Research 3302 Final

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measures of variability

measures providing information about differences among data within a set; measures of dispersion

Mdn

median

ethnoscience

method used in anthropology to discover nursing knowledge

wheel of professionalism in nursing

model depicting behaviors of the professional nurse

disciplined clinical inquiry model

model developed to empower nurses, at math unit level, to transition evidence to practice

R

multiple correlation

R^2

multiple correlation squared

leader

one who takes initiative for change and empowers others

heterogeneous

the degree to which elements are diverse or not alike

range

the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a data set

endemic

the expected occurrence of a particular disease within a community or population

True/False Baseline data are unimportant in outcome measurements.

False

Ethical/Unethical Filling in all missing data at the conclusion of your shift

Unethical

Ethical/Unethical Refusing to participate in outcome measurements

Unethical

True/False All change is positive.

False

True/False All statistically significant findings have clinical significance.

False

Steps of an Outbreak Investigation

1. Research the disease 2. Verify the existence of an outbreak 3. Verify the diagnosis 4. Define and identify cases 5. Desrbibe the data in terms of person, place, and time 6. Develop hypotheses 7. Test the hypotheses 8. Implement measures to control the outbreak and prevent further occurrences

Force 13 of Magnetism

Interdisciplinary Relationships

Force 9 of Magnetism

Autonomy

Match the following: 1. Case control study 2. Cohort study a. OR b. RR

Case control study- OR Cohort study- RR

Match the following: 1. Chi square 2. t test 3. ANOVA 4. Pearson's r 5. Multiple regression a. uses the F statistic b. test for the significance of a correlation between two variables c. has independent and correlated variations d. test the significance of relationships among three of more variables e. test for differences between groups using nonparametric data

Chi square- test for differences between groups using nonparametric data t test- has independent and correlated variations ANOVA- uses the F statistic Pearson's r- test for the significance of a correlation between two variables Multiple regression- test the significance of relationships among three of more variables

Force 10 of Magnetism

Community and the Healthcare Organizaton

Force 8 of Magnetism

Consultation and Resources

Match the following: 1. Count data 2. Incidence 3. Prevalence 4. Rate a. measure of disease frequency in a defined population over a specified period of time b. number of existing cases of disease in a population c. raw number of health phenomena under investigation d. number of new cases of disease in a population

Count data- raw number of health phenomena under investigation Incidence- number of new cases of disease in a population Prevalence- number of existing cases of disease in a population Rate- measure of disease frequency in a defined population over a specified period of time

Ethical or Unethical Including information about incidental findings, especially when they involve side effects or risks.

Ethical

Ethical or Unethical Publishing articles about studies with nonsignificant findings.

Ethical

Ethical/Unethical Continuing to follow protocols after data collection ends

Ethical

Ethical/Unethical Ensuring patients enrolled in a protocol meet criteria

Ethical

True/False Because information is growing at a rapid pace, it is acceptable for nurses to plead ignorance about new knowledge.

False

True/False Clinical guides are only suggestion and are not evidence based.

False

True/False Decision about clinical practice are based solely on evidence.

False

True/False Descriptive epidemiology issued to investigate the determinants of disease.

False

True/False Electronic journals are easily accessible from any library website.

False

True/False Frequency distributions are an effective way to present inferential statistics.

False

True/False From any library websites, we can easily accessible electronic journals.

False

True/False If a conflict exist between evidence and facility policy, the nurse shod implement procedures based on the evidence.

False

True/False If data are highly uniform, a low peak will be observed in a graphic representation of the data.

False

True/False In Kotter's model of change, communicate the vision is the first phase.

False

True/False Nurses need not to follow agency policy and act as change agents to effectively bring the evidence to the point of care.

False

True/False Patient care muse follow clinical guidelines exactly.

False

True/False Qualitative researchers do not have to adhere to the usual protection of human subjects because most studies are noninvasive.

False

True/False Rate describes the number of existing cases of disease in a population.

False

True/False Screening are done even when there is no treatment for the disease being screened.

False

True/False Sensitivity describes the ability of the test to correctly identify people without the disease by negative results.

False

True/False The change phases model is a seven-phase process to describe organizational change.

False

True/False The total number of subjects in a sample is represented by the symbol n.

False

True/False There are no ethical concerns related to false negatives.

False

True/False To maintain ethical integrity, researchers should select statistical tests and alpha levels in advance but should ignore incidental findings.

False

True/False Wheel of professionalism in nursing was proposed by Rogers in 2003.

False

True/False When a nurse researcher suspects abuse, it is unethical to report it because this information was obtained during research interview.

False

True/False Qualitative research is not appraised for scientific rigor, systematic analysis, and conclusions that are grounded in data.

False

F

Fisher's F ration

Identify the following as either formal or informal means of developing oneself as a professional. Attending a mandatory in-service

Formal

Identify the following as either formal or informal means of developing oneself as a professional. Attending conferences

Formal

Identify the following as either formal or informal means of developing oneself as a professional. Enrolling in graduate education.

Formal

Force 12 of Magnetism

Image of Nursing

participants

Individuals in a qualitative study; informants

informants

Individuals in a qualitative study; participants

Identify the following as either formal or informal means of developing oneself as a professional. Finding a mentor

Informal

Identify the following as either formal or informal means of developing oneself as a professional. Reading a journal

Informal

Force 3 of Magnetism

Management Style

Force 11 of Magnetism

Nurses as Teachers

Force 2 of Magnetism

Organization Structure

Calculate the PR for the following 2X2 table: Preterm No Preterm Total Smoking 150 150 300 No Smoking 25 275 300 Total 175 425 600

PR= [a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d) PR= [150/(150+150)]/[25/(25+275)] PR= (150/300)/(25/300) PR=6

r

Pearson product-moment correlation

Force 4 of Magnetism

Personnel Policies and Programs

Force 14 of Magnetism

Professional Development

Force 5 of Magnetism

Professional Models of Care

Forces of Magnetism

Qualities that exhibit nursing excellence

Force 7 of Magnetism

Quality Improvement

Force 6 of Magnetism

Quality of Care

Force 1 of Magnetism

Quality of Nursing Leadership

Match the following terms: 1. Range 2.Semiquartile range 3. Percentile 4. Standard deviation 5. z score 6. Coefficient of variation a. rank b. difference between maximum and minimum values c. measure of the average deviations of a value from the mean d. percentage comparing standard deviations when units of measure are different e. range of the middle 50% of data f. converted standard deviation to a standardized unit

Range- difference between maximum and minimum values Semiquartile range- range of the middle 50% of data Percentile- rank Standard deviation- measure of the average deviations of a value from the mean z score- converted standard deviation to a standardized unit coefficient of variation- percentage comparing standard deviations when units of measure are different

True/False Percentage are often used to describe characteristics of samples.

True

True/False Precise description of indicators is essential.

True

True/False Qualitative findings must be shared with participants.

True

True/False Reading the table after the test is a helpful strategy that can improve comprehension of ideas.

True

True/False Self-development benefits you as well as your employer and your patients.

True

True/False The Internet is fast becoming the first place American look for information about science and technology.

True

True/False The culture of the social system can inhibit change.

True

True/False The semiquartile range is the range of the middle 50% of the data.

True

Ethical or Unethical Selecting an alpha of .05 so that the research hypothesis is supported when it would not be if the alpha were set at .01.

Unethical

True/False Secular trends, changes in disease patterns that occur over a long period of time, are often difficult to interpret but can yield important information.

True

True/False The statistical test used for a case control study is the odds ratio.

True

True/False A false positive is when individuals are told they have the disease hen in reality they do not.

True

True/False A major advantage of poster presentations over other methods is that opportunities for networking exist.

True

True/False A panel of experts synthesize evidence to make recommendations for clinical guidelines.

True

True/False All nurses are obligated to participate in the process of dissemination.

True

True/False As sensitivity of a test increases, specificity of the test decreases.

True

True/False Barriers to EBP include organizational culture, nurses' belief systems, and research-related barriers.

True

True/False Benchmarking is a way to compare facility with national data.

True

True/False Bivariate analysis is performed to describe the relationship between two variables that can be expressed in contingency tables or with other statistical tests.

True

True/False Categories in grouped data must be mutually exclusive.

True

True/False Change keeps nursing practice up to date.

True

True/False Collaboration is needed for the successful use of technology to disseminate best practices.

True

True/False Compliance with statin therapy resulting in a lower cholesterol level is the example of long-term outcomes.

True

True/False Data contained in tables are an important source of evidence for practice.

True

True/False Domain 5 of Domains of Quality in the AGREE II Instrument is applicability.

True

True/False Epidemiology is the study of disease in populations rather than in individuals.

True

True/False Evaluating outcomes is not static, but rather an ongoing process.

True

True/False Evidence-based practice cannot be successful if nurses fail to read or hear about new knowledge.

True

True/False Fictitious names should be use when transcribing data so that actual participants remain unknown to others.

True

True/False For complex analyses, the assistance of a statistician may be needed.

True

True/False If the outcome is not clearly defined, then the measurements and subsequent evaluation will be flawed.

True

True/False If the tail of a distribution is skewed to the left, the data are negatively skewed.

True

True/False In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same value.

True

True/False Innovators are critical thinkers.

True

True/False Input from staff can help clarify outcome measurements.

True

True/False It would be unethical to expose individuals to asbestos to study the disease pattern.

True

True/False Journals, books, and websites are available to assist nurses in selecting outcomes.

True

True/False NOC outcomes could be used in evaluation plans.

True

True/False Nurses should determine that researchers are using the correct statistical tests to analyze data.

True

True/False Nurses should evaluate clinical guidelines because they may be biased.

True

True/False One who assists with professional growth is a mentor.

True

care-related outcomes

a category of outcomes that measures the effect of nursing interventions; the rate of hospital-acquired infections

Chi square

a common statistic used to analyze nominal and ordinal data to find differences between groups

amodal

a data set that does not have a mode; data points {0,1,2,3}

unimodal

a data set with one mode, such as a normal distribution; data points {0, 1, 2, 2} or {1, 1, 1, 2, 2} or {1, 1, 1, 2, 596}

bimodal

a data set with two modes; data points {1, 1, 2, 2}

negatively skewed

a distribution when the mean is less than the median and the mode; the longer tail is pointing to the left

patient populations

a group of patients with similar characteristics

The type of content typically included in EBP posters. a. PICO question b. clinical problem c. assessment d. clinical issue

a. PICO question

Which of the following strategies reduce uncertainty during decision making? SATA a. pilot testing b. reviewing samples c. listening to opinion of peers d. relying on intuition

a. pilot testing b. reviewing samples c. listening to opinion of peers

rate

a measure of disease frequency in a defined population over a specific period of time

percentile

a measure of rank representing the percentage of cases that a given value exceeds

standard deviation

a measure of variability used to determine the number of data values falling within a specific interval in a normal distribution

continuous quality improvement

a participatory process involving indicators that measure quality

coefficient of variation

a percentage used to compare standard deviations when the units of measure are different or when the means of the distributions being compared are far apart

manuscript

a scholarly paper prior to its publication

posters

a scholarly venue for disseminating evidence

pilot

a small study to test a new intervention with small number of subjects before testing with larger samples; adopting an innovation on a trial basis

degrees of freedom

a statistical concept used to refer to the number sample values that are free to vary; n-1

memoing

a technique used in qualitative research to record ideas that come to researchers as they live with the data

sampling distribution

a theoretical distribution representing an infinite number of samples that can be drawn from a population

performance-related outcomes

a type of outcome related to how nurses perform their job

patient-related outcomes

a type of outcome related to patient behaviors or actions; patient will not hemorrhage after delivery AND/OR patient will maintain weight loss over 2 years AND/OR patient will be afebrile after surgery

proportion

a type of ratio where the numerator is included in the denominator

case control

a type of retrospective study in which researchers begin with a group of people who already have the disease; studies that compare two groups: those who have a specific condone and those who do not have the condition

independent t test

a variation of the t test used when data values vary independently from one another

correlated t test

a variation of the t test used when there is only one group or when groups are related; paired t test

Which of the following organization had the intention to develop partnerships between hospitals and physicians to provide efficient quality care? a. Accountable Care Organizations b. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses c. American Heart Association d. Michigan Nurses' Association

a. Accountable Care Organizations

Who recommended that clinical practice guidelines need to be trustworthy or of high quality for healthcare practitioners to improve decision making and effect quality outcomes? a. IOM b. heath c. AGREE II d. American Geriatrics Society

a. IOM

A type I error occurs when: a. Researchers reject the null hypothesis when it should have been accepted. b. The opportunity to implement an effective treatment or claim the discovery of a relationship has been missed. c. Practice does not change when it should be changed. d. Researchers accept the null hypothesis when it should have been rejected.

a. Researchers reject the null hypothesis when it should have been accepted.

When data distribution is skewed, ___________________. a. The peak of the data is not at the center of the distribution b. Both tails (of distribution) are of equal length c. The peak of the data is at the center of distribution d. The mean will be equal to median and mode

a. The peak of the data is not at the center of the distribution

Which of the following are techniques for maintaining scientific rigor in qualitative studies? SATA a. achieving saturation b. thick description c. peer debriefing d. generalizing to population

a. achieving saturation b. thick description c. peer debriefing

An organizational characteristic that is necessary to create and sustain an evidence-based culture is: a. an expectation for staff to engage in research activities b patient satisfaction with nursing care c. nursing staff satisfaction d. patient satisfaction with pain management

a. an expectation for staff to engage in research activities

Which of the following strategies help make the most of conferences? SATA a. attending receptions b. attending all sessions with your friends c. planning a schedule in advance d. talking with experts

a. attending receptions c. planning a schedule in advance d. talking with experts

A reduction in the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) was proposed through the implementation of five interventions grouped together. This is an example of: a. bundles b. a care-related outcome c. the numeric rating scale d. Forces of magnetism

a. bundles

The process of creating and sharing information with one another to reach mutual understanding is: a. communication b. perception c. critical thinking d. sense of inquiry

a. communication

_______ refer(s) to the raw number of health phenomena under investigation in epidemiology. a. count data b. ratio c. point prevalence d. period prevalence

a. count data

To describe the frequency of the single variable myocardial infarction in adults ages 30-49, which of the following could be used? SATA a. descriptive statistics b. inferential statistics c. univariate analysis d. bivariate analysis

a. descriptive statistics c. univariate analysis

Diseases can be described by all of the following except: a. dimension b. person c. place d. time

a. dimension

Which of the following models addresses unit problems and relies on the unit staff to be engaged in the process, where nurses tend to be more collaborative, thus creating a unit culture of support and accomplishment? a. disciplined clinical inquiry model b. Kotter's eight change phases model c. Stetler model d. CURN

a. disciplined clinical inquiry model

A model of care whereby nurses, using current evidence or research knowledge, make decisions using clinical expertise and patient preferences to guide patient care is: a. evidence-based practice model b. conduct and utilization of research in nursing (CURN) c. Stetler model d. Iowa model

a. evidence-based practice model

The state of an individual in which excessive communication cannot be processed or used is: a. information overload b. team leadership skills c. interprofessional collaboration d. ethics

a. information overload

Lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss and smoking cessation after enrolling in a wellness program, are examples of: a. intermediate outcomes b. long-term outcomes c. short-term outcomes d. care-related outcomes

a. intermediate outcomes

Which of the following are ways to engage others in transitioning evidence to practice? SATA a. journal club b. collaborating with an APN c. developing care maps d. maintaining status quo

a. journal club b. collaborating with an APN c. developing care maps

Inferential statistical tests are used to: SATA a. make assumptions about the population b. describe the sample with means and standard deviations c. test hypotheses by asking if there are differences between the groups d. select a sample e. determine whether results occurred by chance

a. make assumptions about the population c. test hypotheses by asking if there are differences between the groups e. determine whether results occurred by chance

A/an _____________ is a scholarly paper prior to its publication. a. manuscript b. authorship c. presentation d. abstract

a. manuscript

When data have no outliers, researchers prefer to report the: a. mean b. median c. mode d. magnitude

a. mean

Place the following kinds of evidence in order from highest to lowest. a. meta-analyses b. case studies c. RCTs d. cohort studies e. expert opinion

a. meta-analyses c. RCTs d. cohort studies b. case studies e. expert opinion

Results that demonstrate the effectiveness of nursing care are termed as: a. nursing-sensitive outcomes b. long-term outcomes c. performance-related outcomes d. patient-related outcomes

a. nursing-sensitive outcomes

Which of the following are consideration when selecting outcomes? SATA a. organizational mission b. publicly reported benchmarks c. type of patients served at healthcare facility d. expertise of team members

a. organizational mission b. publicly reported benchmarks c. type of patients served at healthcare facility d. expertise of team members

New knowledge is effectively disseminated through: SATA a. papers b. posters c. proclamations d. presentation

a. papers b. posters d. presentation

Which of the following are ANA Nursing Quality Indicators? SATA a. pressure ulcers b. patient satisfaction with pain management c. staffing mix d. nurse satisfaction

a. pressure ulcers b. patient satisfaction with pain management c. staffing mix d. nurse satisfaction

Which of the following are ethical behaviors? a. reading journal articles for a club meeting b. skipping the afternoon conference session to go shopping c. providing an accurate and meticulous resume d. sharing information at a staff meeting about a new innovation that you heard about at a conference e. ignoring a student assigned to you unit who has a question about a procedure f. reporting a nurse who recorded vital signs when in fact they that were not measured

a. reading journal articles for a club meeting c. providing an accurate and meticulous resume d. sharing information at a staff meeting about a new innovation that you heard about at a conference f. reporting a nurse who recorded vital signs when in fact they that were not measured

Which of the following would be considered when appraising quantitative studies? SATA a. representativeness of the sample b. trustworthiness c. sample size d. control over extraneous variables

a. representativeness of the sample c. sample size d. control over extraneous variables

When delivering oral presentation, presenters should do which of the following? SATA a. respect time constraints b. remain to the end of the paper session to network c. read from the powerpoint slides d. ad-lib to make the presentation more conversational

a. respect time constraints b. remain to the end of the paper session to network

_________________ provides for critical appraisal of the contribution of each of the major references. a. review of the literature b. meta-analyses c. cohort studies d. descriptive studies

a. review of literature

Which of the following are characteristic of an innovator? SATA a. sense of curiosity b. cynical nature c. inflexible d. self-aware

a. sense of curiosity d. self-aware

Which of the following terms are associated with qualitative sampling? SATA a. snowball b. random c. purposive d. subjects

a. snowball c. purposive

Dissemination is an important phase in: a. the cycle of scientific development b. the Krebs cycle c. the cycle of life d. the cycle of professional nursing

a. the cycle of scientific development

Factors to consider when planning data collection include which of the following? SATA a. time frame b. budget c. training personnel d. availability of preprinted questionnaires

a. time frame b. budget c. training personnel d. availability of preprinted questionnaires

When attending a conference, which of the following behaviors are acceptable? SATA a. wear business attire b. keep cell phones on silent or vibrate c. feel free to coming in an out of sessions at will d. share business cards with other attendees

a. wear business attire b. keep cell phones on silent or vibrate d. share business cards with other attendees

skewed

an asymmetrical distribution of data

correlation coefficients

an estimate, ranging from 0.00 to +1.00, that indicates the reliability of an instrument; statistics used to describe the relationship among two variables

Pearson's r

an inferential statistic used when two variables are measured at the interval or ration level; Pearson product- moment correlation

ladder program

an organization process for promotion an career advancement

inferential statistics

analysis of data as the basis for prediction related to the phenomenon of interest

ANOVA

analysis of variance

adoption

applying an innovation to practice

AGREE II

appraisal of guidelines research and evaluation; internationally developed instrument to evaluate clinical practice guidelines

5 step approach for evidence-based nursing practice

ask, acquire, appraise, apply, and assess

socialization

awareness about formal and informal rules of behaviors

Which of the following are strategies that are helpful when beginning to write a paper? SATA a. Writing 15-30 minutes a week b. Collaborating with others c. Selecting a journal for submission d. Adapting a poster presentation

b. Collaborating with others c. Selecting a journal for submission d. Adapting a poster presentation

A systematic method that explains how organizations change practice. a. care delivery model b. Iowa model c. Kotter's eight change phases model d. Stetler model

b. Iowa model

The level in which the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses defines the levels of evidence as "recommendations are based on qualitative studies, descriptive or correlational studies, integrative reviews, systematic reviews, or randomized controlled trials with inconsistent results." a. Level A b. Level C c. Level D d. Level E

b. Level C

A researcher is studying the relationship of the amount of time intensive care unit patients spend lying on their backs and urine output. Which test would the researcher use to analyze the data? a. Chi square b. Pearson's r c. Phi coefficient d. Multiple regression

b. Pearson's r

Investigation of the determinants of disease is known as: a. descriptive epidemiology b. analytic epidemiology c. count data d. prevalence

b. analytic epidemiology

Which of the following would be considered when appraising qualitative studies? SATA a. validity and reliability b. audit trail c. thick description d. participants are experienced in the phenomenon

b. audit trail c. thick description d. participants are experienced in the phenomenon

Socialization includes: a. self-awareness b. awareness about formal and informal rules of behavior c. understanding about oneself and the world d. curiosity

b. awareness about formal and informal rules of behavior

When a researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it really should have been rejected, the researcher: SATA a. committed a type I error b. committed a type II error c. obtained significant results d. obtained nonsignificant results

b. committed a type II error d. obtained nonsignificant results

What type of studies may have large or small samples, be cross-sectional or longitudinal, and typically report means, standard deviations, and frequencies? a. case control studies b. descriptive studies c. cohort studies d. quantitative studies

b. descriptive studies

____________ describes the pattern of disease occurrence in and among populations or subgroups. a. determinants b. distribution c. etiology d. epidemiology

b. distribution

A widespread occurrence of a disease in a community or population that is in excess of what is expected. a. endemic b. epidemic c. pandemic d. temporal ambiguity

b. epidemic

The question "What are all the activities you do at the mill?" focuses on: a. sample of language b. how participants organize c. opportunity for participants to explain differences or relationships d. sample of knowledge

b. how participants organize

Preceptors and role model play a major role in: a. ladder program b. orientation c. lifelong learning d. socialization

b. orientation

Which of the following is the indicator of the outcome decrease in postoperative pain? a. blood pressure b. pain numeric rating scale c. dyspnea rating scale d. pressure sore staging

b. pain numeric rating scale

The 3Ps of dissemination are posters, _______________, and presentations. a. publications b. papers c. programs d. planning

b. papers

Which among the following is a barrier to dissemination? a. internet b. presentations c. microblogging sites d. podcasts

b. presentations

When making a poster, which of the following should you do? a. use full sentences and avoid using bullets b. use color to emphasize important points c. use fancy or script font because viewers find the attractive d. avoid including acknowledgements of funding sources because of space limitations

b. use color to emphasize important points

team leadership skills

behaviors that collaboratively engage others while working toward a goal

flexibility to change

being open and postiive about change

Which of the following described the use of research by RNs? a. Stetler model b. Iowa model c. CURN d. Institute of Medicine Report

c. CURN

The type of statistical analysis used by researchers to study the relationship of many independent variables on one dependent variable is: a. Multiple regression b. Correlated t test c. Independent t test d. MANOVA

c. Independent t test

A statistical range is considered to be an unstable measure of variability because: a. The calculation of range is simple. b. Range is not specific to the sample. c. Range is very sample specific. d. Number of values that can be included has some limits.

c. Range is very sample specific.

z score is: a. The degree to which a tail in a distribution is pulled to the left or to the right. b. Used to describe the distance a score is away from the mean per standard deviation. c. Used to compare standard deviations when the units of measure are different or when the means of the distributions being compared are far apart. d. The way two variables co-vary.

c. Used to compare standard deviations when the units of measure are different or when the means of the distributions being compared are far apart.

Notices are also known as: a. posters b. networking c. call for abstracts d. outcome of the review

c. call for abstracts

Research that usually focuses on rare disorders or disorders where there is considerable time between exposure or treatment and the onset or change in outcome is termed as ___________. a. case control studies b. descriptive studies c. cohort studies d. randomized controlled trials

c. case control studies

One who is willing to try new things is known as a/an: a. leader b. introvert c. innovator d. pessimist

c. innovator

An organizational process for promotion and career advancement is: a. preceptors b. role model c. ladder program d. orientation

c. ladder program

The most frequent data value in a set of data is the: a. mean b. median c. mode d. average

c. mode

Dissemination is important for which of the following reasons? a. publishers need to make a profit b. most research grants require reporting c. new knowledge is transmitted to patient care d. theorist and researcher need something to do

c. new knowledge is transmitted to patient care

The term that describes the number of existing causes of disease in a population is: a. ratio b. incidence c. prevalence d. proportion

c. prevalence

Which of the following is not included in five-step approach for evidence-based nursing practice? a. acquire b. appraise c. require d. assess

c. require

Diseases that occur over long periods of time are known as: a. cyclical changes b. intermittent changes c. secular changes d. short-term changes

c. secular changes

The ability of the test to correctly identify people without the disease by negative results is: a. sensitivity b. positive predictive value c. specificity d. false-negative

c. specificity

The fourth phase of Stetler model of research utilization to facilitate EBP is: a. preparation b. validation c. translation/application d. comparative evaluation/decision making

c. translation/application

position of the median

calculated by using the formula (n+1)/2, where n is the number of data values in the set

intermediate outcomes

changes that occur after an innovation is introduced

population parameters

characteristics of a population that are inferred form characteristics of a sample

descriptive statistics

collection and presentation of data that explain characteristics of variables found in the sample; describe, summarize, and synthesize collected data

dissemination

communication of clinical research and theoretical findings to tradition new knowledge to the point of care

cost-benefit ration

comparison of benefits to potential cost that might result from change

benchmarking

comparison of organizational outcome data to other organizations or national database

personal development file

compilation of career accomplishments

t

computed value of t test

outcome

consequences or visible results

exposure

contact with a disease or disease-producing agent

ecologic studies

correlational studies that are population based rather than individual based

sense of inquiry

curiosity

The most commonly used alpha level in nursing research is: a. .001 b. .0001 c. .005 d. .05

d. .05

Inferential statistical test used when the level of measurement is interval or ratio and more than two groups are being compared is: a. t statistic b. Pearson's r c. Chi square d. ANOVA

d. ANOVA

sampling error

error resulting when elements in the sample do not adequately represent the population

A model that was awarded to the Michigan Nurses' Association that focused on helping registered nurses transition research findings into their practice settings. a. Stetler model b. Iowa model c. evidence-based practice model d. CURN

d. CURN

Which of the following is calculated by dividing the frequency of an event by the total number of events? a. Frequency distribution b. Mode c. Median d. Percentage distribution

d. Percentage distribution

In the pilot testing of the new infusion pump, nurses reported that alarms sounded for no reason, requiring more time to monitor infusions. This is an example of: a. pilot b.passive rejection c. adoption d. active rejection

d. active rejection

__________________ are graded by examining the risk versus the benefit and the quality or strength of the evidence on which the information is derived. a. EBP guidelines b. descriptive studies c.randomized controlled trials d. clinical practice guidelines

d. clinical practice guidelines

Richard Paul's theory of critical thinking does not include: a. identifying the problem for practice b. creating alternate solutions using creativity to invent new options to the problem c. uncovering assumptions that may include personal or institutional biases d. criticizing one's thinking to improve it

d. criticizing one's thinking to improve it

The communication of clinical, research, and theoretical findings for the purpose of transitioning new knowledge to the point of care is termed as: a. coordination b. development c. proclamation d. dissemination

d. dissemination

The cycle of scientific development is an important phase in: a. professional nursing b. networking c. implementation d. dissemination

d. dissemination

Which method would you choose to answer the question: What process do older adults use when they quit smoking? a. ethnography b. historical c. phenomenology d. grounded theory

d. grounded theory

Outcomes should be considered for their significance and scope and should be measured using specific quantitative criteria called ______________. a. organizational priorities b. continuous quality improvement (CQI) c. APNs d. indicators

d. indicators

Diseases that spread around the world are known as: a. endemic b. epidemic c. international outbreak d. pandemic

d. pandemic

Patient knowledge related to fluid restriction is an example of: a. outcomes research b. performance-related outcomes c. care-related outcome d. patient-related outcome

d. patient-related outcome

All of the following are components of the epidemiological triangle except: a. agent b. environment c. host d. population

d. population

Which of the following is the statistical test used for a cohort study? a. specificity b. odds ratio c. screening d. relative risk

d. relative risk

aggregate data

data collected from individuals that are grouped to represent a population

normal distribution

data representation with a distinctive bell-shaped curve, symmetric about the mean; mean=median=mode

mandated reporting

data that must be shared with supervising or governmental agencies by a specified timeline

rejection

decision not to adopt an innovation

df

degree of freedom

uncertainty

degree to which alternatives are perceived relative to the occurrence of an event and the probability of these alternatives

case studies

description of a single or novel event; a unique methodology used in qualitative research that may also be considered a design or strategy for data collection

percentage distributions

descriptive statistics used to group data to make results more comprehensible; calculated by dividing the frequency of an event by the total number of events

positively skewed

distribution when the mean is greater than the median and the mode; the longer tail is pointing to the left

audit trail

documentation of the research process and researchers decision making in qualitative studies

Put Kotter's eight phases of change in order. a. develop a clear vision b. anchor the change c. create coalition d. empower people to clear obstacles e. establish a sense of urgency f. consolidate and keep moving g. secure short-term wins h. share the vision

e. establish a sense of urgency c. create coalition a. develop a clear vision h. share the vision d. empower people to clear obstacles g. secure short-term wins f. consolidate and keep moving b. anchor the change

conduct and utilization of research in nursing (CURN)

early study conducted about how nurses transition research findings into practice

change phases model

eight-phase process to describe organizational change

homogenous

elements that share many common characteristics

developing oneself

engaging in actives that promote long term professional growth and development

interprofessional collaboration

engaging with other professionals to provide evidence-based care

pandemic

epidemic that has spread worldwide

case reports or series

epidemiological reports used to describe rare diseases or outcomes

descriptive epidemiology

examination of distribution of disease in a population in terms of person, place, and time

career development

experience and education that contribute to one's professional growth

randomized controlled trials

experimental studies that typically involve large samples and are conducted in multiple sites

determinants

factors that are capable of bringing a change in health

barriers

factors that limit or prevent change

f

frequency

GRADE

grades of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation; international, universal system for evaluating evidence

intervention study

in epidemiology, a study that has a treatment that can be manipulated by the researcher

data saturation

in qualitative research, the time when no new information is being obtained and repetition of information is consistently heard

change agent

individual who leads or champions change

key informants

individuals who have intimate knowledge of a subject and are willing to share it with the researcher

multiple regression

inferential statistical test that describe the relationship of three or more variables

t statistics

inferential statistical test to determine whether a statistically significant difference between groups exist

analysis of variance

inferential statistical test used when the level of measurement is interval or ration and more than two groups are being compared

parametric

inferential statistical tests involving interval- or ratio- level data to make inferences about the population

nonparametric

inferential statistics involving nominal- or ordinal- level data to make inferences about the population

emic

insiders or participants perspective

networking

interacting with colleagues to exchange information and build relationships

analytic epidemiology

investigation of the determinants of disease

self awareness

knowing yourself

preceptors

knowledgeable nurses who provide clinical orientation for new employees

passive rejection

lack of consideration given to adopting an innovation; hence, old practices are continued

probability

likelihood or chance that an event will occur in a situation

authorships

list of authors in an order that reflects the amount of their contributions

papers

manuscripts published in professional journals

M

mean

behavioral inventory for professionalism

measure of education and training, skill, ethics, professional organization, and service

nursing outcome

measure of states, behaviors, or perception of individuals, families, or communities as they relate to nursing and health

measures of central tendency

measures (e.g. mean, median, mode) that provide information about the typical case found in the data

descriptive studies

non experimental studies used to proved information about a phenomenon

cross sectional

nonexperimental design used to gather data from a group of subjects at only one point in time; study design used to measure exposure and disease as each exist in population of representative sample at one specific point in time

ns

nonsignificant

call for abstracts

notices publicizing the desire for posters or presentations at conferences

period prevalence

number of existing cases of disease in population during a specified period of time

n

number of subsample

sample statistics

numerical data describing characteristics of the sample

dependability

one of four criteria for a trustworthy qualitative study that relates to consistency in the findings over time; audibility; finding are reflected in data

confirmability

one of four criteria for a trustworthy qualitative study that relates to the rigorous attempts to be objective and the maintenance of audit trails to document the research process; findings can be sustained by participants

transferability

one of four criteria for a trustworthy qualitative study that relates to whether finding from one study can be transferred to a similar context; application to a different situation

credibility

one of four criteria for establishing a trustworthy qualitative study; refers to the truth or believability of findings

mentor

one who assists with professional growth

role model

one who demonstrates desired characteristics and skills

innovator

one who is willing to try new things

Nursing Quality Indicators

outcomes of nursing care, identified by the ANA, that address patient safety and quality of care

etic

outsiders perspective; the perspective of the researcher

Four main factors to be considered when choosing outcomes

patient populations, organizational priorities, mandated reporting, and team selection

system-related outcome

patient satisfaction will be 90% or greater

gatekeeper

person who facilitates or hinders entry of the researcher into a particular group or setting

lived experiences

perspective of an individual who has experienced the phenomenon

3 P's of dissemination

posters, presentations, and papers

levels of evidence

predetermined scales that guide decisions for ranking evidence; evidence hierarchies

evidence hierarchies

predetermined scales that guide decisions for ranking evidence; levels of evidence

long-term outcomes

primary changes in patient behaviors or status over time; patient will maintain weight loss over 2 years

p

probability

alpha level

probability of making a type I error; typically designated as 0.05 or 0.01 at the end of the tail in a distribution

communication

process of creating and sharing information with one another to reach usual understanding

change

process that creates an alteration a person or environment

active rejection

purposefully deciding not to adopt an innovation

indicators

quantitative criteria used to measure outcomes

cohort study

quasi-experimental studies using two or more groups; epidemiological designs in which subjects are selected based on their exposer to a determinant

cohort studies

quasi-experimental studies using two or more groups; epidemiological designs in which subjects are selected based on their exposure to a determinant

confidence intervals

ranges established around means that estimate the probability of being correct

clinical practice guidelines

recommendations based on evidence that serve as useful tools to direct clinical practice

snowball sampling

recruitment of participant based on word of mouth or referral from other participants

short-term outcomes

results achieved in brief period of time; patient will not hemorrhage after study OR/AND patient will be afebrile after surgery

nursing-sensitive outcomes

results that demonstrate the effectiveness of nursing care

systematic reviews

rigorous and systematic syntheses of research findings about clinical problems

participant observation

role of the researcher in qualitative methods when the researcher is not only an observer but also a participant during data collection

Rule of 68-95-99.7

rule stating that for every sample 68% of the data will fall within one standard deviation of the mean; 95% will fall within two standard deviations; 99.7% of the data will fall within three standard deviations

strategic sampling

sampling in historical research to locate a small group of people who were either witnesses or participants in the phenomenon being studies

purposive

sampling method to recruit specific persons who could provide inside information

presentations

scholarly oral presentations to disseminate new knowledge

meta-analyses

scholars papers that combine results of studies, both published and unpublished, into a measurable format and statistically estimate effects of proposed intervention

professionalism

set of behaviors that exemplify the role of the professional nurse

data reduction

simplification of large amounts of data obtained from qualitative interviews or other sources

organizational priorities

situations of high importance because of volume of patients or costs

critical thinking

skill set that involves critical appraisal of information

SD

standard deviation

z

standard score

z scores

standardized units used to compare data gathered using different measurement scales

information overload

state of an individual in which excessive communication cannot be processed or used

Settler model

step by step instructions for integrating research into practice

journal club

strategy for disseminating research among nurses by discussing articles in a small group

focus groups

strategy to obtain data from a small group of people using interview questions

bracketing

strategy used by qualitative researchers to set aside personal interpretations to avoid bias

member checks

strategy used in qualitative studies when the researcher goes back to participants and shares the results with them to ensure the findings reflect what participants said

outcomes research

studies about the effects of care and treatments on individuals and population

Iowa model for EBP to promote quality care

systematic method explaining how organizations change practice

ethnonursing

systematic study and classification nursing care beliefs, values, and practices in particular culture

referential adequacy

technique used in qualitative research in which multiple sources of data are compared and the finds hold true

peer debriefing

technique used in qualitative research in which the researcher enlists the help of another person, who is a peer, to discuss the data and findings

screening

testing people without known disease to determine whether they have a disease; used to reduce morbidity and mortality in population

sensitivity

the ability of the test to correctly identify people with the disease by positive test results

specificity

the ability of the test to correctly identify people without the disease by negative results

Statistics (uppercase S)

the branch of mathematics that collects, analyzes, interprets, and presents numerical data in terms of samples and populations

etiology

the cause of disease

team membership

the composition of a team with respect to expertise and leadership

tailedness

the degree to which a tail in a distribution is pulled to the left or to the right

ratio

the highest level of measurement that involves numeric values that begin with an absolute zero and have equal intervals; in epidemiology a mathematical relationship between two numbers

temporal ambiguity

the inability to control for confounding variables and the inability to determine whether the exposure truly occurred before the disease

mean

the mathematical average calculated by adding all values and then dividing by the total number of values

mode

the most frequently occurring value in a data set

prevalence

the number of existing case of disease present in the population; used for planning healthcare needs for communities

point of prevalence

the number of existing cases of disease in a population at a particular point in time

incidence

the number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specified period of time; used for investigating the cause of disease

modality

the number off modes found in a data distribution

statistics (lowercase s)

the numerical outcomes and probabilities derived from calculations on raw data

distirbution

the pattern of disease occurrence in and among populations or subgroups

kurtosis

the peakedness or flatness of a distribution of data

median

the point at the center of a data set

positive predictive value

the probability that person who screens positive actually has the disease

semiquartile range

the range of the middle 50% of the data

count data

the raw number of health phenomena under investigation in epidemiology

relative risk

the statistic reported by epidemiologist when they conduct a cohort study

odds ratio

the statistic reported when epidemiologist conduct a case control study

magnitude

the strength of the relationship existing between two variables

epidemiology

the study of distribution and determinants of disease in human populations

fieldwork

the time researchers spend interacting with participants through interviews, observations, and detailed record

univariate analysis

the use of statistical test to provide information about one variable

multivariate analysis

the use of statistics to describe the relationship among three or more variables

bivariate analysis

the use of statistics to describe the relationship between two variables

direction

the way two variables covary

N

total number in a sample

ethnography

type of qualitative research that describes culture

phenomenology

type of qualitative research that describes the lived experience to achieve understanding of an experience from the perspective of the participants

grounded theory

type of qualitative research that examines the process of a phenomenon and culminates in the generation of a theory

historical

type of qualitative research used to examine events o people to explain and understand the past to guide the present and future

case control studies

type of retrospective study in which researchers begin with a group of people who already had the disease; studies that compare two groups: those who have a specific condition and those who do not have the condition

awareness

understanding about oneself and the world

false negatives

when a screening gives a negative result despite the presence of the disease

false positives

when a screening gives positive result even though the disease is not present

statistically significant

when critical values fall in the tails of normal distributions; when finds did not happen by chance alone

ecologic fallacy

when false assumptions are made about individuals based on aggravated data and associations from populations

nonsignificant

when results of the study could have occurred by chance; finds that support the null hypothesis

type II error

when the researcher inaccurately concludes that there is no relationship among the independent and dependent variables when an actual relationship does exist; when the researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it should have been rejected

type I error

when the researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it should have been accepted

persistent observation

when there researcher has spent sufficient quality time with participants while attempting to describe and capture the essence of the phenomenon

epidemic

widespread occurrence of disease in a community or population that is excess of what is expected


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