Ret 311 Final exam

Ahijah

Jeroboam claimed divine backing in the north through the prophet Ahijah (1 Kings 11:29-39).

Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III

(858-825/823) The king of Assyria during the time of king Jehu, forced Israel to pay tribute.

Year David united kingdoms

1000 BCE

Maccabean Revolt

167-160 BCE In the narrative of I Maccabees, after Antiochus issued his decrees forbidding Jewish religious practice, a rural Jewish priest from Modiin, Mattathias the Hasmonean, sparked the revolt against the Seleucid Empire by refusing to worship the Greek gods. In an act of brazen disrespect, Antiochus raided the temple in Jerusalem, stealing its treasures, setting up an altar to Zeus, and sacrificing swine on the altar. When the Jews expressed their outrage over the profaning of the temple, Antiochus responded by slaughtering a great number of the Jews and selling others into slavery. He issued even more draconian decrees: performing the rite of circumcision was punishable by death, and Jews everywhere were ordered to sacrifice to pagan gods and eat pig flesh The Jewish response was to take up arms and fight. In 167—166 BC, Judas Maccabeus led the Jews in a series of victories over the military forces of the Syrian-Greeks. After vanquishing Antiochus and the Seleucids, the Jews cleaned and restored the temple in 165.

Huldah

one of the 7 prophesses. After the discovery of a book of the Law during renovations at Solomon's Temple, on the order of King Josiah, Hilkiah together with Ahikam, Acbor, Shaphan and Asaiah approach her to get the Lord's opinion.

Merneptah stele

only tablet in Egypt discovered that references Israel. This is the oldest textual reference to Israel and only

Esther

"The book of Esther is the only book in the old test not to mention god once but implies he is present. One of only two books to be named after a woman, other book being Ruth. During the post-exilic period, a strong conflict developed among the Jews as to how to interact with the non-Jewish world. Two opposing opinions developed based on the words of Isaiah: Particularism: the primary responsibility of the Jews was to be the people of God and thus closed to the world around them. Only by fulfilling this role would the nations around them be drawn to the God of Israel. Universalism: To be the people of God meant to seek to bring other to the knowledge of their God. Esther addresses this conflict. The story begins with the Persian Queen Vashti refusing to obey an order from the king. The king wanted to display her beauty to his friends she declined. She was subsequently removed from her position and after a search for a new queen involving "tryouts," Esther, a young Jewish maid, was chosen to be queen. Her Cousin Mordecai became a government official and would not bow down to Haman, and this infuriated Haman. He plotted to kill all of the Jews in the empire by convincing the king that since the Jews did not worship as the Persians they should be killed. Mordecai convinced Esther that she was placed in such a position in the Persian court for just such a time. Only she could save her fellow Jews, and she risked her life to approach the king Mordecai and Esther save the kingdom from Haman and all the Jews.

Present Pessimism

Evil powers are in control of this world, opposing God and justice

Holiness Code

a set of similar laws located in Leviticus 17-26 Considers all of the Land of Israel holy while the Priestly Source only considers the temple and priest as holy in Leviticus 1-16

Remnant Theology

not just those who escaped death or the exile but those who remain faithful are the part of Israel that remains

Women in the DeutH

the Seven prophetesses Sarah, Miriam, Deborah, Hannah, Abigail and Esther

Deborah

with Barak she was a Major Judge (judges 4-5) -She tells Barak to muster ten thousand troops of Naphtali and Zebulun to fight Jabin the king of Canaan, who sends Sisera and 900 chariots of iron. -The Israelites decimate Sisera's army and Jael kills Sisera's in a tent with a tent post hammered into his temple.

Jehu

(885 - 841) King of Israel appointed by Elisha to remove Joram and the house of Ahab from power in Israel as Elijah prophesied. Jehu also struck down Jezebel and just as Elijah spoke dogs came and ate the flesh of Jezebel; leaving the corpse like dung on the field in the territory of jezreel. This effectively eradicated the Omri/ Ahab line. Jehu is forced to make the Northern kingdom a vassal of Assyria.

Elisha

(885)2 kings 1-9 Successor of his master, Elijah A wild hairy man who appeared suddenly when least expected. Has a larger following than Elijah called the "sons of the prophets". He is described a man of miracles, doing what Elijah did and much more Raising the dead, multiplying food, raising an as head from the bottom of a lake Purifying poisoned water Elisha also had a significant impact on the political world, he anointed Jehu, an Israelite general to overthrow the house of Ahab (2 kings 9). Dealt with several foreign rulers: Hazael, Ben-Hadad, and Leprous Naaman. Appoints a member of the company of prophets to go to Jehu and tell him the Lord has made him the King of Israel and to strike down the house of Ahab as Elijah prophesied. Elisha is rejected by the people, but carried on the role of Moses.

Elijah

(BCE 885) 1 kings 17-21 (Unlike later prophets, they left no writings of their own, but the stories told about them) Tells Ahab that the Lord isn't pleased with his worshiping of Baal. Ahab realizes this and tore his clothes and put sackcloth over his bare flesh and fasted. The Lord decides to punish the kingdom in the days of his son. Elijah attempts to rid Israel of the prophets of Baal by calling them to Mount Carmel and telling them they should call on their god to burn a bull and Elijah shall call on his god and they will determine who the real god is. Elijah calls on the Lord and the fire of the Lord comes down and burns. All the people realize the Lord is their god and fall on their faces.

Ahab

(BCE 885) King of Israel(869-847) Married Jezebel to form an alliance with King Tyre of the Phoenicians. Son of Omri Opposed Elijah, Did what was evil in sight of the lord, served Baal and worshiped him.

Oracles against Nations

(OAN) an Oracle in the book of Amos condemning the nations surrounding Israel for Brutal war methods Slave trading Lack of mercy This Oracle then points to Judah/Israel and condemns them for Disobedience to the covenant and divine revelation Oppression of the poor Attacks cherished cultic celebrations (5:23-24) - meaningless if justice is not practiced. The author uses a very good rhetorical technique by getting everyone on his side by condemning their enemies but then condemning Israel.

The Prophets (8 books)

- Neviim/The Prophets (8 books) - Former Prophets Joshua Judges 1 Samuel 2 Samuel 1 Kings 2 Kings -Latter Prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel -Book of the Twelve Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi

Documentary Hypothesis D-Source

-Deuteronomistic Source -Confined to Deuteronomy -Comprised of a series of sermons from Moses before he died -Sermons review the History of Israel -Strong emphasis on centralized worship -Good deeds will be rewarded, bad deeds will be punished -written during reign of king Josiah

Documentary Hypothesis E-Source

-Elohist Source -Dialogue with God is indirect -God is pictured as exalted, powerful, awe-inspiring -Interested in ethical concerns of a story and will explain them -Focuses on Northern Locations/ Traditions

"The Writings" (8 books)

-Kethuvim "The Writings" (8 books) "Books of Truth" Psalms Proverbs Job "The Five Scrolls" Song of songs Ruth Lamentations Ecclesiastes Qohelet Esther "Others" Daniel Ezra-Nehemiah Chronicles

Documentary Hypothesis J-Source

-Yahwish Source -Oldest Source -Likely Written during Solomon's Reign -included story of Creation (Gen. 2) , The garden -Natural Intimate interaction with God -Freedom of Human Will -There is a Divine plan in how things unfold -Focuses on southern Locations -Genesis [2:4b-25]

Passover

1 , 1 year old unblemished male lamb per household Take blood and put it on the doorposts and lintels of the houses in which one eats. Eat the Lamb the same night No remains; remains are to be burnt Fully dressed with staff and sandals Eat hurriedly blood acts as a boundary; it serves to separate that which is sacred from that which is profane

The Fall of Israel 3 stage Vassalage

1. 841 BCE Shalmaneser III extends Assyrian influence to Syro-Palesteine, Jehu pays tribute 738 BCE TP3 renews the Vassalage of Israel 2. 734 BCE - anti-Asssyrian alliance between Israel and Damascus. Kings of Aram and Israel tried to force King Ahaz of Judah to join with them against Assyria. Ahaz refused so they attacked Judah. 734 BCE Syro-Ephraimite War - Israel and Aram attack Judah for not helping them fight against Assyria. Isaiah sees this as a tragedy. 733 BCE- Judah calls the Assyrians for help and becomes a vassal kingdom by king Ahaz . 733/732 TP3 Punitive Campaign of TP3. raids the northern kingdom, destroying many northern cites and Israel loses 90% of its population, deporting some.Tribute increased for Israel 3. 724 BCE rebellion of Israel with hope of Egyptian aid 724 BCE Shalmaneser V reconquers Israel 722 BCE Fall of Samaria;deportation, area made into Assyrian province and resettled by people brought from elsewhere.

The Three-Phase Return from Babylon

1. 538BCE A small group of Jews returned almost immediately, led by Sheshbazzar (appointed governor of Judah), Zerubbabel (son of Jehoiachin), and the priest Jeshua. Haggai and Zechariah ministered during this first period (around 520 BCE) Zerubbabel's main goal was to rebuild the temple, which took many years, finally concluding in 516/515 BCE about 70 years after its destruction as Jeremiah prohpesised. The people started to rebuild the temple only to be opposed by their enemies, first by locals, and then later by Ammon and Edom. 2. 458 BCE Ezra He led a much larger group back a generation later about 60 years. Esther was able to avert the complete massacre of the Jewish people during this time. Ezra was a priest, scribe, and leader He is traditionally credited as the writer of Ezra-Nehemiah Ezra returned to Jerusalem with the backing of the new Persian King Artaxerxes. He was given official sanction to teach the law and appoint magistrates in Judah. Ezra is forced to deal with the ongoing issue of intermarriage with foreigners that is expressly forbidden in the Torah as it leads to idolatry. This creates a rather sad and unfortunate situation in Judah as the Jews are forced to send away their foreign loved ones. Ezra played a very influential role in establishing the religious life and practice of Israel and modern Judaism. 3. 444BCE Nehemiah A political leader who returned to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem Malachi's prophetic career occurs at about this time. Nehemiah led a large group to Jerusalem attempting to rebuild the walls of the holy city, as began rebuilding the walls, many foreign and local powers began setting their sights on Jerusalem. They feared the powerhouse Jerusalem might become yet again and attempted to delay or stop Nehemiah from rebuilding the walls. Sanballat of Samaria, Tobiah of Ammon, and Geshem of Edom attack Nehemiah, Nehemiah orders half of his workers to stand guard and the other half to continue work on the wall. This plan works out well for Nehemiah and he completed the wall in less than 2 months!

Assyrian method for dealing with a lesser/conquered nation was as follows:

1. Turn a nation into a vassal kingdom and demand tribute. 2. If resistance developed, they would diminish the kingdom further, demand even more tribute, and deport the upper class away from the kingdom. 3. in the event of further resistance, they would deport m ost of the population and turn the nation into an Assyrian province. This is what happened to the "Lost ten tribes" of the northern kingdom-the citizens were scattered to different lands, where they intermarried with the peoples among whom they were scattered, while the Assyrians replaced them in Palestine with peoples brought from other parts of the empire. this is modern day genocide.

Ten Commands

1. You shall not take other gods before me 2. You shall not take the Lords name in vain 3. Keep the Sabbath holy 4. Honor your Father and Mother 5. Tho shall not Kill 6. Tho shall not commit adultery 7. Tho shall not steal 8. Tho shall not bear false witness against thy neighbor 9.Tho shall not covet thy neighbors house 10. Tho shall not covet thy neighbors wife

Number of books in Hebrew bible and list

24 -Torah/Pentateuch the Law (5 books) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy - Neviim/The Prophets (8 books) - Former Prophets Joshua Judges 1 Samuel 2 Samuel 1 Kings 2 Kings -Latter Prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel -Book of the Twelve Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi -Kethuvim "The Writings" (8 books) "Books of Truth" Psalms Proverbs Job "The Five Scrolls" Song of songs Ruth Lamentations Ecclesiastes Qohelet Esther "Others" Daniel Ezra-Nehemiah Chronicles

Battle of Carchemish

605 BCE Nebuchadnezzar defeats Assyrians and Egyptians Babylon becomes extreme powerhouse.

Jeremiah

626-582 BCE Writes letter to the exiles and contains key answers to questions of the exile. Jeremiah tells the Jews to live their lives, marry, plant gardens, and seek welfare of Babylon. He also explains to the Jews that even though they are no longer in Israel the promised land connected to Yahweh they should still pray to him, this was radical thinking. Jeremiah's message was that judah was not immune to the punishment experienced by the Northern Kingdom. He insists that Judah must submist to the Babylonians. Jeremiah notably has a harsh attitude towards Zion Theology. In a showdown between Jeremiah and Hananiah (27-28), a Zion prophet. This prophets are contradicting one another "thus says the lord" statements and showing the differences between Zion and Sinai or Mosaic theology. Jeremiah insisted the exiles should serve out their punishment and the lord will redeem them and bring them back to their own land. Jeremiah is told by the Lord Hananiah will die for false propisieing and he dies.

Syro-Ephraimite War

734 BCE Kings of Aram and Israel tried to force King Ahaz of Judah to join with them against Assyria. Ahaz refused so they attacked Judah. Isaiah sees this as a tragedy. Ahaz called to Assyrian aid and TP3 destroyed Aram and Israel. Judah becomes a vassal paying heavy tribute.

Micah

740-700 BCE Micah is a later prophet from Moresheth Judah. The Book has three major divisions each introduced by the word "Hear" or hear now. Follows Amos and Hosea. Each division follows an alternating pattern of announcing doom followed by expressions of hope. Major themes: Rebukes unjust leadership. Advocates the rights of the poor and outcasts against the rich and powerful Worship is meaning less for those who do not practice justice and faithful love/mercy (Hesed) A remnant of Israel will remain after punishment A peaceful future with Jerusalem/Zion at the center Emphasizes divine holiness-especially like the phrase "The holy One of Israel" to describe Yahweh Chapters 6-7 take the form of a covenant lawsuit

Isaiah

742-700 BCE during the time of the destruction of the Northern kingdom. He preached in Judah. He was a very influential figure with access to the king himself. He predicted the destruction that Assyria would soon send upon the land but praises God as ruler of history and sharper of events. Prophesied during the reign of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. -Political adviser to Ahaz First Isaiah 1-39 contains oracles of Isaiah of Jerusalem who preached between 740 and 687 BCE in Jerusalem. primarily concern the events surrounding the Syro-Ephraimite war. Third Isaiah 56-66 Was written after the return to Jerusalem and spoke of grand promises and hopes relating to restoration. Major themes: Anger against oppression and injustice Condemns empty worship Shares Hosea's anguish in trying to turn Judah back to faithfulness Yahweh is the god of the whole world- Assyria is only an instrument in Yahwehs hand A remnant of Israel will remain after under going divine punishment

Hosea

745-722 BCE (after Amos before the fall of Samaria) From the North, Only prohphet from the north. Was a Tragic prophet Marries Gomer (given to unfaithfulness) has a son Jezreel "God sows" symbol of the beginning of the end Prophesied Israel's destruction Major Themes: Strong themes of idolatry and marital infidelity Israel's relationship with Yahweh depicted as a marriage Israel sleep around with other gods Preaches a similar message to Amos mentions injustice oppression, broken commands, the need for covenant fidelity Mainly emphasizes three special qualities of the covenant: Fidelity Hesed Knowledge of God Has strong words to say about empty religious practices

Amos

750 BCE First classical writing prophet. From Tekoa, Judah. Was a Shepard, Cattleman, and fig pincher. Prophesied in the North at Bethel, where one of the two golden calves Jeroboam I created was sent. Major themes: Yahweh is the God over all nations and peoples, not just Israel. Yahweh demands social justice and concern for the poor (very important) God is a just and fair god Orcales against nations Amos 5:21-24 Central passage of Amos God hates all that Israel are doing to attempt to worship him. God wants people to stop oppressing the poor. Amos explains the message of all the prophets

Eli

A High Priest of Shiloh Saw Hannah Praying for a son though she was drunk. Hannah has a son from the lord named Samuel and promises the lord to make him a priest. After the child was weaned she left Samuel in Eli's care. Samuel worked under Eli in service of the Shrine at Shiloh. One night Samuel heard a voice calling his name, he asked Eli what he wanted. Eli told Samuel he was not calling for him and to go back to sleep. Samuel again heard his name and asked of Eli. Eli recognized what was happening and told Samuel to answer to the Lord with "Speak, Lord, for Your servant hears." The Lord told Samuel of the wickedness of the sons of Eli has resulted in their dynasty being condemned to destruction. The sons of Eli Hophni and Phinehas are Officiating priests at the sanctuary of Shiloh. They did evil in sight of the Lord and took the best portion of the sacrifices for themselves. They also had sexual relations with the women who served at the entrance to the tent of meeting.

Song of Songs

A collection of Love poems celebrating erotic love between a man and a woman, written in play format, written way after solomon but attributed to him. The poems contain at least three "voices" the male and female lovers and a chorus.

Lamenations

A collection of reactions to the Fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians Five chapters of expressing deep agony over the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in a series of poems.

Hesed

A common Hebrew word used often in the bible to describe God's love for mankind and God's special relationship with Israel

Eschatology

A concern with the end The end - the end is often envisions as imminent, right around the corner. Whether the end of the present evil age or of the world or cosmos itself.

Apocalypse

A genre of literature connected with an apocalyptic worldview. Danel is the only full example of an apocalypse. Two types : Vertical apocalypses: Heavenly journeys displaying the secrets of the universe. Horizontal or historical Apocalypses: Surveys of history culminating in a crisis at which point the powers of evil are destroyed, the cosmos restored to its ideal state, and Israel is redeemed as God establishes a new kingdom on earth. History is broken up into "periods" leading up to this end and new beginning.

The Song of Deborah

A hymn in the book of Judges (judges 5) -one of the oldest pieces of literature found within the old testament -Heroic poem written after the victory over King Jabin of Canaan and his Military commander Sisera. -About two Heroic Women Deborah and Jael. Deborah restores peace and power to Israel by restoring the demoralized tribes and brings unity to Israel and Jael kills Sisera. -The hymn focuses on disunity among the tribes and points out how it is an essential problem. -The song of Deborah furnishes a Magnificent picture of a heroic age and the struggle of the Israelites with their worship of yahweh the warrior against the wealth and influence of the entrenched power that the book of Judges refers to as "Canaanite."

The Levite and Concubine

A levite and concubine are journeying home and stop to spend the night in Gibeah. An old man takes them in and they enjoy food and drink in his house. However during the night men surround the house and ask for the Levite to come out. The cowardly Levite sends his concubine and she is brutally gang raped to death. Her husband cuts her up into 12 small pieces and sends each piece to each tribe of Israel calling for unification. This shows how Israel reached an extreme low point at the end of judged however 11 tribes of Israel were able to unify against the Benjimanites of Gibeah and put them to the sword with the help of the Lord. This leads to a civil war at the end of Judges.

Main Covenant passages

Abraham: Genesis 6:18,9:8-17 God and Noah; world will never again be destroyed; sign of covenant rainbow Genesis 17: God and Abraham; multitude of nations; sign of the covenant = circumcision Exodus 24: God and Israel; Mt Sinai; tablets of stone with law and commandment Numbers 25:10-13: Covenant of peace with Phinehas (Aaron's Son) for perpetual priesthood Moses: The Covenant Proper (Exodus 19:1-6) the Stipulations of the Covenant (Exodus 20) The Ratification of the Covenant (Exodus 19:7-8; 24:3,7; Deut 5:27;26:16-17)

Tower of babel

Ah! That's why there are so many different languages in the world!

Tiglalth-Pileser III (TP3)

An Assyrian general who grew dissatisfied with the weakness of his country, overthrew the current king, and reestablished Assyria as a power. Vassals tended to rebel during the changing of Kingship in Assyria and this is how Assyria became weak previously. Assyria took 3 quarters of the land of Israel under his leadership.

Divine Pathos

An idea or theory developed by Abraham Herschel. Divine pathos is an expression used to represent the feelings of God. Examples: The typical prophetic state of mind is one of being taken up into the heart of divine pathos. Hershel: An analysis of prophetic utterances shows that the fundamental experience of the prophet is a fellowship with the feelings of God, a sympathy with the divine pathos, a communion with the divine consciousness which comes about through the prophet's reflection of, or participation in, the divine pathos. The typical prophetic state of mind is one of being taken up into the heart of the divine pathos. Sympathy is the prophet's answer to inspiration, the correlative to revelation.

Antiochus Epiphanes

Antiochus Epiphanes was a Greek king of the Seleucid Empire who reigned over Syria from 175 BC until 164 BC. He is famous for almost conquering Egypt and for his brutal persecution of the Jews, which precipitated the Maccabean revolt. Antiochus Epiphanes was a ruthless and often capricious ruler. In an act of brazen disrespect, Antiochus raided the temple in Jerusalem, stealing its treasures, setting up an altar to Zeus, and sacrificing swine on the altar. When the Jews expressed their outrage over the profaning of the temple, Antiochus responded by slaughtering a great number of the Jews and selling others into slavery. He issued even more draconian decrees: performing the rite of circumcision was punishable by death, and Jews everywhere were ordered to sacrifice to pagan gods and eat pig flesh

Sennacherib

Assyrian King who destroyed most of Judah but could not successfully take Jerusalem.

Sargon II

Assyrian king Sacked Samaria, ended northern Israel

Climactic (Stair step) Parallelism

Construction of a complete through the repetition of key words of the first line. Sometimes Hebrew poetry uses acrostics (based on the first letter of the first world of each line) for a similar effect. Psalm 1:1-2 Happy are those who do not follow the advice of the wicked, or take the path that sinners tread, or sit in the seat of scoffers; but their delight is in the law of the Lord, and on his law they meditate day and night.

Saul Vs David

David is a musician and plays the harp for Saul. Yahweh rejects Saul,as he swayed from the Lord, and chooses David as the new King of Israel. During the Final years of Saul's life he sought to kill David, the new king. Saul even contracted a sorceress. David Ruled the Southern region of Judah from Hebron for 7 years while battling for supremacy with Saul's son Ishbosheth. David Captured the Central City of Jerusalem from the Jebusites and established it as his capital city, he also made it the new central place of worship by bringing the ark of the Covenant.

In 150 words or fewer, explain the "Documentary Hypothesis" of the Pentateuch and discuss the evidence that can be adduced for it.

Documentary Hypothesis is a theory suggesting that the Pentateuch is made up of 4 main sources: the Yahwehist source, the Priestly source, the Deuteronmic source, and the Eloist source. The Priestly source is mostly comprised of three main events, the flood, the blessing of Noah, and the Lineage of Abraham. The Yahwehist source deals mostly with the relationship between Yahweh and the people. The Deuteronmic source deals mostly with the sermons of Moses after the events of the Exodus and the book of Deuteronomy. The Eholist source pertains to ethics and northern Israel traditions. Genesis [1:1 - 2:4a] is theorized to be from the priestly source and Genesis [2:4b - 25] is theorized to be from the Yahwehist source, as the narrative seems to be from two differentiating opinions. An example of this is very prevalent in Leviticus as Leviticus [1-16] is comprised of a set of priestly laws , from the priestly source states that only the temple, Priest and Yahweh are holy, while Leviticus [17-] makes the argument that the entire land of Israel is considered to be holy from the Eholist Source. These are two completely different statements that allow us to infer Leviticus and the Pentateuch are made up from more than one source.

David

During the Final years of Saul's life he sought to kill David, the new king. Saul even contracted a sorceress. David Ruled the Southern region of Judah from Hebron for 7 years while battling for supremacy with Saul's son Ishbosheth. David Captured the Central City of Jerusalem from the Jebusites and established it as his capital city, he also made it the new central place of worship by bringing the ark of the Covenant. The ark helps bring political power and religious power together and this makes Jerusalem a power house capital helping to unify the people. Yahweh communicated to David though the Prophet Nathan that if he kept to the Word of the Lord then his descents would become kings of Israel everlasting. David wants to marry Michal (Saul Daughter) but Saul requests him to bring 100 Philistine foreskins to marry his daughter. David brings 200 to Saul. David marries Michal and she helps him stay safe from Saul's attempts to kill him. Jonathan, Saul's son and David's friend also helps him stay safe from crazy Saul.

The Covenant Code

Expansion of Ten Commandments Located in Exodus 20:22-23:19 Produced by the Elohist Source An Agrarian Document representative of a pre urban Israelite society. Agrarian Society A Ambiguous Laws B Laws Reflecting an agricultural domain C Self Governing Domestic Laws for poor D No Organized Militia Urban Society A Polished Laws B Laws reflecting a metropolitan grid C State welfare policy to support disenfranchised D Directives for Militia The Covenant Code attempted to use the story of Exodus to motivate people to treat the disenfranchised fairly. If you treat the widows and orphans badly, your wives will be widows and your sons will be orphans.

Ezekiel

Ezekiel believed he was commissioned by Yahweh to be a watchman. Ezekiel is told by the Lord to give no prior warning concerning judgement in order to save their life. It is the watchman's responsibility to ensure everybody actually hears the cry of alarm and understands the gravity of the situation. The call of Ezekiel 593 BCE Ezekiel received his famous vision of Yahweh's chariot-throne, with its famous wheels-within wheels and lion imagery. Ezekiel believes that the Lord dwells within his people in his glory, contrary to Zion theology believing the Lord dwelled in Jerusalem. Ezekiel believes and prophesies that god can settle wherever he pleases. He envisions the chariot of the Lord leaving the temple towards Babylon and the exiles there. Ezekiel attempts to warn of the coming destruction as a watchman should. He completes a series of symbolic acts in an attempt to show how the on coming doom. He digs through the wall of his house, picks up his baggage and hurries off into the darkness as a symbol of exile. He eats his bread with fear and drinks watch while trembling to show what is about to happen to everyone in Judah. He sets up a brick and lies on his side for over a year as a symbolic representation of a siege against Jerusalem. Individual Responsibility Ezekiel also emphases the idea that each individual is responsible for his or her actions. The father is not responsible for the child nor is the child responsible for the parent. The coming redemption Heart of the book of Ezekiel. Contains Ezekiel's vision about the raising of dry bones from the dead. He is not interested in personal resurrection of Israel and Judah in exile. Hope is not lost, even though Israel may seem so far gone as to be irretrievable, because god can resurrect the dead nation. Ezekiel declares "I will give you a new heart, and I will put a new spirit within you; and I will take out of your flesh the heart of stone and give you a heart of flesh." 36:36

Ezra

Ezra was a priest, scribe, and leader He is traditionally credited as the writer of Ezra-Nehemiah Ezra is considered the "Father of Judaism" because he played a major role in establishing which books would be considered sacred and because of his part in establishing the religious life and practice of Israel after exile.

Elohim

God

Abraham's Covenant with the Lord

God and Abraham made a Covenant in Genesis 17. God says "Walk before me and be blameless. And I will make my covenant between me and you, and will make you exceedingly numerous." "You shall be the ancestor of a multitude of nations. " "I will make you exceedingly fruitful; and I will make nations of you, and kings shall come from you. I will establish my covenant with you and your offspring after you throughout their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and to your offspring after you. And I will give to you and to your offspring after you, the land where you are now an alien, all the land of Canaan, for a perpetual holding; all I will be their god" God tells Abraham that he will give Israel to Abraham and his descendants if he keeps his covenant with him and keeps the Lord in his heart. The men of Israel must be Circumcised as a sign of the Covenant. Abraham was told to bring his only son Issac to mount Sinai and Kill him as a sacrifice to the Lord. The Lord tests Abraham to see if he is worthy and he succeeds

Reasons for Division of kingdoms

God tells Solomon he can ask for anything only once. He asks for great wisdom and God grants him his wish. This allows Solomon to become very powerful. Solomon becomes a great king and has many building projects similar to a Pharaoh in Egypt. He also taxed the people heavily. Solomon appeared to be a great king,but he created serious problems for Israel. Solomon Fulfills the Words of Samuel in 1 Samuel 8:10 as Solomon becomes :"the future king that makes all Israel slaves." The split of the Kingdom in Northern Israel and Southern Judah occurred towards the end of Solomon's reign. Jeroboam claimed divine backing through the prophet Ahijah (1 Kings 11:29-39) Jeroboam was formerly the chief of Solomon's forced labor, also allied himself with the Egyptians. Rehoboam, The son of Solomon , was appointed power by his father to be the new king. He traveled north to discuss new polices with the northern tribes. Following the advice of his young counselors, his rule would be even harder than his fathers. This did not set well with the northern tribes and they revolted forcing Rehoboam to flee to Judah. The Ark of the Covenant still existed in Jerusalem giving Judah more unity and centralization among its people. Jeroboam established two holy sites with golden calf's in Israel one in Dan and one in Bethel. The Northern tribes raise Jeroboam as their King and The Southern tribes raise Rehoboam.

Future Vindication

God will intervene and bring justice to the world. Envisions a dramatic divine intervention that will end the present evil age and initiate the peaceful reign of God on earth.

The Exodus

Greek Word meaning way out Birth of the nation of Israel Outline: Tables have turned on Joseph and Israel new pharaoh doesn't know of them, treats them as slaves. Birth and election of Moses Moses speaks to Pharaoh asking to release Israelite's 10 plagues Crossing the sea complaining in the desert Israel at Sinai Giving of the Law Tabernacle instructions Golden Calf episode

Vertical apocalypses

Heavenly journeys displaying the secrets of the universe.

Hezekiah and the Siege of Jerusalem

Hezekiah became the King of Judah in 705 and enacts major reform in Judah to attempt to turn Judah from their evil ways. During Assyria's change of kingship in 705 Hezekiah rebelled against the weakened Assyria and declared independence when the Assyrian king died in 705. Hezekiah also build a tunnel to the center of Jerusalem that provided water from a nearby spring this allowed the people to endure a long siege if need be. Sennacherib an Assyrian, destroys Judah and Sieges Jerusalem in 701 BCE attempting to take the city. A angel of the lord eliminates the Assyrian Army before they can take Jerusalem

The Servant Songs

Isaiah 2 mentions Israel as "my servant" (41:8-9:42:19;44:1-2) It expresses God's continued affection for his people despite their sin. Four passages seem to have a particular individual in mind rather than the nation as a whole, these are referred to as "servant songs" Most scholars understand the servant to be either a real individual or a symbolic figure intended to represent the best ideals of Israel. The Servant is interpreted as an individual in verse 49:3. while as an whole nation in 49:6

Apocalypticism

Job and Qohelet all start with "God is just , the present world is unjust, and god will bring justice in the Future" Apocalypticism attempts to solve this problem of an unjust world and explain what it is. Apocalypticism is a worldview, or metanarrative, a way of explaining how the world works based in the belief God has revealed heavenly secrets that could make sense of earthly realities Makes sense of present suffering of the righteous Apocalyptic explanation of the world: Cosmic Dualism: Opposing forces of light and darkness are engaged in a cosmic battle. This dualism is both temporal (present vs future) and spatial (heaven above vs earth below) Present Pessimism: Evil powers are in control of this world, opposing God and justice Future Vindication: God will intervene and bring justice to the world. Envisions a dramatic divine intervention that will end the present evil age and initiate the peaceful reign of God on earth.

Qohelet

Job, Qohelet all start with "God is just, the present world is unjust. God will bring justice in the future" know as the book of Ecclesiastes in christanity Book implies that the author,"Qohelet," or "teacher" or "head of the assembly" is Solomon Book is placed around the 4th or 3rd century BCE This book uses Wisdom literature to refute its usual conclusions. Primary issue: The difference between humans and God. Trying to predict the outcomes of conduct trespasses on divine territory. This was especially problematic for those wanting to know the proper timing for all of life's tasks. Key refrain:"Emptiness of emptiness, all is empty under the sun" Everything "under the sun" is just "chasing the wind" Because of death, nothing is permanent, nothing ultimately matters. This book Acknowledges the limits of human reason and shows that the principles of conventional wisdom are regularly violated in this world. Qohelets "Solution" Enjoy what God gives, no matter what it is Fear God Be content within human limitations Qohelet does not declare life to be meaning less or absurd in the end. You can't control life anyway, so trust God and enjoy what you have in the here and now. Qohelets conlusion A+B dont worry about C

Key theme of the return from exile

Judah returns, but the restoration has not occurred One of the primary takeaways form Ezra-Nehemiah is the combination of hope mixed with grim realities of life after the exile. While hope remained for the grand restoration of Israel promised by the prophets, the reality of the returns narrated in Ezra-Nehemiah falls far short of these visions. Most of Israel remains scattered, while those who have returned remain under foreign domination. The sad conflicts over intermarriage and opposition from outside only continue to show that Israel has not experience the full restoration portrayed by the prophets. The mixture of joyful shouting and bitter weeping in Ezra 3:12 typifies the bittersweet message of Ezra-Nehemiah: Yahweh has not forgotten or abandoned his people, but their current state falls far short of the promised restoration.

Omri

King of Israel (876-869) 1 Kings 16:21-28 Moved the capital to Samaria, Ahab's dad Formed alliances with the Phoenicians and married his son Ahab to Jezebel, the daughter of King Tyre. Omri was extremely successful and managed to build significant fortification and military strength in Israel, created most prosperous period in the history of the northern kingdom. While Omri did great things for the kingdom of Israel he did what was evil in sight of the Lord. Therefore the author of Kings doesn't give Omri as much attention driving the theme home of What the kings did doesn't matter compared to how faithful they were to YahWeh.

Third Isaiah

Major source of information on the conditions of life in post-exsilic Israel is the third portion of Isaiah. (56-66) Contains a mixture of poetry and prose, sometimes hopeful but other times despairing. book Berates Israel for falling into idolatry Only the righteous few who have remained faithful would enjoy such blessings of God

The Torah Liturgy

Micah 6:6-9 is extremely important, as Micah explains what is necessary to satisfy Yahweh in the wake of broken covenant. "With what shall I come before the Lord, and bow myself before God on high? Shall I come before him with burnt offerings, with calves a year old? Will the Lord be pleased with thousands of rams, with ten thousands of rivers of oil? Shall I give my firstborn for my transgression, the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul?" He has told you, O mortal, what is good; and what does the Lord require of you but to do justice, and to love kindness and to walk humbly with your God?

Book of Consolation

Mini book in Jeremiah (30-31) full of words of healing, visions of fruitfulness, joy, singing, free travel to Jerusalem to keep seasonal festivals, and so on. Jeremiah 31:31-34 became especially important to later generation as Jeremiah promises YahWeh will make a "New Covenant" with both Israel and Judah once again. This covenant will be different form the sinai covenant; it would be written on people's hearts rather than stone, and empowered by God's spirit

Hannah

Mother of the Prophet Samuel Hannah was infertile, so she prayed at a temple for god to give her a son, and she would give him up to become a priest. She was blessed with Samuel.

Ruth

Naomi - An Israelite woman married a Moabite man named Elimelech. They have two sons Mahlon and Kilion. Elimelech died and his sons marry Orpah and Ruth. In ten years time both of the men died and the text says, "Naomi was left without her two sons and her husband" Ruth Gleaned in Boaz's field and eventually Ruth married Boaz. Ruth addresses the conflict of marriage to non-Israelites, and like Jonah, Ruth presents a favorable perspective on foreigners. The simple theme: neither blood, nor marriage is more important than covenant fidelity and Ruth is an example of faithfulness at its best.

Cosmic Dualism

Opposing forces of light and darkness are engaged in a cosmic battle. This dualism is both temporal (present vs future) and spatial (heaven above vs earth below)

Cryus the Great

Persian king who captured Babylong in 539 BCE beginning a period of Persian dominance that would last over two centuries. Persian political policies were significantly different from prior emipres: Cryus honored local gods Allowed local self-rule as much as possible In 538, Cyrus decreed to release the exile to their homeland, giving the Jews the freedom to return home and rebuild their temple and cities with help from imperial funds

Achan

Pillaged an ingot of gold and quantity of silver and garments from Jericho. This caused the Lord to punish Israel as a whole, as Joshua lost the battle of AI. Joshua prays to the Lord and they determine that Achan is the culprit and has sin. Israel stones him and him family to death.

Documentary Hypothesis P-Source

Priestly Source -Focuses Largely on three main events in the early chapters of Genesis: The Flood Blessing of Noah and The lineage of Abraham -Ritual Sacrifice, festivals, and the sacred calendar -Appropriate interaction with God is via the priesthood -Genesis [1:1 - 2:4a] -God Created the World in his image

Themes in Exodus

Primary Themes Deliverance Covenant Conquest of the Promised Land Secondary themes Election Worship Law ethics The Priesthood

Nazirite

Prohibited from touching a human corpse

Wisdom Literature Proverbs

Proverbial/conventional wisdom presupposes an orderly world, both materially and ethically. Uses a straightforward cause and effect mechanism for the world by which people get what they deserve. A+B=C Primary theme of proverbs The heart and all wisdom is the "Fear of Yahweh" Without deep devotion for God and an expectation of judgement it is impossible to be wise. Great themes of Pride and foolishness. Proverbs 31 - description of a successful wife

12 Tribes of Israel

Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulum, Manasseh, Ephraim, Benjamin

Characteristics of a Apocalypse

Revelation through Visionary Experience (usually a first person narrative) : The prophet is shown a vision and told to write down what he sees. Example Ezekiel and bones of Israel. Almost Always Pseudonymous That is , written under a false name Usually of a famous name of a legendary figure from the past. This helps protect the author. Symbolic Imagery: highly symbolic, often bizarre visions and coded language, with beasts, horns, people, and other objects representing nations, rulers, angles, etc. Highly deterministic: events have been set in motion that cannot be stopped Cosmic cataclysm: A cosmic and terrible battle between the forces of good and evil involves the whole world/universe. Final victory and judgement: God will establish a new order, a new earth, and a utopic existence. The righteous will be vindicated and rewarded, while the wicked will be punished.

Examples of The Covenant Code

Rules to help lowest members of society Compensation for injuries against Slaves Exodus(21:26,270 Prohibitions against oppressing the alien, widow, or orphan. (Exodus 22:21-24) Just Treatment of the lowly( Exodus 22:25-27)

Saul

Samuel anoints Saul king after the people begged for a king to be "like the other nations." Yahweh directs Samuel to appoint Saul, telling Samuel the people have rejected him as their king by asking for a human king. As king due to two serious weaknesses Saul is unable to reunite Israel. 1. He covered his selfishness with a religious cloak (1 Sam 15:30) never takes the blame for sins he commits 2. He relied too heavily on his own abilities, often taking matters into his own hands This becomes apparent in (1 Sam 15:22) when Samuel remarks "Surely, to obey is better than sacrifice"

Second Isaiah

Second Isaiah 40-55 likely written in babylon Has a poetic promise of return to the promised land. It never mentions Ahaz, Hezekiah, the Assyrians, Damascus, or even Israel It refers to the capture and destruction of Israel as a past event( 40:1-2; 47:6, 48:20) It knows the present state of affairs of the exiles in Babylon (43:14;47:1-4) It praises the Persian ruler Cyrus as a redeemer for Israel It focuses largely on the return from exile. Likely written in the 6th century and not the eight Major themes God is all powerful He will have mercy and forgiveness for his people. God will do new things never known before. The faith of the people of Israel was deeply rooted in remembering the acts of God toward their ancestors. Now Isaiah was calling them also to look ahead. There will be a new exodus lead by Cyrus. The theme of a redeemer who is an anointed one that restores Israel. Yahweh will restore Zion.

Jeremiah 31:31-34

See, days are coming, says YHWH, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah, not like the covenant I made with them when I led them by the hand out of Egypt—my covenant which they broke although I was a husband to them—declares YHWH. But this is the covenant which I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares YHWH: I will put my law within them, and I will write it on their heart. And I will be their God, and they will be my people.

Wisdom Literature Job

Skeptical Wisdom or Reflective Wisdom The world does not always work out as neatly as conventional/proverbial wisdom might suggest. Sometimes the righteous life is not rewarded, sometimes the righteous suffer rather badly, sometimes nasty people seem to be doing quite well. Basic Narrative: Righteous person Job loses everything but his wife who attempts to corrupt his heart and turn him against the Lord. Throughout all this Job remains faithful. Upon meeting with his three friends they take a conventional wisdom approach saying he is at fault for the calamity that has come upon him- as thats the way the world works. We know that this is not true in Job's case. Job demands an audience with God to plead his case. God shows up and Job is ashamed, God proclaims his superiority and tells Job he has done nothing wrong. Jobs wife stays alive and he is rewarded with 10 new kids to replace the old. Job is scared for life from this. Thesis of the book of Job: "Does Job fear God for nothing?" End Theme: You should serve God for nothing! c means nothing, all that matters is that your are doing a+b to the best of your ability. You can tell Job is righteous because when you take away c he is still righteous!

Esau and Jacob

Son of Issac and Rebekah Jacob and Esau are twins Esau sells Jacob his birthright for some food. Jacob then tricks Isaac into believing he is Esau and blessing him. Esau swears to kill Jacob. Jacob flees to a distant land to work for his uncle Laban fearing for his life. Jacob falls in Love with Rachel , his uncle Laban's daughter. Laban says if Jacob gives 7 years of service he will give Rachel to him. Jacob agrees but at the wedding Leah, Laban's eldest daughter is under the veil. Jacob eventually becomes rich and marries Rachel having kids with both Rachel and Leah. Jacob attempts to meet with Esau and sends many gifts to Esau as he approaches him hoping he will spare his life. Esau shows forgiveness to Jacob. Jacob has 12 sons that become the 12 tribes of Israel. Jacob is renamed to Israel by God. Joseph Jacob's youngest son is sold into slavery in Egypt by his jealous brothers.

Jeroboam II

Son of Joash of Israel, did what was evil in sight of the Lord. Was anointed by the prophet Jonah. King of Israel, from the house of Jeru. Was king during prosperous time while Assyria was weak as their king was transitioning from Shalmaneser III to TP3. "They" conspired against him in Jerusalem, he attempted to flee to Lachish but was killed. 2 Kings 14:17 Israel was at its point of greatest prosperity under the reign of Jeroboam II (786-750 BCE) Israel experienced: A revival of international trade Towns and fortresses were rebuilt Jeroboam II regained control of some areas that had been taken by the kingdom of Damascus. The number of wealthy Israelite's explored.

Destruction of Jerusalem and Stages of Vassalage

Stage 1 of Vassalage Judah is Egyptian vassal kingdom (under puppet King Jehoiakim) 605 BCE battle at Carchemish ; Babylon in power 604 BCE Judah becomes Babylonian vassal kingdom 601 BCE Egyptian battle against Babylonians inspires Judah to rebel 598/97 BCE Nebuchadnezzar laid siege to Jerusalem and took Jehoiachin (Jehoiakims son) and about 10000 members of the Jerusalem elite back to Babylon, decapitating Judean society. Stage 2 of vassalage 597 BCE - deportation of upper classes and king Jehoiachin, heavy tribute, southern Judah becomes Edomite territory -First deportation of elites/upper class; includes the prophet Ezekiel -Zedekiah becomes king -Zedekiah attempts to rebel against Babylon 589 BCE punitive campaign against the south 587 BCE destruction of Jerusalem (including the temple) Stage 3 of vassalage Deportation, looting, Judah becomes part of Babylonian Second deportation to Babylon 586 BCE assassination of Gedalia (Babylonian Governor), a part of the Judean population flees to Egypt.

Josiah

Successor of Manasseh, Reigned during a period where the Assyrian empire was struggling due to internal problems. This allowed Josiah to restore Judean independence. In Kings 2, Josiah "discovers" the "book of the law" in the Temple, this is know to be an early version of Deuteronomy The Deuteronomistic History depicts Josiah in glowing terms, especially emphasizing his significant cultic reforms in which he destroyed many other places of worship and emphasized the centrality of Jerusalem. Died in battle against Pharaoh Necho in 609 BCE. Josiah unintentionally contributed to the shattering of the hopes he had for Judah. Jehoahaz son of Josiah succeeds him on the throne

Horizontal or historical Apocalypses

Surveys of history culminating in a crisis at which point the powers of evil are destroyed, the cosmos restored to its ideal state, and Israel is redeemed as God establishes a new kingdom on earth. History is broken up into "periods" leading up to this end and new beginning.

The Nathan Prophecy / promises of Yahweh to David

The Nathan Prophecy pledges a continual kingdom to the Davidic line. God tells Nathan that he doesn't need a house but he is going to give David a house, and raise his offspring to be kings of Israel.

Rachel

The Daughter of Jacobs uncle Laban Marries Jacob Has

Cycle of Disobedience/ Repentance in Deuteronomy History/ Former Prophets

The Former Prophets are often called the deuteronomisitic History The Former Prophets explain the whole history of Israel and Judah and explain the fall of both nations. In The Former Prophets Israel continues to break covenant and receive punishment. This eventually leads to the destruction of Israel and Judah as well as Jerusalem and The Lords temple.

The Former Prophets on Monarchy

The Former Prophets seems to have two interwoven accounts from different sources about how the people felt about the introduction of monarchy. One account joyously and gratefully welcomes the monarchy as a gift from Yahweh to his people. Another account should the desire for a king was depicted as some "great wickedness." It seems the final editor fully intended to express a paradox. Throughout its history, the monarchy stood under BOTH divine institution and divine judgement. Warnings against the dangers of hereditary kingship are giving in the story of Jotham (Judges 9) and in the accounts of Eli during Samuel and Samuels' no-account sons. Deuteronomy also has something to say about Monarchy (Deut 17:16-20) Laws of the king.

Tanakh

The Hebrew Bible, Jewish Scriptures

Aaron

The a high Priest of the Lord, Followed along side Moses during the Exodus. He is also the brother of Moses. Part of the Law received at the Exodus granted Aaron the Priesthood for himself and his male descendants. He became the first high Priest of the Israelite's.

Deuteronomistic Theology

The concept of the conditional nature of the covenant promises is foundational to the Deuteronomistic Theology established within the book and fostered in the Former Prophets and much of the rest of the Bible. When compared to the covenant Code of Exodus the laws in Deuteronomy reflect an urban society vs a agrarian society.

Joshua Vs Judges (about the takeover of Canaan)

The first half of Joshua seems to imply that Canaan in Whole is taken over by Israel and all of the former residents are killed. While Judges depicts an incomplete conquest of Canaan Unlike the book of Joshua, where Israel functions as a unity to capture the land, leaving the reader with the impression of a full-scale conquest of the land. There are 4 main theories on the Israelite origins -Conquest Theory Accepts the Accounts of Joshua as factually accurate, but with a more thorough conquest in the early chapters of Joshua. Little archaeological evidence to support this claim. -Immigration Theory An Outside group moved into Canaan and settled in the sparsely populated highlands, later infiltrating and taking control of the more populated areas and cities. No archaeological evidence to support this claim. -Peasant Revolt Theory A struggle between the small ruling class controlling urban power and the lower class peasants who worked the lands resulted in a grassroots revolt from which Israel ultimately emerged. Little archaeological evidence to support this claim. -Gradual Emergence Perhaps the Most popular scholarly view today is that Israel gradually developed and emerged from within the indigenous population of Canaan centered on a cult of Yahweh that helped unify the group. Some parts of later Israel may have indeed immigrated from the outside.

Hellenization

The historical spread of ancient Greek culture, religion and, to a lesser extend, language, over foreign peoples conquered by Greeks or brought into their sphere of influence, particularly during the Hellenistic period following the campaigns of Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE. There were two factions within Judaism: the Hellenists, who had accepted pagan practices and the Greek culture; and the Traditionalists, who were faithful to the Mosaic Law and the old ways.

Jonah and his book

The main theme : despite Jonah's expressed resistance, the Lord's purposes were accomplished. The book assumes familiarity with what the Assyrians ultimately do to Jonah's people within a generation of Jonah's life. The reader is expected to identify with jonah's resistance against preaching and the people who would destroy Israel withing a generation. This is why Jonah attempts to flee from the Lord to Tarnish as he does not want to attempt to save the people in Nineveh that will eventually rise up against him and destroy him and his people.

Constructive Parallelism

The second line further develops the first to present a complete thought Psalm 1:3 They are like trees planted by streams of water, which yield their fruit in its season, and their leaves do not wither. In all that they do, they prosper.

Synonymous Parallelism

The second line restates the first line in different words. Psalm 1:5 Therefore the wicked will not stand in the judgement, nor sinners in the congregation of the righteous;

Antithetical Parallelism

The second line states the opposite of the first, showing the flip side of the same proverbial coin. Psalm 1:6 for the Lord watches over the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked will perish

Theodicy

Theodicy, in its most common form, is an attempt to answer the question of why a good God permits the manifestation of evil. A great example of this idea is present in the story of Job as God allow Satan to destroy Job's loved ones and face many hardships. Theodicy is a justification of righteousness of God , which attempts to solve the theological problem of the existence of evil.

Zion Theology

Theology surrounding the physical temple of the Lord constructed by Solomon. The Theology believes that the temple will never fall and that the grace of the Lord exists there, without the temple, the people cannot praise Yahweh.

Hebrew Parallelism

Typically governed by parallel ideas rather than sounds.

The temple and prophetic Conflict Haggai and zechariah

While the Situation in Judea after the return from exile was relatively bleak, Haggai and Zechariah prophesied that when the temple was restored, God would usher in a golden age, restoring the kingdom of Judah to a better state than it was in before. However, third Isaiah reflects dissatisfaction with the Temple enterprise.

Bathsheba

Wife of David, David saw her naked in the bath tub from his window, David told his guards to go get her and he lay with her. Her husband Uriah the Hittite was killed by the order of David as he was ordered by Joab to be at the front line and run at the enemy in Israels army. David took Bathsheba as his wife.

Rebekah

Wife of Issac, Esau and Jacob are her sons. Abraham is told his servant that he must get a wife for his son Issac from his home country . The Servant traveled across the desert to find Rebekah. Rebekah bore two children Esau and Jacob. The children are described as battling in Rebekah's Womb, when she asks the lord about this he remarks "Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples born of you shall be divided" Esau was born first but sold his birthright for some food to Jacob.

Wisdom literature

Wisdom literature provides an excellent window on everyday life as people experienced it in antiquity. Can be described as: The reasoned search for thoughtful ways to assure well-being and the implementation of those discoveries into daily life. Biblical Wisdom Literature Includes: Stories Proverbs Fables School lessons riddles Instructions on etiquette Precepts Hymns Prayers Wise counsel from learned instructors

Micah 6:1-5

a Covenant Lawsuit on behalf of Yahweh against Israel and Judah

Herem

a Hebrew word meaning devoted thing or thing devoted to destruction used 29 times in the Masoretic Text

The book of Daniel

a composite work featuring short stories about a young Jewish exile in Babylon named Daniel and his friends, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego Written in both Hebrew and Aramaic 1:1 - 2:4a in Hebrew; 2:4b-7:28 in Aramaic 8-12 in Hebrew Date- Daniel was put together in its present form around 167 BCE, during the Maccabean Revolt Author in Daniel predicts the rise and fall of the empires up to the beginning of the Maccabean Revolt. Key themes: Highly connected to Wisdom Literature Reflects the worldview of Apocalypticism Follow the covenant even if it costs you dearly- God will ultimately rescue and bring reward Despite the oppression of empires in the present, a new Kingdom of God will set things right Concludes that the 70 years of exile predicted by Jeremiah have been multiplied by 7 due to disobedience

Ḥerem

utterly destroy to put to the ban