Respiratory System 22 AP II Lecture
What is the normal intrapleural pressure?
-4 mm hg
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 lobes
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lobes
Function of the laryngopharynx.
A passageway for air and food.
Function of the oropharynx.
A passageway for air and food.
Function of the nasopharynx.
A passageway for air.
What tool gives us lung volumes?
A spirometer.
How is vital capacity calculated?
ERV plus IRV and TV
Describe the conducting zone of the respiratory system.
Large macroscopic parts nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and the bronchi
Lung volumes are used to calculate what?
Lung capacity.
Describe the respiratory zone of the respiratory system.
Microscopic parts bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and the alveoli.
How is functional residual capacity FRC calculated?
Residual volume plus the expiratory reserve volume.
What is internal respiration?
The exchange of gas between the blood and the tissues.
How is inspiratory capacity calculated?
Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve.
What is ventilation?
To breath, to move gas into and out of the lungs.
What is the function of the respiratory system?
To supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
What are the 4 main processes that make up respiration?
Ventilation, external respiration, transport, and internal respiration.
Describe the pleura coverings.
We have parietal pleura that lines the thoracic cage, the outside wall, and a visceral pleura that covers the external surface of the lungs. We secrete pleural fluid in the pleural cavity.
Where do we monitor oxygen?
We monitor oxygen in the carotids and the aortic arch.
How is carbon dioxide transported?
We transport carbon dioxide as a bicarbonate ion in plasma.
Functions of the nose.
An airway for respiration. It moistens, warms, filters and cleanses the air. It provides a resonation chamber for speech and the nose houses the olfactory receptors
Why do old people have respiratory problems?
Because of loss of elasticity of the thoracic cage
How is total lung capacity calculated?
By adding all four of them, ERV, IRV, TV, and RV.
What are 3 homeostatic imbalances of the respiratory system
COPD, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
Where do we monitor carbon dioxide?
Centrally, in medulla oblongata.
What is Intrapulmonary pressure?
The pressure in the alveoli
Respiratory pressures are described relative to what?
Atmospheric pressure.
What is Pleurisy?
Inflammation of the pleura.
What is external respiration?
Exchange of gas between the lungs and the blood.
According to Boyle's law what happens if volume goes down?
If volume goes down, pressure goes up, and we added air goes out.
According to Boyle's law what happens if volume goes up?
If volume goes up, pressure goes down, and we added air goes in.
Location of the windpipe.
In the Trachea extends through the mediastinum, held in place by C-shaped cartilages
Where is the voice box located?
In the larynx
Where is our ciliary escalator located?
In the trachea.
What is total minute ventilation and how is it calculated?
It is the amount of gas that we move during a whole minute. We do that by getting breaths per minute times tidal volume.
What is Intrapleural pressure?
It is the pressure in the intrapleural cavity.
What is lung compliance?
It is the stretchability of our lungs. The more the lungs can expand the more the compliance.
Main attribute of the sinus?
It lightens the bone.
What does surfactant do?
It reduces surface tension inside the alveolar or respiratory membrane.
3 divisions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, and oropharynx, and a laryngopharynx
Does the pulmonary circuit nourish the lungs?
No, it brings blood for oxygenation.
List the organs of the respiratory system.
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
Describe the structure and function of the respiratory membrane.
One simple squamous epithelial cell on the alveolar side, some connective tissues fibers, and one simple squamous epithelial cell on the capillary side. Gas exchanges by simple diffusion.
What 4 things affect the binding and releasing of oxygen to hemoglobin inside the red blood cells?
Partial pressure of the oxygen, temperature, pH of the blood, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
3 functions of the larynx.
Passageway for air, switchbox air and food, and the vocal folds, voice.
What is a common denominator for COPD?
Smoking
Describe forced vital capacity.
Taking a deep breath then forcing it all out. We break it down into FEV1, forced expiratory volume the first second, and FEV 2.
What is inspiratory reserve IRV?
The air that we can inspire over and above tidal volume.
What is tidal volume TV
The amount of air moved during normal, quiet breathing.
What is residual volume RV?
The amount of gas that stays in the lungs after we forcefully exhale. It's the volume that keeps our lungs from collapsing.
What is anatomical dead space?
The amount of gas that stays in the pipes, the conduction zone.
What is expiratory reserve ERV?
The amount of gas that we can expire over and above tidal volume.
Where do the pulmonary arteries come from?
The aorta.
What 2 things determine lung compliance?
The elasticity of the lung and the surface tension of the alveoli.
What do the terminal bronchioles feed into?
The respiratory bronchioles
Pathway from the respiratory bronchioles.
The respiratory bronchioles lead into little winding alveolar ducts and then into little terminal clusters of alveoli, the alveolar sacks.
Describe the transport process.
The transport of that oxygen-rich blood out to the tissues and then carbon dioxide-rich blood back to the lungs.
