper prior to its publication
posters
a scholarly venue for disseminating evidence
pilot
a small study to test a new intervention with small number of subjects before testing with larger samples; adopting an innovation on a trial basis
degrees of freedom
a statistical concept used to refer to the number sample values that are free to vary; n-1
memoing
a technique used in qualitative research to record ideas that come to researchers as they live with the data
sampling distribution
a theoretical distribution representing an infinite number of samples that can be drawn from a population
performance-related outcomes
a type of outcome related to how nurses perform their job
patient-related outcomes
a type of outcome related to patient behaviors or actions; patient will not hemorrhage after delivery AND/OR patient will maintain weight loss over 2 years AND/OR patient will be afebrile after surgery
proportion
a type of ratio where the numerator is included in the denominator
case control
a type of retrospective study in which researchers begin with a group of people who already have the disease; studies that compare two groups: those who have a specific condone and those who do not have the condition
independent t test
a variation of the t test used when data values vary independently from one another
correlated t test
a variation of the t test used when there is only one group or when groups are related; paired t test
Which of the following organization had the intention to develop partnerships between hospitals and physicians to provide efficient quality care? a. Accountable Care Organizations b. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses c. American Heart Association d. Michigan Nurses' Association
a. Accountable Care Organizations
Who recommended that clinical practice guidelines need to be trustworthy or of high quality for healthcare practitioners to improve decision making and effect quality outcomes? a. IOM b. heath c. AGREE II d. American Geriatrics Society
a. IOM
A type I error occurs when: a. Researchers reject the null hypothesis when it should have been accepted. b. The opportunity to implement an effective treatment or claim the discovery of a relationship has been missed. c. Practice does not change when it should be changed. d. Researchers accept the null hypothesis when it should have been rejected.
a. Researchers reject the null hypothesis when it should have been accepted.
When data distribution is skewed, ___________________. a. The peak of the data is not at the center of the distribution b. Both tails (of distribution) are of equal length c. The peak of the data is at the center of distribution d. The mean will be equal to median and mode
a. The peak of the data is not at the center of the distribution
Which of the following are techniques for maintaining scientific rigor in qualitative studies? SATA a. achieving saturation b. thick description c. peer debriefing d. generalizing to population
a. achieving saturation b. thick description c. peer debriefing
An organizational characteristic that is necessary to create and sustain an evidence-based culture is: a. an expectation for staff to engage in research activities b patient satisfaction with nursing care c. nursing staff satisfaction d. patient satisfaction with pain management
a. an expectation for staff to engage in research activities
Which of the following strategies help make the most of conferences? SATA a. attending receptions b. attending all sessions with your friends c. planning a schedule in advance d. talking with experts
a. attending receptions c. planning a schedule in advance d. talking with experts
A reduction in the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) was proposed through the implementation of five interventions grouped together. This is an example of: a. bundles b. a care-related outcome c. the numeric rating scale d. Forces of magnetism
a. bundles
The process of creating and sharing information with one another to reach mutual understanding is: a. communication b. perception c. critical thinking d. sense of inquiry
a. communication
_______ refer(s) to the raw number of health phenomena under investigation in epidemiology. a. count data b. ratio c. point prevalence d. period prevalence
a. count data
To describe the frequency of the single variable myocardial infarction in adults ages 30-49, which of the following could be used? SATA a. descriptive statistics b. inferential statistics c. univariate analysis d. bivariate analysis
a. descriptive statistics c. univariate analysis
Diseases can be described by all of the following except: a. dimension b. person c. place d. time
a. dimension
Which of the following models addresses unit problems and relies on the unit staff to be engaged in the process, where nurses tend to be more collaborative, thus creating a unit culture of support and accomplishment? a. disciplined clinical inquiry model b. Kotter's eight change phases model c. Stetler model d. CURN
a. disciplined clinical inquiry model
A model of care whereby nurses, using current evidence or research knowledge, make decisions using clinical expertise and patient preferences to guide patient care is: a. evidence-based practice model b. conduct and utilization of research in nursing (CURN) c. Stetler model d. Iowa model
a. evidence-based practice model
The state of an individual in which excessive communication cannot be processed or used is: a. information overload b. team leadership skills c. interprofessional collaboration d. ethics
a. information overload
Lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss and smoking cessation after enrolling in a wellness program, are examples of: a. intermediate outcomes b. long-term outcomes c. short-term outcomes d. care-related outcomes
a. intermediate outcomes
Which of the following are ways to engage others in transitioning evidence to practice? SATA a. journal club b. collaborating with an APN c. developing care maps d. maintaining status quo
a. journal club b. collaborating with an APN c. developing care maps
Inferential statistical tests are used to: SATA a. make assumptions about the population b. describe the sample with means and standard deviations c. test hypotheses by asking if there are differences between the groups d. select a sample e. determine whether results occurred by chance
a. make assumptions about the population c. test hypotheses by asking if there are differences between the groups e. determine whether results occurred by chance
A/an _____________ is a scholarly paper prior to its publication. a. manuscript b. authorship c. presentation d. abstract
a. manuscript
When data have no outliers, researchers prefer to report the: a. mean b. median c. mode d. magnitude
a. mean
Place the following kinds of evidence in order from highest to lowest. a. meta-analyses b. case studies c. RCTs d. cohort studies e. expert opinion
a. meta-analyses c. RCTs d. cohort studies b. case studies e. expert opinion
Results that demonstrate the effectiveness of nursing care are termed as: a. nursing-sensitive outcomes b. long-term outcomes c. performance-related outcomes d. patient-related outcomes
a. nursing-sensitive outcomes
Which of the following are consideration when selecting outcomes? SATA a. organizational mission b. publicly reported benchmarks c. type of patients served at healthcare facility d. expertise of team members
a. organizational mission b. publicly reported benchmarks c. type of patients served at healthcare facility d. expertise of team members
New knowledge is effectively disseminated through: SATA a. papers b. posters c. proclamations d. presentation
a. papers b. posters d. presentation
Which of the following are ANA Nursing Quality Indicators? SATA a. pressure ulcers b. patient satisfaction with pain management c. staffing mix d. nurse satisfaction
a. pressure ulcers b. patient satisfaction with pain management c. staffing mix d. nurse satisfaction
Which of the following are ethical behaviors? a. reading journal articles for a club meeting b. skipping the afternoon conference session to go shopping c. providing an accurate and meticulous resume d. sharing information at a staff meeting about a new innovation that you heard about at a conference e. ignoring a student assigned to you unit who has a question about a procedure f. reporting a nurse who recorded vital signs when in fact they that were not measured
a. reading journal articles for a club meeting c. providing an accurate and meticulous resume d. sharing information at a staff meeting about a new innovation that you heard about at a conference f. reporting a nurse who recorded vital signs when in fact they that were not measured
Which of the following would be considered when appraising quantitative studies? SATA a. representativeness of the sample b. trustworthiness c. sample size d. control over extraneous variables
a. representativeness of the sample c. sample size d. control over extraneous variables
When delivering oral presentation, presenters should do which of the following? SATA a. respect time constraints b. remain to the end of the paper session to network c. read from the powerpoint slides d. ad-lib to make the presentation more conversational
a. respect time constraints b. remain to the end of the paper session to network
_________________ provides for critical appraisal of the contribution of each of the major references. a. review of the literature b. meta-analyses c. cohort studies d. descriptive studies
a. review of literature
Which of the following are characteristic of an innovator? SATA a. sense of curiosity b. cynical nature c. inflexible d. self-aware
a. sense of curiosity d. self-aware
Which of the following terms are associated with qualitative sampling? SATA a. snowball b. random c. purposive d. subjects
a. snowball c. purposive
Dissemination is an important phase in: a. the cycle of scientific development b. the Krebs cycle c. the cycle of life d. the cycle of professional nursing
a. the cycle of scientific development
Factors to consider when planning data collection include which of the following? SATA a. time frame b. budget c. training personnel d. availability of preprinted questionnaires
a. time frame b. budget c. training personnel d. availability of preprinted questionnaires
When attending a conference, which of the following behaviors are acceptable? SATA a. wear business attire b. keep cell phones on silent or vibrate c. feel free to coming in an out of sessions at will d. share business cards with other attendees
a. wear business attire b. keep cell phones on silent or vibrate d. share business cards with other attendees
skewed
an asymmetrical distribution of data
correlation coefficients
an estimate, ranging from 0.00 to +1.00, that indicates the reliability of an instrument; statistics used to describe the relationship among two variables
Pearson's r
an inferential statistic used when two variables are measured at the interval or ration level; Pearson product- moment correlation
ladder program
an organization process for promotion an career advancement
inferential statistics
analysis of data as the basis for prediction related to the phenomenon of interest
ANOVA
analysis of variance
adoption
applying an innovation to practice
AGREE II
appraisal of guidelines research and evaluation; internationally developed instrument to evaluate clinical practice guidelines
5 step approach for evidence-based nursing practice
ask, acquire, appraise, apply, and assess
socialization
awareness about formal and informal rules of behaviors
Which of the following are strategies that are helpful when beginning to write a paper? SATA a. Writing 15-30 minutes a week b. Collaborating with others c. Selecting a journal for submission d. Adapting a poster presentation
b. Collaborating with others c. Selecting a journal for submission d. Adapting a poster presentation
A systematic method that explains how organizations change practice. a. care delivery model b. Iowa model c. Kotter's eight change phases model d. Stetler model
b. Iowa model
The level in which the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses defines the levels of evidence as "recommendations are based on qualitative studies, descriptive or correlational studies, integrative reviews, systematic reviews, or randomized controlled trials with inconsistent results." a. Level A b. Level C c. Level D d. Level E
b. Level C
A researcher is studying the relationship of the amount of time intensive care unit patients spend lying on their backs and urine output. Which test would the researcher use to analyze the data? a. Chi square b. Pearson's r c. Phi coefficient d. Multiple regression
b. Pearson's r
Investigation of the determinants of disease is known as: a. descriptive epidemiology b. analytic epidemiology c. count data d. prevalence
b. analytic epidemiology
Which of the following would be considered when appraising qualitative studies? SATA a. validity and reliability b. audit trail c. thick description d. participants are experienced in the phenomenon
b. audit trail c. thick description d. participants are experienced in the phenomenon
Socialization includes: a. self-awareness b. awareness about formal and informal rules of behavior c. understanding about oneself and the world d. curiosity
b. awareness about formal and informal rules of behavior
When a researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it really should have been rejected, the researcher: SATA a. committed a type I error b. committed a type II error c. obtained significant results d. obtained nonsignificant results
b. committed a type II error d. obtained nonsignificant results
What type of studies may have large or small samples, be cross-sectional or longitudinal, and typically report means, standard deviations, and frequencies? a. case control studies b. descriptive studies c. cohort studies d. quantitative studies
b. descriptive studies
____________ describes the pattern of disease occurrence in and among populations or subgroups. a. determinants b. distribution c. etiology d. epidemiology
b. distribution
A widespread occurrence of a disease in a community or population that is in excess of what is expected. a. endemic b. epidemic c. pandemic d. temporal ambiguity
b. epidemic
The question "What are all the activities you do at the mill?" focuses on: a. sample of language b. how participants organize c. opportunity for participants to explain differences or relationships d. sample of knowledge
b. how participants organize
Preceptors and role model play a major role in: a. ladder program b. orientation c. lifelong learning d. socialization
b. orientation
Which of the following is the indicator of the outcome decrease in postoperative pain? a. blood pressure b. pain numeric rating scale c. dyspnea rating scale d. pressure sore staging
b. pain numeric rating scale
The 3Ps of dissemination are posters, _______________, and presentations. a. publications b. papers c. programs d. planning
b. papers
Which among the following is a barrier to dissemination? a. internet b. presentations c. microblogging sites d. podcasts
b. presentations
When making a poster, which of the following should you do? a. use full sentences and avoid using bullets b. use color to emphasize important points c. use fancy or script font because viewers find the attractive d. avoid including acknowledgements of funding sources because of space limitations
b. use color to emphasize important points
team leadership skills
behaviors that collaboratively engage others while working toward a goal
flexibility to change
being open and postiive about change
Which of the following described the use of research by RNs? a. Stetler model b. Iowa model c. CURN d. Institute of Medicine Report
c. CURN
The type of statistical analysis used by researchers to study the relationship of many independent variables on one dependent variable is: a. Multiple regression b. Correlated t test c. Independent t test d. MANOVA
c. Independent t test
A statistical range is considered to be an unstable measure of variability because: a. The calculation of range is simple. b. Range is not specific to the sample. c. Range is very sample specific. d. Number of values that can be included has some limits.
c. Range is very sample specific.
z score is: a. The degree to which a tail in a distribution is pulled to the left or to the right. b. Used to describe the distance a score is away from the mean per standard deviation. c. Used to compare standard deviations when the units of measure are different or when the means of the distributions being compared are far apart. d. The way two variables co-vary.
c. Used to compare standard deviations when the units of measure are different or when the means of the distributions being compared are far apart.
Notices are also known as: a. posters b. networking c. call for abstracts d. outcome of the review
c. call for abstracts
Research that usually focuses on rare disorders or disorders where there is considerable time between exposure or treatment and the onset or change in outcome is termed as ___________. a. case control studies b. descriptive studies c. cohort studies d. randomized controlled trials
c. case control studies
One who is willing to try new things is known as a/an: a. leader b. introvert c. innovator d. pessimist
c. innovator
An organizational process for promotion and career advancement is: a. preceptors b. role model c. ladder program d. orientation
c. ladder program
The most frequent data value in a set of data is the: a. mean b. median c. mode d. average
c. mode
Dissemination is important for which of the following reasons? a. publishers need to make a profit b. most research grants require reporting c. new knowledge is transmitted to patient care d. theorist and researcher need something to do
c. new knowledge is transmitted to patient care
The term that describes the number of existing causes of disease in a population is: a. ratio b. incidence c. prevalence d. proportion
c. prevalence
Which of the following is not included in five-step approach for evidence-based nursing practice? a. acquire b. appraise c. require d. assess
c. require
Diseases that occur over long periods of time are known as: a. cyclical changes b. intermittent changes c. secular changes d. short-term changes
c. secular changes
The ability of the test to correctly identify people without the disease by negative results is: a. sensitivity b. positive predictive value c. specificity d. false-negative
c. specificity
The fourth phase of Stetler model of research utilization to facilitate EBP is: a. preparation b. validation c. translation/application d. comparative evaluation/decision making
c. translation/application
position of the median
calculated by using the formula (n+1)/2, where n is the number of data values in the set
intermediate outcomes
changes that occur after an innovation is introduced
population parameters
characteristics of a population that are inferred form characteristics of a sample
descriptive statistics
collection and presentation of data that explain characteristics of variables found in the sample; describe, summarize, and synthesize collected data
dissemination
communication of clinical research and theoretical findings to tradition new knowledge to the point of care
cost-benefit ration
comparison of benefits to potential cost that might result from change
benchmarking
comparison of organizational outcome data to other organizations or national database
personal development file
compilation of career accomplishments
t
computed value of t test
outcome
consequences or visible results
exposure
contact with a disease or disease-producing agent
ecologic studies
correlational studies that are population based rather than individual based
sense of inquiry
curiosity
The most commonly used alpha level in nursing research is: a. .001 b. .0001 c. .005 d. .05
d. .05
Inferential statistical test used when the level of measurement is interval or ratio and more than two groups are being compared is: a. t statistic b. Pearson's r c. Chi square d. ANOVA
d. ANOVA
sampling error
error resulting when elements in the sample do not adequately represent the population
A model that was awarded to the Michigan Nurses' Association that focused on helping registered nurses transition research findings into their practice settings. a. Stetler model b. Iowa model c. evidence-based practice model d. CURN
d. CURN
Which of the following is calculated by dividing the frequency of an event by the total number of events? a. Frequency distribution b. Mode c. Median d. Percentage distribution
d. Percentage distribution
In the pilot testing of the new infusion pump, nurses reported that alarms sounded for no reason, requiring more time to monitor infusions. This is an example of: a. pilot b.passive rejection c. adoption d. active rejection
d. active rejection
__________________ are graded by examining the risk versus the benefit and the quality or strength of the evidence on which the information is derived. a. EBP guidelines b. descriptive studies c.randomized controlled trials d. clinical practice guidelines
d. clinical practice guidelines
Richard Paul's theory of critical thinking does not include: a. identifying the problem for practice b. creating alternate solutions using creativity to invent new options to the problem c. uncovering assumptions that may include personal or institutional biases d. criticizing one's thinking to improve it
d. criticizing one's thinking to improve it
The communication of clinical, research, and theoretical findings for the purpose of transitioning new knowledge to the point of care is termed as: a. coordination b. development c. proclamation d. dissemination
d. dissemination
The cycle of scientific development is an important phase in: a. professional nursing b. networking c. implementation d. dissemination
d. dissemination
Which method would you choose to answer the question: What process do older adults use when they quit smoking? a. ethnography b. historical c. phenomenology d. grounded theory
d. grounded theory
Outcomes should be considered for their significance and scope and should be measured using specific quantitative criteria called ______________. a. organizational priorities b. continuous quality improvement (CQI) c. APNs d. indicators
d. indicators
Diseases that spread around the world are known as: a. endemic b. epidemic c. international outbreak d. pandemic
d. pandemic
Patient knowledge related to fluid restriction is an example of: a. outcomes research b. performance-related outcomes c. care-related outcome d. patient-related outcome
d. patient-related outcome
All of the following are components of the epidemiological triangle except: a. agent b. environment c. host d. population
d. population
Which of the following is the statistical test used for a cohort study? a. specificity b. odds ratio c. screening d. relative risk
d. relative risk
aggregate data
data collected from individuals that are grouped to represent a population
normal distribution
data representation with a distinctive bell-shaped curve, symmetric about the mean; mean=median=mode
mandated reporting
data that must be shared with supervising or governmental agencies by a specified timeline
rejection
decision not to adopt an innovation
df
degree of freedom
uncertainty
degree to which alternatives are perceived relative to the occurrence of an event and the probability of these alternatives
case studies
description of a single or novel event; a unique methodology used in qualitative research that may also be considered a design or strategy for data collection
percentage distributions
descriptive statistics used to group data to make results more comprehensible; calculated by dividing the frequency of an event by the total number of events
positively skewed
distribution when the mean is greater than the median and the mode; the longer tail is pointing to the left
audit trail
documentation of the research process and researchers decision making in qualitative studies
Put Kotter's eight phases of change in order. a. develop a clear vision b. anchor the change c. create coalition d. empower people to clear obstacles e. establish a sense of urgency f. consolidate and keep moving g. secure short-term wins h. share the vision
e. establish a sense of urgency c. create coalition a. develop a clear vision h. share the vision d. empower people to clear obstacles g. secure short-term wins f. consolidate and keep moving b. anchor the change
conduct and utilization of research in nursing (CURN)
early study conducted about how nurses transition research findings into practice
change phases model
eight-phase process to describe organizational change
homogenous
elements that share many common characteristics
developing oneself
engaging in actives that promote long term professional growth and development
interprofessional collaboration
engaging with other professionals to provide evidence-based care
pandemic
epidemic that has spread worldwide
case reports or series
epidemiological reports used to describe rare diseases or outcomes
descriptive epidemiology
examination of distribution of disease in a population in terms of person, place, and time
career development
experience and education that contribute to one's professional growth
randomized controlled trials
experimental studies that typically involve large samples and are conducted in multiple sites
determinants
factors that are capable of bringing a change in health
barriers
factors that limit or prevent change
f
frequency
GRADE
grades of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation; international, universal system for evaluating evidence
intervention study
in epidemiology, a study that has a treatment that can be manipulated by the researcher
data saturation
in qualitative research, the time when no new information is being obtained and repetition of information is consistently heard
change agent
individual who leads or champions change
key informants
individuals who have intimate knowledge of a subject and are willing to share it with the researcher
multiple regression
inferential statistical test that describe the relationship of three or more variables
t statistics
inferential statistical test to determine whether a statistically significant difference between groups exist
analysis of variance
inferential statistical test used when the level of measurement is interval or ration and more than two groups are being compared
parametric
inferential statistical tests involving interval- or ratio- level data to make inferences about the population
nonparametric
inferential statistics involving nominal- or ordinal- level data to make inferences about the population
emic
insiders or participants perspective
networking
interacting with colleagues to exchange information and build relationships
analytic epidemiology
investigation of the determinants of disease
self awareness
knowing yourself
preceptors
knowledgeable nurses who provide clinical orientation for new employees
passive rejection
lack of consideration given to adopting an innovation; hence, old practices are continued
probability
likelihood or chance that an event will occur in a situation
authorships
list of authors in an order that reflects the amount of their contributions
papers
manuscripts published in professional journals
M
mean
behavioral inventory for professionalism
measure of education and training, skill, ethics, professional organization, and service
nursing outcome
measure of states, behaviors, or perception of individuals, families, or communities as they relate to nursing and health
measures of central tendency
measures (e.g. mean, median, mode) that provide information about the typical case found in the data
descriptive studies
non experimental studies used to proved information about a phenomenon
cross sectional
nonexperimental design used to gather data from a group of subjects at only one point in time; study design used to measure exposure and disease as each exist in population of representative sample at one specific point in time
ns
nonsignificant
call for abstracts
notices publicizing the desire for posters or presentations at conferences
period prevalence
number of existing cases of disease in population during a specified period of time
n
number of subsample
sample statistics
numerical data describing characteristics of the sample
dependability
one of four criteria for a trustworthy qualitative study that relates to consistency in the findings over time; audibility; finding are reflected in data
confirmability
one of four criteria for a trustworthy qualitative study that relates to the rigorous attempts to be objective and the maintenance of audit trails to document the research process; findings can be sustained by participants
transferability
one of four criteria for a trustworthy qualitative study that relates to whether finding from one study can be transferred to a similar context; application to a different situation
credibility
one of four criteria for establishing a trustworthy qualitative study; refers to the truth or believability of findings
mentor
one who assists with professional growth
role model
one who demonstrates desired characteristics and skills
innovator
one who is willing to try new things
Nursing Quality Indicators
outcomes of nursing care, identified by the ANA, that address patient safety and quality of care
etic
outsiders perspective; the perspective of the researcher
Four main factors to be considered when choosing outcomes
patient populations, organizational priorities, mandated reporting, and team selection
system-related outcome
patient satisfaction will be 90% or greater
gatekeeper
person who facilitates or hinders entry of the researcher into a particular group or setting
lived experiences
perspective of an individual who has experienced the phenomenon
3 P's of dissemination
posters, presentations, and papers
levels of evidence
predetermined scales that guide decisions for ranking evidence; evidence hierarchies
evidence hierarchies
predetermined scales that guide decisions for ranking evidence; levels of evidence
long-term outcomes
primary changes in patient behaviors or status over time; patient will maintain weight loss over 2 years
p
probability
alpha level
probability of making a type I error; typically designated as 0.05 or 0.01 at the end of the tail in a distribution
communication
process of creating and sharing information with one another to reach usual understanding
change
process that creates an alteration a person or environment
active rejection
purposefully deciding not to adopt an innovation
indicators
quantitative criteria used to measure outcomes
cohort study
quasi-experimental studies using two or more groups; epidemiological designs in which subjects are selected based on their exposer to a determinant
cohort studies
quasi-experimental studies using two or more groups; epidemiological designs in which subjects are selected based on their exposure to a determinant
confidence intervals
ranges established around means that estimate the probability of being correct
clinical practice guidelines
recommendations based on evidence that serve as useful tools to direct clinical practice
snowball sampling
recruitment of participant based on word of mouth or referral from other participants
short-term outcomes
results achieved in brief period of time; patient will not hemorrhage after study OR/AND patient will be afebrile after surgery
nursing-sensitive outcomes
results that demonstrate the effectiveness of nursing care
systematic reviews
rigorous and systematic syntheses of research findings about clinical problems
participant observation
role of the researcher in qualitative methods when the researcher is not only an observer but also a participant during data collection
Rule of 68-95-99.7
rule stating that for every sample 68% of the data will fall within one standard deviation of the mean; 95% will fall within two standard deviations; 99.7% of the data will fall within three standard deviations
strategic sampling
sampling in historical research to locate a small group of people who were either witnesses or participants in the phenomenon being studies
purposive
sampling method to recruit specific persons who could provide inside information
presentations
scholarly oral presentations to disseminate new knowledge
meta-analyses
scholars papers that combine results of studies, both published and unpublished, into a measurable format and statistically estimate effects of proposed intervention
professionalism
set of behaviors that exemplify the role of the professional nurse
data reduction
simplification of large amounts of data obtained from qualitative interviews or other sources
organizational priorities
situations of high importance because of volume of patients or costs
critical thinking
skill set that involves critical appraisal of information
SD
standard deviation
z
standard score
z scores
standardized units used to compare data gathered using different measurement scales
information overload
state of an individual in which excessive communication cannot be processed or used
Settler model
step by step instructions for integrating research into practice
journal club
strategy for disseminating research among nurses by discussing articles in a small group
focus groups
strategy to obtain data from a small group of people using interview questions
bracketing
strategy used by qualitative researchers to set aside personal interpretations to avoid bias
member checks
strategy used in qualitative studies when the researcher goes back to participants and shares the results with them to ensure the findings reflect what participants said
outcomes research
studies about the effects of care and treatments on individuals and population
Iowa model for EBP to promote quality care
systematic method explaining how organizations change practice
ethnonursing
systematic study and classification nursing care beliefs, values, and practices in particular culture
referential adequacy
technique used in qualitative research in which multiple sources of data are compared and the finds hold true
peer debriefing
technique used in qualitative research in which the researcher enlists the help of another person, who is a peer, to discuss the data and findings
screening
testing people without known disease to determine whether they have a disease; used to reduce morbidity and mortality in population
sensitivity
the ability of the test to correctly identify people with the disease by positive test results
specificity
the ability of the test to correctly identify people without the disease by negative results
Statistics (uppercase S)
the branch of mathematics that collects, analyzes, interprets, and presents numerical data in terms of samples and populations
etiology
the cause of disease
team membership
the composition of a team with respect to expertise and leadership
tailedness
the degree to which a tail in a distribution is pulled to the left or to the right
ratio
the highest level of measurement that involves numeric values that begin with an absolute zero and have equal intervals; in epidemiology a mathematical relationship between two numbers
temporal ambiguity
the inability to control for confounding variables and the inability to determine whether the exposure truly occurred before the disease
mean
the mathematical average calculated by adding all values and then dividing by the total number of values
mode
the most frequently occurring value in a data set
prevalence
the number of existing case of disease present in the population; used for planning healthcare needs for communities
point of prevalence
the number of existing cases of disease in a population at a particular point in time
incidence
the number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specified period of time; used for investigating the cause of disease
modality
the number off modes found in a data distribution
statistics (lowercase s)
the numerical outcomes and probabilities derived from calculations on raw data
distirbution
the pattern of disease occurrence in and among populations or subgroups
kurtosis
the peakedness or flatness of a distribution of data
median
the point at the center of a data set
positive predictive value
the probability that person who screens positive actually has the disease
semiquartile range
the range of the middle 50% of the data
count data
the raw number of health phenomena under investigation in epidemiology
relative risk
the statistic reported by epidemiologist when they conduct a cohort study
odds ratio
the statistic reported when epidemiologist conduct a case control study
magnitude
the strength of the relationship existing between two variables
epidemiology
the study of distribution and determinants of disease in human populations
fieldwork
the time researchers spend interacting with participants through interviews, observations, and detailed record
univariate analysis
the use of statistical test to provide information about one variable
multivariate analysis
the use of statistics to describe the relationship among three or more variables
bivariate analysis
the use of statistics to describe the relationship between two variables
direction
the way two variables covary
N
total number in a sample
ethnography
type of qualitative research that describes culture
phenomenology
type of qualitative research that describes the lived experience to achieve understanding of an experience from the perspective of the participants
grounded theory
type of qualitative research that examines the process of a phenomenon and culminates in the generation of a theory
historical
type of qualitative research used to examine events o people to explain and understand the past to guide the present and future
case control studies
type of retrospective study in which researchers begin with a group of people who already had the disease; studies that compare two groups: those who have a specific condition and those who do not have the condition
awareness
understanding about oneself and the world
false negatives
when a screening gives a negative result despite the presence of the disease
false positives
when a screening gives positive result even though the disease is not present
statistically significant
when critical values fall in the tails of normal distributions; when finds did not happen by chance alone
ecologic fallacy
when false assumptions are made about individuals based on aggravated data and associations from populations
nonsignificant
when results of the study could have occurred by chance; finds that support the null hypothesis
type II error
when the researcher inaccurately concludes that there is no relationship among the independent and dependent variables when an actual relationship does exist; when the researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it should have been rejected
type I error
when the researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it should have been accepted
persistent observation
when there researcher has spent sufficient quality time with participants while attempting to describe and capture the essence of the phenomenon
epidemic
widespread occurrence of disease in a community or population that is excess of what is expected