SOC 3110 QUARTER 2
Situational couple violence
"Intimate" partner abuse that is NOT embedded in a general pattern of controlling behavior occurs when a specific conflict situation escalates to violence; due to situations of stress, sees both partners as violent, and might happen once or a few times
Holmes and Rahe Readjustment Rating Scale
"Life-events scale" designed to measure the stress that can be caused by various changes in life events
What factors are adaptability based on?
- An individual's perception of an event or situation - His or her degree of prep by society to cope (economic, social support, and life skills)
What are the primary critiques of the Life Event Stress Scales?
- Change is a normal part of life (positive and negative events treated similarly) - An event might be positive for some, but negative for another, e.g. divorce - Inventory ignores the larger life circumstances surrounding the event
What has increased women's participation in the labor force since the 1980s?
- Changes in the economy (offshoring of jobs; the shift from manufacturing to the service economy, the decline in the strength of unions, more opportunities - access to education, careers, etc.) - Decline in real income (how much your money can buy; the cost of living has increased more than income) - Increased material wealth as a standard of living (as the capitalist economy grows, there is pressure to buy more - such as getting the newest cell phones and vehicles)
What are some ways in which power and control are exerted in intimate terrorism?
- Coercion and threats (threatening to leave, commit suicide, or force them to commit illegal acts) - Intimidation (looks, actions, gestures, displaying weapons, animal abuse) - Emotional abuse (name-calling, gaslighting, humiliating, guilting, putting them down) - Isolation (controlling what they do, read, or go, and limiting outside involvement and whom they see or talk to) - Minimize, deny, and blame (making light of the abuse, not taking their abuse concerns seriously, gaslighting regarding the abuse happening or who caused it) - Children (guilt about the children, using the children to relay messages, threatening to take the children away) Male privilege (treating her like a servant while acting like the "master of the castle" and making all of the big decisions) - Economic abuse (preventing them from getting/keeping a job, making them ask for money, giving them an allowance, taking their income, or preventing them from accessing family income)
What consequences does immigration hold for immigrant families?
- Family separation - Loss of ethnic identity as people acculturate to the US - Economic uncertainties (e.g., finding work) - Risk of death
What changes led to the rise of transnational mothers?
- Increased demand for female workers - Economic insecurity in developing nations - Women in developed nations have more career opportunities outside the home but need caretakers for their children
What familial tensions does Portes discuss in The New Second Generation?
- Language barriers - Loss of parental authority - Americanized culture v. old country culture
What are the 2 major types of social stressors identified by Leonard Pearlin (1989)?
- Life events - can be positive (e.g., marriage) or negative (e.g., job loss) - Chronic strains - often built into stratification systems (e.g., bad infrastructure, lack of job opportunities)
What are the direct financial costs of raising children?
- Out of pocket expenses for things such as food, clothing, housing, and education - The USDA projects a child born in 2015 will on average cost their family $223,610 to raise at the age of 17
What factors affect stress?
- Predictability - Control - Desirability vs. undesirability of life event - Normative nature of event (relates to status & roles)
What are the three steps of modern demographic transition?
1. Agricultural / pre-industrial 2. Transitional 3. Modern / post-industrial
What are the 3 phases of stress identified by Selye?
1. Alarm (fight or flight) 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion
There has been a large shift upwards since in the _____________ in the likelihood of mothers working outside the home.
1970s
What is our current world population? What will this number be by 2050? When and at what number is the world population expected to peak?
7.8 billion 9.7 billion 2100 at 11 billion
The "Me Generation"
A generation of people in the 1980s that were concerned chiefly with themselves, especially in being selfishly materialistic - this short period saw a decrease in time spent in childcare activities
Stress
A heightened body-mind reaction to stimuli that induces fear or anxiety in the individual
Role capacity
A person being in a role that they don't want to be in E.g., A waitress trying to be an actress
Migrant worker
A person who moves from place to place to find work; typically, this is low-skilled employment for little pay
Mechanic (1978) identified _____________ as the key variable in whether a person will eventually suffer organic damage.
Adaptability
Toxic masculinity
Adherence to traditional male gender roles that restrict the kinds of emotions allowable for boys and men to express, including social expectations that men seek to be dominant (the "alpha male") and limit their emotional range primarily to expressions of anger
The construction of masculinity has an emphasis on _____________.
Aggression
How have immigrants from Latin America and Asian fared in the US, comparitively?
Asian immigrants (Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, China) tend to be wealthier Latin American immigrants tend to make income as migrant workers
Total Fertility Rate
Average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime
How has population size risen or fallen in comparison to the percentage of immigrants in the population?
Both have increased, but the percentage of immigrants has increased at a much faster rate
Compare Rhacel Salazar Parrenas' article "Migrant Filipina Domestic Workers and the International Division of Reproductive Labor" and the film "Letters from the other side".
Both observe the effects of transnational families - why they are pursued and how successful they are The article focuses on transnational Filipina mothers and the film focuses on Mexican mothers and their transnational husbands and sons
What are some ways in which fertility rates are measured?
Crude Birth Rate (CBR), General Fertility Rate, and Total Fertility Rate
What did Holmes and Rahe's Readjustment Rating Scale identify as the highest cause of stress?
Death of a spouse (then divorce, the marital separation, etc)
How do fertility and population impact society on a micro-level?
Decisions by individuals about whether to have children and how many children to have
Overall, the fertility rate is _____________ because of the _____________.
Declining Demographic transition
Role overload
Demands on a person's energy that exceed their capacities
What happens when population growth slows?
Economic growth slows and there is a demographic shift where there are fewer children and a longer lifespans, causing concerns for the elderly and how to pay for their care
What elderly immigrant issues does Portes discuss in the Second New Generation?
Elderly immigrants become dependent on their US-citizen children, often have little to no income, are non-English speaking, and they provide childcare and housework
Differentiate immigration and emigration.
Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country) Immigration describes the movement of people into one country from another (to permanently move to a country)
Early US saw the arrival of _____________ immigrants, but, more recently, the US sees the arrival of _____________ immigrations
European Non-white European
T/F: Many argue that intimate terrorism is NOT embedded in the patriarchal structure.
False!
T/F: Men spend the same amount of time in childcare activities now as they did in the past.
False! Men are 2x more likely to engage in childcare activities since the 1960s (though, men still spend half the time as women doing parenting tasks)
T/F: All transnational mothers migrated because they were poor.
False! Sometimes, the family made an adequate income, but they wanted to earn more money or make a better life for themselves and their children (e.g. they might do so to be able to put their children into private schools)
Where and how do people receive social support?
Families and groups Subjective feelings of belonging, acceptance, and being needed produce feelings of well-being and relieves symptoms of tension
Transnational families
Families that live across national boundaries, typically for work; parents will leave their children behind under the care of the other parent or some other family member
How has immigration in the US shifted in modern times, post-1960?
Foreign-born residents compose roughly 1/8 of our population Most are Latin American or Asian and have settled in the Western and Southern regions of the US
What technique have parents used in modern day to address biological differences but avoid enforcing gender roles and expectations onto their children?
Gender-neutral child-rearing
In her 1984 studies, Rosaldo found that household labor is often very _____________.
Gendered
How might parenting strategies vary the money spent raising children?
Higher-income families tend to practice concerted cultivation
Marital happiness, satisfaction, and quality are positively related to the amount of _____________ that spouses share.
Housework
What are the largest expenditures in family building?
Housing - 24% Food - 18% Education - 16% Transportation - 15% Clothing - 6% Health - 9%
In The New Second Generation, Alejandro Portes discusses what 3 ideas?
How US immigration causes familial tensions, shifts gender dynamics, and impacts elderly immigrants
What gender dynamic issues does Portes discuss in the New Second Generation?
How gender roles change because of lack of skills, language barriers, and cultural differences ** Seen in the Hmong
Inter-role conflict
Incompatible demands of multiple roles **E.g., balancing motherhood roles and work roles
Role strain
Interpersonal conflict within role sets ** Includes: inter-role conflict, role captivity, and role restructuring
Social structures of inequality and social roles lead to what? What does this lead to, in turn?
Life events, chronic strains, and daily hustles Distress
What are the opportunity costs of raising children?
Lost income opportunities by working part-time or not at all because of children; lost opportunities to do other things with your time other than parietal responsibilities
Who are the primary interviewees from the film "Letters from the other side"? What do their experiences reveal?
Maria Yanez: farmer; married to Domingo; 3 sons in US - they are not ashamed of their parents - they are proud of them Camela Rico: husband left for the US to pay off medical debts; he passed away on the journey from Mexico to the US Eugenia Gonzalez: 5 kids; her transnational husband called often and sent money but then dissapeared and was rumored to be dead or have picked up bad habits - her two oldest sons moved to the US to find the husband - he was living with another woman Yolanda: Women's cooperative - store for all women - belongs to all women - created to cut out the middle man and deal with lack of ways to sell ** NEEDS REV
Historically, males who leave in transnational families are _____________ moving from a _____________ to _____________ nation.
Migrant workers Poorer to wealthier ** E.g. Chinese Soujourners
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Number of children born per 1000 people in the population
General Fertility Rate
Number of children born per 1000 women ages 15-49
What are the benefits of childbearing at the personal and societal level?
Personal - multifold Societal - basic necessity of maintaining the existence of society
How do fertility and population impact society on a macro-level?
Population growth or decline; the demographic structure of the population and its consequences
Role restructuring
Relationship and role sets change
_____________ said in his studies of _____________ that if men are blocked from a normal route to a success model, they will take an alternative, "deviant" model towards success.
Robert Merton Deviance
The Mask You Live in identifies _____________ as the training ground to earn masculinity.
School
What are the three main situations discussed in the 2007 film Fatherhood Dreams?
Scott- Surogracy Steve used to be married to Wendy and together they had their daughter, Jazz; Steve considers himself gay, and Wendy realized she was a lesbian, which caused her and Steve to divorce and her to partner with Corrine; however, Steve is still very involved and used helped Corrine get pregnant through artificial insemination; their kid was named Isiah (all three parents were listed on the birth certificate for legal protection of the child) Randy and Drew are a gay couple who adopted Jack
How does chronic strain act as a stressor?
Sees problems, threats, and conflicts that are relatively enduring
Who first documented Stress?
Selye (1956)
Who did Arlene Hochschild study? What did she find out?
She studied 50 heterosexual married couples, women and men with full-time jobs and young children Women took on responsibilities for work outside the home, but men did not take up a share of work inside the home - women were left with a "second shift" of work when they came home from their 9-5 jobs
Who did Rhacel Salazar Parrenas study in her article "Migrant Filipina Domestic Workers and the International Division of Reproductive Labor"? What did she observe?
She studied women in Italy and the US She found a 3-tier transfer of reproductive labor: 1) Middle-class women in receiving nations (Italy and the US) 2) Migrant domestic workers (Filipina women) 3) Women in underdeveloped nations who are too poor to migrate A Filipina mother will take care of an Italian/American woman's children, and a Phillipino woman too poor to migrate will take care of the Filipina mother's children
What experiences were common among transnational mothers?
She will leave her children behind to find work in a wealthier country, where she generally will hold a domestic position, such as a housekeeper or nanny; her work is often underpaid with poor working conditions ** She may be also taken advantage of by her employers if they take her proof of identification
What are the two categories of intimate partner violence?
Situational couple violence and intimate terrorism
Population growth is currently _____________ meaning there is a demographic shift towards a(n) _____________ population.
Slowing Older
As nations become more urban and modernized, their population growth _____________.
Slows
What 3 factors compose chronic strains?
Social roles, social structure, and consequences of stratification
We have this mythos that everyone can do everything, but this does not account for _____________.
Social strata
Durkheim's book Suicide discusses how people cope through _____________.
Social support (particularly through religion)
How do birth/death rates change in the development of a modern demographic transition? What situations provoke these changes?
Stage 1) There is a stable population, but then there is a change (e.g. sanitation, childhood vaccines, etc.) that causes the death rate to decline Stage 2) The birth rate declines, but lags behind the declining death rate Stage 3) There's a shift in norms, more opportunities for women outside the home, and increased urbanization that causes the birth and death rate to stabilize more Stage 4) The population stabilizes as birth and death rates even out; the rate is less than the replacement birth rate in post-industrial nations
Malthusian Perspective
Starvation is inevitable as a result of population growth because population increases geometrically and food supply increases arithmetically
ABC-X Model of Family
Stress analysis of the outcome of a crisis will depend on the ABC factors: crisis type, available resources, and associated perceptions and meanings
How does the Double ABC-X Model of Family differ from the ABC-X Model of Family?
The Double is design to understand the effects of the accumulation of stresses and crises and how families adapt to them (considers pile-up, coping, addition and loss of resources, etc.)
What was the subject of the film The Mask You Live In?
The Mask you live in discusses the construction of masculinity, the way boys are raised, and the consequences of these factors: - Discourages men from revealing emotions - don't cry, don't be a wimp, etc. - Discourages male intimacy (it's perpetuated as gay) - Perpetuates the idea that men should be athletic and have a lot of sex - Contributes to increasingly higher rates of suicide from childhood to adulthood as compared to females
Where has modern demographic transition already happened? Where is it expected to happen?
The US, Japan, and Western Europe The developing world
Intimate terrorism
The attempts to dominate one's partner and to exert general control over the relationship, domination that is manifested in the use of a wide range of power and control tactics, including violence
How did immigration in the US shift by 1960?
The foreign-born population (mostly European immigrants who living in the Northeast / Midwest) composed 1/20 residents
How does the psychological perspective differ from the sociological perspective?
The sociological perspective looks at patterns in society, whereas the psychological perspective takes an individual-level focus and looks at individual pathology
How have norms shifted about having children out of wedlock?
There is a growing acceptance of it, both in situations of a single parent and in situations of cohabitating parents
How do K12 School Systems reinforce gendered expectations of the public/private dichotomy?
They function as if there is always someone at home
How does our society view violence?
They support and promote it (through the media and the construction of masculinity)
Stress is the body's response to a(n) _____________.
Threat ** E.g., unpleasent working conditions, financial strain, job loss, divorce, migration, racial discrimination, imprisonment, etc.
What does Lisa Wade discuss in her book, "The American Hookup"?
Through diaries and interviews, Lisa Wade analyzes the mixed messages of hookup culture on today's college campuses within the history of sexuality, the evolution of higher education, and the unfinished feminist revolution
T/F: Today, toxic masculinity affects the social behaviors of men more than the social expectations of women.
True - females have challenged traditional roles in the past more because of the gender stratification they face
T/F: The developed world has a lower fertility rate than the underdeveloped world.
True!
T/F: Immigrants and descendants of immigrants are not homogeneous groups.
True! E.g. Seen with Hispanic groups (recent, low-income immigrants and then 3 generations - Cubans in Florida - who are educated and upper-middle-class) as well as with Asian American groups
T/F: Mothers with older children are more likely to be employed, regardless of race.
True! 34% of mothers in 1975 with children under 3 worked - today it's 62%; however, the percentages of those working are impacted by social class and race - a possible subcultural difference - with black, then white, then Hispanic and Asian women working more
T/F: Public tends to be more valued than private labor.
True! Women typically do private labor, whereas men typically do public labor, and the men's role is more valued
Household Labor
Unpaid work to maintain family members and the home (cooking, cleaning, etc.) I.e. "reproductive labor" / "care work"
How might social class impact the public/private dichotomy?
Upper-middle class couples might pay somebody to clean their house and care for their kids, thus reinforcing gender, race, and global hierarchies ** Their hired household labor tends to be non-white females who are not from the US and are possibly undocumented
When men struggle to "be a man," they may go through the "allowable" behaviors - _____________.
Violence
How does gender impact status as a parent?
Women face the ideology of intensive mothering and men are expected to be the provider
Arlene Hochschild said that what was "the basic social revolution of our time"?
Women's move into the economy
Status
Your position in the social structure
General Adaption Syndrome
Your reaction to continued stress; composed of the three phases of stress
