Social psychology

Which of the following statements best reflects a dispositional view of human behavior?

"Bob is so self-centered that he has trouble getting along with other people."

Which of the following statements best represents a dispositional view of human behavior?

"Bob is so self-centered that he has trouble getting along with other people."

Freedman and Fraser, in their door-to-door study in which housewives were asked to sign a petition or put an ugly sign in their yard, found that subjects who agreed to a ________________ request first were ____________ likely to comply with another request

Small; more

Which of the following is not a major theory on motives for prejudice and discrimination

Social Exchange Theory

In his studies of obedience to authority, Milgram found that

When the experimenter was out of the room, fewer subjects were fully obedient.

The impact of television commercials on young children is reflected in the fact that

according to their mothers, a majority of preschoolers were able to sing commercial jingles learned from TV

confidence is NOT a good predictor of

accuracy

one tended to say that they didnt realize know how they recognized the man, his face just "popped out" at them

accurate witness

Elana's boss told her today that she is being let go due to company downsizing. Later when she goes home, she is critical of her girlfriend's choice of restaurant for dinner. What term best describes Elana's behavior?

displaced aggression

Kuo conducted a study in which he raised a kitten in the same cage as a rat... this study indicates that:

aggressive behavior can be inhibited by early experiences.

According to Berkowitz, who stresses the role of learning in human aggression:

aggressive behavior is the result of interplay between innate propensities, learned responses, and specifics of social situations.

An evolutionary psychologist explanation of our attention to social exclusion suggest .....

being able to reproduce

Haney has conducted research on murder trials that use the death qualification procedure, in which potential jury members are opposed to the death penalty are systematically excluded from jury duty. Compared to subjects who did not witness a film segment showing this procedure, the subjects who did observe the procedure were more likely to:

belief that the defendant was guilty and would end up receiving the death penalty.

The research of jones and kohler demonstrated that people are generally more motivated to:

believe they are right, rather than to actually be right

Aronson reports the results of an experiement in which people who were asked to insulate their homes...

emphasize how much is lost by not.

If a major league baseball umpire calls a bad call in front of 50,000 fans and a national TV audience, he is unlikely to reverse his call when pressure by other umpires because:

he made a public commitment to his initial call.

The event that is thought to have motivated social psychologists to begin studying helping behavior and other forms of prosocial behavior was:

the murder of Kitty Genovese.

research on the self-fulfilling prophecy conducted by Mark Snyder and his colleagues has revealed that

the nature of the question that a person is asked can play a part in determining their response

the major feature of jigsaw groups that aronson believes accounts for their success in reducing the negative effects of prejudice

the necessity of depending on all groups members for vital information

in the lerner experiment, in which subjects observed the experimenter flipping a coin

the nonrewarded person as seen as having worked less on the task .........

Arnson and his collegues found that he was best able to convince students to use condoms regularly when:

they were reminded of their own failures to use condoms and they made a speech

Aronson and his colleagues found that he was best able to convince students to use condoms regularly when

they were reminded of their own failures to use condoms and they made a speech advocating condom use.

in-group (one's own) and the out-group. This tendency leads to:

thinking one's group is "better" and more deserving.

when we dont have time to think carefully about the issue when we are overloaded with information when the issue is not very important to us when we have little solid knowledge or information to use

we use heuristics

Which of the following best illustrates an implicit attitude?

when Randi experiences a flash of discomfort around her lesbian friends

When are people least likely to throw litter on the ground?

when a model picked up a discarded fast-food bag and placed it in the trash can

Realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises

when groups compete for scarce resources.

Media contagion is:

when media coverage of a tragic event results in repetition or prolonging of that event

did not become embarrassed oops got the date wrong we spread so much light the world was saved

when prophecy fails

suppose you were a woman who felt she was the victim of sexual discrimination and prejudice.........

working interdependently with men in situations which allow you both an equal status

suppose you know a black person who feels that he is the victim of racial discrimination

working interdependently with white people in situations which allow both an equal status

the more stressed people are, the ___ their memory is for people involved in a crime

worse

if you persuade someone to do you a favor, it is likely that:

he or she will like you more

You pay $200 but think it is a bargain if...

the person before you pays 400

When a person is exposed to a watered-down attack upon his or her believes, this produces resistance to later persuasion because:

the person gains some practice in defending his or her beliefs.

we see members of other groups as more similar that we see members of our own group

homogeneity effect

The death penalty has not been shown to effectively deter homicide. One reason is that most murders are the result of

hostile aggression.

Suppose you conduct an experiment to study the effect of violence in television shows on aggressiveness in children. The dependent variable would be:

how aggressive the children are.

Suppose you are ready to buy a new car..........

how convenient the brand a car is to park and drive.

According to Axsom and Cooper, what may be a critical factor in therapy?

how much effort the person expends in the process

Suppose you saw a small child eating lima beans with obvious reluctance. When asked why she was eating them if she wasn't fond of them, she replied, "Because Big Bird eats his vegetables, and I want to be like him!" What type of conformity is she displaying?

identification.

when we consider long term rather than transient relationships or events, the impact of being right may become a____ important goal than the need to maintain a relationship

less

in general, getting someone else to do you a favor is__________ effective in increasing his liking for you than your doing a favor for him, due to_________.

more; his process of justification

In comparison to people with low-self esteem, cognitive dissonance theory suggests that persons with high-self esteem are ___________ likely to experience dissonance if they hurt someone and they are ______ likely to derogate a victim whom they have hurt.

more; more

According to Janis, groupthink most often leads a group to make:

mostly poor quality decisions.

Alice's three children are driving her crazy. They are constantly squabbling, calling one another names, and generally tormenting one another. To preserve what's left of her sanity, Alice has decided to try to convince the youngsters to get along. She promises them that she will take them to a funny movie if they will work together to clean their playroom in under thirty minutes. Which of the preconditions for reducing group conflict does this illustrate?

mutual interdependence and a common goal

Harold Kelly's view of social cognition is that people attempt to function as:

naive scientist.

links a person or idea to a negative symbol

name calling technique

Tony has been doing research on age and aggression. He has discovered that the younger a person is, the more likely he or she is to aggress against another person. What kind of relationship best describes Tony's findings?

negative correlation

Arnold is taking a test which measures his reaction time to faces paired with words. When he responds more slowly to black faces paired with positive words it means he has a

negative implicit prejudice.

In Bandura's "Bobo Doll" study, children who watched an adult act aggressively toward a plastic, air-filled doll:

not only imitated the behaviors, but also engage in new forms of aggression towards the doll.

in a study by walster and her associates in which students were randomly matched for a computer date after taking a battery of psychological tests, it was found that

the physical attractiveness of the individuals involved was significantly related to mutual liking.

The crucial difference between experimental and nonexperimental methods of investigation is that experimental methods involve:

the use of random assignment.

According to Rusbult's study, if you want to predict whether or not someone will stay in an intimate relationship, you would need know all but which of the following about the couples members:

their attachment styles.

mary believes that she got her job as a lawyer because she has the potential to be a great lawyer ............

patty would be more likely to give up

Studying on conformity and jaywalking indicate that:

pedestrians are less likely to jaywalk when they observe a high-status well-dressed person who refrains from jaywalking.

Dissonance effects are greatest when:

people feel personally responsible and their actions have serious negative consequences

how easy it is to perform the behavior

perceived behavioral control

the route in which a person responds to simple, often irrelevant cues that suggest the rightness or wrongness of an argument without giving it much thought.

peripheral route to persuasion

less judicious consideration of the message, affected by simple messages, often irrelevant cues that suggest rightness, wrongness or attractiveness

peripheral routes

tend to only perceive and remember schema consistent information

perseverance effect

Attitude change that has followed the central route is more likely to

persist. Influence older audiences.

Aronson describes an experiment in which groups of subjects discuss the punishment appropriate for Johnny Rocco, a juvenile delinquent. In this experiment, subjects best liked a confederate when he played the role of a:

person who agreed with the group (conformist).

Cohen et al. found that African-American children who have classroom assignments at the start of the school year that focused on __________ received significantly higher grades.

personal strength and values

start of the school year that focused on _______ got significantly higher grades.

personal strength and values

beliefs about how others view this behavior

subjective norms

Zimbardo's experiment on the effects of dissonance arousal on pain... found that:

subjects felt less pain when they volunteered to receive shocks.

The main reason social psychologists want their experiments to have impact on subjects is that, without impact:

subjects' reactions will not be spontaneous and, thus, the results of the experiment will have little meaning.

Freud believed that aggressive energy could be channeled...

sublimation

According to Zimbardo, Ebbesen, and Maslach, who analyzed the content of elementary-school arithmetic texts, examples of math problems from most textbooks:

subtly endorse and legitimize the capitalist economic system that is dominant in our society - presenting it as "natural and normal."

according to research on dating, people:

tend to have longer relationships with someone who matches their level of physical attractiveness

Attribution theory is the most concerned with explaining the:

tendency for people to make inferences about the causes of behavior

is unpleasant and we are motivated to reduce it

tension/dissonance

Tomoko explains that her teacher is a kind, gentle person and that is why Tomoko does well in school. Tomoko's appraisal of her teacher is best thought of as an example of:

the dispositional view.

The dependent variable in an experiment is used to measure:

the effects of the independent variable.

Sakai performed F & C's experiement about telling a lie for either 1 or 20, in Japan he found:

the experiment was a little different with an observer to the lie and..

How did Aronson and and Mettee manipulate self-esteem...

the gave false feedback about their personalities...

In Asch's conformity experiments, the discomfort felt by subjects who expressed agreement with the incorrect judgements of the majority could result from the conflict between two important goals. It was suggested that the goals in conflict are:

the goal of being correct and the goal of staying in the good graces of others by living up to their expectations.

Jim buys the MGB, he will concentrate on:

the good gas mileage he gets

if asked to do a task, some were paid $1 and others paid $20 which group found the task more enjoyable

the group paid $1

In his study of the effects of media coverage of teenage suicides, David Philips found that

there was an increase in teen suicides following the coverage.

base rate fallacy

representatives heuristic

Which of the following is a comment you are least likely to hear being made within a group characterized by groupthink?

"Let's weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed."

Elizabeth, a literature major, believes that the author James Joyce was the most brilliant writer since Shakespeare. A friend asks her if Joyce had positive attitudes about women, or whether he was very sexist. Elizabeth has no knowledge whatsoever about Joyce's private life. Based on the attitude heuristic, Which of the following responses would Elizabeth be likely to give?

"No-he couldn't have been a sexist. I'm sure of it."

Based According to reactance theory, which of the following persuasion attempts will meet with the least resistance when a parent tries to convince his child to keep her room clean?

"Please try to remember to put your toys away when you've finished playing with them."

Which of the following statements is an example of benevolent sexism?

"Women aren't good poker players, but that's just because they need a little extra help with sorting out what hands are best."

Research by Loftus on eye-witness testimony has revealed that:

"leading" questions can distort both a witness's memory and his/her judgments of the facts in a given case.

"I am an intelligent college student who enjoys exercise and keeping in shape. I have ambitious dreams of becoming a successful CEO one day. On the weekends, I love watching movies and jogging. I am looking for that special someone who is younger than me, attractive, cooks, and loves kids and animals." According to the Evolutionary perspective, we would expect that this personal ad was most likely written by...

...a man seeking a woman.

Four Types of Research:

1. Observation - Case study or field observation. 2. Correlational - Examining the relationship between the variables within the same group of people. 3. Quasi-Experiment - Similar to an experiment, but rely upon naturally formed groups, so no random assignment. 4. Experimental - Controls for specific variable and uses random assignment.

What is the Scientific Method?

1. Observation. 2. Prediction. 3. Frame the question into a hypothesis. 4. Design an experiment to confirm or disconfirm the hypothesis. 5. Give up the hypothesis if the data collected does not support the prediction.

Factors that increase or decrease conformity

1. Unanimity - Greatest pressure applied when the majority is unanimous. 2. Commitment - Public commitments reduce likelihood or later conformity. 3. The Person and the Culture - Self esteem, feelings of acceptance by the group, collectivist and individualistic societies, gender. 4. Accountability - Conformity increases when we have to justify our decisions. Qualification: Accuracy goal. Difficult to justify our dumb compliant decisions. 5. The Group Exerting Pressure - Characteristics of the group that influence us to conform. Individuals with the same characteristics influence us. Gladwell's "The Tipping Point".

What is the recency effect?

All things being equal, the last argument will be the most effective.

Loftus and Harley (2005) they found that accuracy in identifying began to drop when distance exceeded ___ feet

25

cognitive component affective component behavioral component

3 basic components

How many hours of television does the average American watch per week?

30

In Aronson and linder's gain-loss experiement, subjects over heard a confederate give a series of evaluations of them that were.........

3124

According to the text, what percentage of 10th grade students believed that commercials were truthful most of the time?

4%

At what voltage level did the majority of subjects stop "shocks" to the learner in Milgram's classic experiment?

450 volts

At what voltage level did majority of subjects stop "shocks" to the learner in Milgram's classic experiment?

450 volts, "DangerXXX"

In Johnson's "If it bleeds, it leads" study, over a six-month period, approx. what percentage of news broadcasts depicted suffering or conflict?

53%

LaPiere conducted a study in the 1930s in which he wrote to restaurants and hotels to ask if they would allow Chinese people to eat or sleep there. He later visited these same establishments with Chinese friends and observed whether or not the friends were served. His results showed that about ____ percent of the places said they would not serve Chinese and that in reality ____ percent of them actually refused.

90; less than 1

Conformity

A change in a persons behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people.

Which one of the following statements about the effectiveness of communication is NOT true?

A communicator who includes both sides of the argument in a presentation tends to reduce the persuasiveness of his/her position.

Of the following, which is the best example of instrumental aggression?

A group of mercenaries, hired to kill the dictator of a small country, arrange to poison him.

A one-sided argument for why nuclear power should be discontinued would be more persuasive than a two-sided argument with which of the following groups?

A local Anti- nuke group.

The response of students from both campus to film a roughly packed football game between D and P shows that _____ may be one important means of reducing dissonance.

Actual perceptual distortion

Which of the following is a component of Damon's attitude toward classical music?

All of the above are part of Damon's attitude toward classical music.

Which of the following was one accurate finding in Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity?

Around one-third of the responses of naive subjects went along with the group.

Which of the following was one accurate finding in Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity?

Around one-third of the responses of the naive subjects went along with the group.

In 1969, Mary Ainsworth developed the "Strange Situation" experiment to measure children's attachment styles. The experiment consists of observing a child's separation anxiety to their caregiver, willingness to explore, stranger anxiety and reunion behavior. In a similar experiment, one-year old Toby interacts with the toys in the room, when his caregiver leaves Toby doesn't seem to notice and continues playing with the toys, when the caregiver returns Toby gives a glance and quickly returns to playing. What kind of attachment style is Toby more likely to be?

Avoidant Style

Which one of the following statements about fear-based appeals is NOT true?

Fear-based appeals always change behavior.

A prison guard has to transport (by bus) four prisoners convicted of violent crimes. Based on information from your text, who would be most likely to cause the guard problems and behave aggressively?

Boldly Bodacious Bobby, who is squeezed next to the luggage and is next to the smelly bathroom

According to research on the television film, The Day After, which statement graphically depicted the aftermath of a nuclear attack on the US?

Both viewers and nonviewers said they intended to work toward preventing nuclear war by supporting a nuclear-weapons freeze and other antinuclear activities.

Brad and Pam are friends, but have never dated. Brad wants to ask Pam out on a date, with the hope that she will think of him as more than just a friend. Based on research on external justification and dissonance theory, under which of the following conditions will Pam like Brad the most?

Brad asks her to a Valentine's Day dinner at a restaurant that Pam doesn't enjoy very much, and she accepts.

Independent Variable

Causes systematic differences in participants behavior.

Which of the following is an example of the personal/group discrimination discrepancy?

Cheryl believes that women are unemployed because of discrimination but she is unemployed because of low motivation.

Festinger and carlsmith 1959 performed an experiment in which subjects were asked to lie....... reduced this dissonance?

I did not really tell a lie what i said is quite true.

Carole has two boyfriends...

Craig will seem even more attractive than ever.

If deception is used, its negative effects can best be overcome by

Debriefing the subject.

Which of the following in not an ethical guideline proposed by Aronson in conducting an experiment?

Deception, in general, can be justified in all experiments, provided that they subjects are adequately debriefed at the end.

Steven Pinker and others have argued that the aggression surrounding the establishment of a dominance hierarchy in a group ultimately:

Decreases aggression between group members

Suppose you are responsible for planning the initiation ..... you would do well to make the initiation process

Difficult or unpleasant

Which of the following is an instrumental act of aggression?

Dropping a bomb on a ball-bearing factory of the enemy during WWII.

According to the Duck (1982) model of the breakup process, which phase would include confronting one's partner about dissatisfaction in the relationship as well as potential attempts to repair the relationship and reconcile with one's partner. .

Dyadic Phase.

Which one of the following is NOT true about the similarities and differences between propaganda and education?

Educational materials are always propaganda-free.

A recent correlational study found that the more time fathers spend with their children, the less likely they are to abuse their children. Which of the following is the most valid interpretation of this finding?

Either A, B, or C could be true, and one can't tell which, based on the results of the study.

Elizabeth, a high school student who smokes cigarettes, saw a film in her health class that depicted horrible scenes of people dying from lung cancer. After class a friend asks if the video convinced her to stop smoking. She said no. However, a few days later, she realized she did want to quit and decided to sign up for a program to help her. Based on research on persuasion, which might you conclude?

Elizabeth has a low self-esteem.

"Feel great. Smell great." goes the warm, lilting theme song of a television ad for perfume, as the model dances through a field of flowers. Why would this ad be most likely to work?

Emotional appeals work well with social identity products.

The foot-in-the-door technique is a method of:

Encouraging people to do a larger favor after they've agreed to an initially small request

which of the following statements provides the best illustration of straight talk

I've been feeling competitive with you ever since you got that promotion.

Post Decision Attitude Change Moral Behavior Putting in the Effort

Examples of how behaviors influence attitudes

If you were alone in a big city and hurt yourself, you would be more likely to get help if there were ten people standing nearby, rather than one or two.

False - Diffusion of responsibility

Stephanie and Chris believe they have just fallen in love with each other, and they are committed to spending the rest of their lives together. They just met last week and have not had much time to bond or talk with each other intimately. Nevertheless, they both report feeling very intense emotions and arousal when spending time together. According to Sternberg, what would this relationship be labeled?

Fatuous

4th grader Hannah, revealed the effects of stereotype on social judgment were apparent when:

Hannah's performance on achievement test was ambiguous, she was depicted as coming from a poor background.

How does cognitive dissonance explain a husband beating up his wife while he still sees himself as a decent human being?

He convinces himself that his wife deserved the beating from her evil actions

Which one of the following was NOT found by Gerbner's research on "heavy" (4+ hours a day) vs. "light" (2 or less hours a day) television watchers?

Heavy viewers were more likely to believe that women have limited abilities and interests as compared to men

According to research by Gerbner and his associates, heavy viewers of television are more likely than light viewers to:

Hold exaggerated views about the prevalence of violence in society.

Suppose you conducted an experiment to study the effect of violence in television shows on aggressiveness in children. The dependent variable would be

How aggressive the children were.

one of the major determinants of whether an attitude will guide behavior is:

How easily the attitude comes to mind.

F&C performed an experiement in which students were asked to lie to a "fellow student" for either 1 or 20... which of the following statements best expresses how subjects probably reduce this dissonance?

I did not lie... what I said is quite true.

Suppose you saw a small child eating lima beans with obvious reluctance. When asked why she was eating them if she wasn't fond of them, she replied, "Because Big Bird eats his vegetables, and I want to be like him!" What type of conformity is she displaying?

Identification

According to the hindsight bias you would predict which of the following results?

If after a race were over, people were asked how confident they were that a particular horse would win, they would remember being more confident if he did win than if he did not.

What did Paul Herr discover in his research on accessibility of hostility?

If subjects worked a seek and search puzzle with hostile names, they later played very competitively in a game.

Which one of the following statements is true?

If we like and can identify with someone, we are more likely to be influenced by him/her with regard to trivial issues.

In informal surveys, people say lesbians are likely to contact AID- though they have the lowest HIV infection rate- this is an example of

Illusory correlation.

Explaining unpleasant behavior by labeling people "crazy" or "sadistic"

Is dangerous if it causes us to forget about situational factors that could cause us to engage in unpleasant behaviors.

Which of the following is not characteristic of internalization?

It is based on the admiration or liking of another.

Jane is a subject in Milgram's study of obedience. As she delivers increasingly severe shocks to the "learner", she feels a great deal of anxiety, engages in nervous laughter, and breaks out into a sweat. Caught in the grip of conflicting emotions, she would like to stop but feels like she must continue to obey the orders of the experimenter. She has never encountered a situation like this before. Cased on the description, what can we conclude about the Milgram experiment?

It was high in experimental realism.

Who is more likely to use the central route to persuasion when attending to a communication about health insurance reform?

James, who is undergoing extensive treatment after his auto accident

Based on research examining minority influence, who would be best to deliver a public speech intended to change the majority group's opinion?

Jeramiah, a journalist arguing for stricter sexual assault legislation.

Luke and Laura have been living together for years and have finally decided to break it off for good. Which of the following best illustrates an integrative solution to their dilemma of dividing up their possessions?

Laura, the music lover of the two, gets the stereo, while Luke, the gourmet chef, gets all of the fancy pots and pans.

The amount of dissonance produced when a person engages in attitude-discrepant acts are greatest when the rewards are:

Just sufficient to induce the act.

Sapolsky describes a medical event in Switzerland... which explains their benefit?

Justification of effort.

What is the relationship between people committing larcenies (thefts) and televisions?

Larcenies increase when television is introduced into an area because the lifestyle promoted on television is frustrating to those who are deprived.

There is an exception to the general rule that logical, informative messages will be highly persuasive when the issue is relevant to the audience. What is that exception?

Logical, informative messages will not work well when values and feelings are the basis of the attitude in question.

One implication discussed from Milgram's classic experiment is:

Many innocent people had been killed by Nazi soldiers because the soldiers said that they were only following orders.

One implication discussed from Milgram's classic experiment is:

Many innocent people had been killed by Nazi soldiers because the soldiers said they were only following orders.

Cover stories are used to

Mislead subjects about the true purpose of the experiment.

In general, the work of George Hartmann indicates that people who received a primarily emotional message were:

More Likely to vote in favor of the candidate than those who received a primarily logical message.

According to Janis, groupthink most often leads to a group to make

Mostly poor quality decisions.

Elizabth, believes James Joyce was the most brilliant writer since Shakespeare. He friend asks if Joyce had positive attitudes towards women. Elizabth has no knowledge about his private life- based on attitude heuristics which response might Elizabeth give?

N0-He couldn't have been sexist. I'm sure of it.

According to Aronson's analysis of the Challenger disaster, which of the following mostly likely did not contribute to the disaster?

NASA engineers assured management that all safety measurements had been taken.

The essential component of internalization is:

creditability.

the subject in sherif's study of two groups, the "eagles" and the "rattlers" were:

Normal 11-12 year old boy scouts

According to the text, the first step in the scientific method is

Observation

Suppose you wanted to convince someone who is opposed to marijuana that it should be legalized. According to cognitive dissonance theory, what would be the best way to change that person's attitude?

Offer the person a small reward to openly endorse legalization, but one just large enough to get him or her to endorse it.

Which is an example of the Spotlight Effect?

Rachel thinks everyone notices when she falls in the hallway, but no one does.

Bobby's mother promises that if he will take swimming lessons for two weeks, she will buy him a toy he wants. Even though he doesn't want to swim, he complies and, in the process, learns to like swimming. This is best thought of as an example of

Secondary gain

Lucas believes that, because women take longer to learn mechanical skills at his factory... his belief system is best thought of as:

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following word or phrases comes closet in meaning to "category?"

Stereotype

If you recall the experiement by Stanley Milgram, it is clear that cognitive dissonance theory played a large role in subjects' willingness to shock the helpless "learner". Which might best predict a higher level of dissonance in the subjects?

Subjects feel personally responsible for their actions.

According to Zimbardo, Ebbesen, and Maslach, who analyzed the content of elementary-school arithmetic texts, examples of math problems from most textbooks:

Subtly endorse and legitimize the capitalist economic system that is dominant in our society-presenting it as "natural and normal."

If you just declined an invitation to go out with friends so that you can study and then another friend offers you a beer, according to research on self-regulation, what can you do to exert some self-control and stick with your study plan?

Take a break and collect yourself. You can resist the temptation.

The subjects in Zimbardo's prison study were:

normal, mature, stable young men.

Simply knowing that achievement is positively correlated with happiness tells us

That as achievement increases, happiness also increases.

Psychiatric interviews of subjects in Milgram's obedience study (in which subjects believed they were delivering intense electric shocks to another person) conducted one year following the study, revealed

That many subjects believed their participation in the study had been both instructive and enriching.

In Asch's conformity experiments, the discomfort felt by subjects who expressed agreement with the incorrect judgements of the majority could result from the conflict between two major goals. It was suggested that the goals in conflict are

The goal of being correct and the goal of staying in the good graces of others by living up to their expectations.

Our tendency to overestimate our powers of prediction once we know the outcome of a given event is known as

The hindsight bias

Although Alex had no idea who would win a game, after the game was over her claimed to have been 99% sure the winning team would been victorious- his behavior is best thought of as an example of:

The hindsight bias.

In the event that is thought to have motivated social psychologists to begin studying helping behavior and other forms of prosocial behavior was:

The murder of Kitty Genovese.

Suppose you watch a TV ad for a deodorant that tells you almost nothing about the product, but presents it being used by beautiful, popular, successful people. The persuasion appeal is:

The peripheral route.

Rifka takes two tests.....

The self-serving bias

In an experiment, two groups of college students were shown the same pictures of 25 different women from a different campus. However, for one group the photos were altered to make the faces in the photographs appear more symmetrical. Participants rated the attractiveness of the women on a one-to-ten scale with 10 being very attractive and one being very unattractive. In this experiment, which variable is most likely a control variable?

The sex of the person in the pictures

To change a person's attitude the most, a communicator should present a position that is highly distant or discrepant from the person's initial position.

The statement is true only for high-credibility communicators.

Which one of the following makes it difficult to determine if people are more easily persuaded by emotional or rational appeals at persuasion?

There are no foolproof, mutually exclusive definitions of emotional and rational persuasion.

How did Aronson and Mettee manipulate self-esteem in their article on self- esteem and dishonest behavior

They gave subjects false feedback about their personalities based on results of a personality test they had taken

In the experiment by Schachter and Singer, some subjects were given a drug causing physiological arousal and were warned about the side effects of the drug (i.e., hand tremors and heart palpitations). How did subjects who were given the same drug, but who were not warned of the drug's effects, interpret their feelings of arousal?

They thought that they were happy or angry, depending on the behavior of the confederate in the experiment.

In the experiment by Schachter and Singer, some subjects were given a drug causing physiological arousal and were warned about the side effects of the drug (i.e. hand tremors and heart palpitations). How did subjects who were given the same drug, but not warned of the drug's side effects, interpret their feelings of arousal?

They thought they were happy or angry, depending on the behavior of the confederate in the experiment.

In the "lady in distress" study, in which subjects waiting for an experiment were led to believe that a female experimenter in the next room had fallen and hurt herself, subjects were more likely to come to her assistance when

They were waiting alone in the next room.

John a car salesman is trying to persuade a customer to trade in his gas-guzzling 8-cylinder car for a new 6-cylinder model.

Think of all the money you're losing on that gas guzzler dollar bills are flying right out the exhaust pipe every time you drive

For several weeks after the 1974 film Cry Rape aired on television, the rate of rape reports declined sharply. Which of the following reasons could explain this?

Victims of rape were afraid of the trial process resulting from filing charges.

According to Aronson's text, the statement that we are all "amateur" social psychologists means that

We all develop hypothesis about social behavior because we spend a lot of time interacting with other people.

The fact that many advertising campaigns that use well-known sports figures are very effective suggest that:

We are more influenced through the peripheral route than we believe.

In which of the following situational circumstances would we be LEAST likely to use heuristics in decision making?

We have plenty of knowledge regarding the issue.

"eye for an eye" fail to stop a cycle of violence?

We must denigrate our victim to justify our action of retribution.

All of the following are examples of informational social influence except :

You decide to lose weight, because the people you see on the covers of popular magazines are thinner than you are and you want people to like you more.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of internalization:

[A] a) It is based on the admiration or liking of another. b) It is the most deeply rooted and permanent response to social influences. c) It is based on the desire to be right. d) The behavior is internally or intrinsically motivated.

Which of these is not a characteristic of groupthink?

[C] a) the perception of invulernability b) blinding optimism c) the illusion of too many good alternatives d) a lack of expressed dissenting opinions

Self-perception theory (Bem) proposes that we can explain the same changes that dissonance theory predicts without an internal state of discomfort. Therefore, what guides our explanations of our behaviors is:

a behavior itself.

What is the inoculation effect?

a brief presentation that increases an individual's ability to withstand subsequent attempts to persuade him/her about the same topic

In Asch's conformity experiments, the discomfort felt by subjects who expressed agreement with the incorrect judgments of the majority could result from the conflict between two important goals. It was suggested that the goals in conflict are:

a goal of being correct and a goal of staying in the good graces of others by living up to their expectations.

"We will not talk about other members behind their backs, and we will never divulge one another's secrets to anyone, inside or outside this group." The preceding statement reflects

a group norm.

The greatest amount of influence will come from

a group of 3-8

Conway and Ross had students participate in a useless study skill workshop for 3 weeks... These students would likely experience:

a high level of dissonance given all the work they put into the workshop.

A one-sided argument for why nuclear power should be discontinued would be more persuasive than a two-sided argument with which of the following groups?

a local anti-nuke group

Which would be considered an act of aggression by Aronson's definition?

a middle school child angrily, but harmlessly, hits his father

Which would be considered an act of aggression by Aronson's definition?

a middle school child angrily, but harmlessly, hits his father.

higher levels of satisfaction in marriage tend to be associated with:

a non-aggressive, but direct, style of resolving conflicts.

Suppose you are going to organize a program for high school students advocating stricter enforcement of the drug laws. All other things being equal, your most persuasive speaker would be:

a person serving a jail-sentence for drug possession.

Warren believes that Tom is an outgoing, gregarious person. "Whom did you hang out with this weekend?" Warren asks Tom. "Tell me about all of the fun things that you have planned for the summer," Warren continues. Although Tom is usually rather quiet and reserved, he responds to Warren in an outgoing, friendly manner. This is an example of

a self-fulfilling prophecy.

McAlister's field experiment was successful in helping seventh-graders resist peer pressure to smoke cigarettes. His strategy involved teaching students:

a series of counterarguments they could use against peer pressure, such as "I'd be a real chicken if I smoked just to impress you."

Mr. Watson's belief that fraternity boys are destructive party animals is an example of ____. His refusal to rent an apartment to members of a fraternity is an example of ____.

a stereotype; discrimination

In a correlational study on the relationship between caffeine consumption and heart disease in police officers, the fact that police officers could not be randomly assigned to high and low caffeine groups suggest the results may be due to:

a third factor like donuts

You have been asked to prepare a speech opposing capital punishment. To be most effective in convincing those who strongly favor the death penalty, you should present

a two-sided communication.

If subjects know the true purpose of an experiment while participating in it, the most serious risk is if they:

act in ways they believe will make them look good or "normal".

the responses of students from both campuses to a film of a roughly played football game between dartmouth and princeton indicated that_________ may be one important means of reducing dissonance

actual perceptual distortion

Lord, Ross, and Lepper showed articles favoring... study showed that reading articles on both sides of controversial issues:

actually increased the difference in attitudes between the two groups.

According to Mills's study of cheating amoung 6th graders, students ____________ after having resisted the temptation.

adopted harsher attitudes towards cheating

based more on feeling ( i hate all politicians)

affectively based attitude

When Phillips and his colleagues studied the influence of media coverage on suicides, they found that:

after the media coverage of a suicide, the suicide rate increased, especially for people who were the same age as the victim.

In Donnerstein's study on the effects of pornography.......

after viewing an aggressive-erotic film involving rape.

The Bonobo are a species that share almost all DNA... they are one of the least aggressive species on the planet. The example of this species is used in the chapter to argue that:

aggression has an innate source that can be modified.

The fact that monkeys who are lower in the dominance... even when their brain in stimulated, suggests that:

aggression is heavily modified by social learning.

According to research by Carol Dweck...

all above

in an experiment by baumeister et al. college students were lead to believe their future would be full of social rejection...........

all of these answers are correct

According to most cognitive psychologists:

all of these are correct.

Dion and her colleagues showed subjects pictures of attractive, average, and unattractive people. the results of her study indicates that:

all subjects preferred attractive people regardless of sex.

Aronson suggests that cognitive dissonance plays a large role in political elections because voters will generally:

alter their perception of a candidate to be consistent with their pre-conceived beliefs.

Aronson believes that the study of social psychology is:

an art and a science.

i think you are an extremely attractive person. from which of the following.......

an attractive stranger.

in general, early efforts to desegregate the schools resulted in:

an unanticipated decrease in the self esteem of minority children

where did the word scapegoat come from

ancient hebrews had a custom

In a revision of frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz emphasized the importance of

anger, an emotional readiness to aggress.

Zimbardo's research suggests that "de-individuation" contributes to aggression. By this, he means we are more likely to behave aggressively when we are:

anonymous.

John Jost argues that his research covering 44 years worth of studies indicates that the reason conservatives and liberals are not persuaded by each other's arguments rest in individual differences between them. More specifically, conservatives _____ while liberals _____.

are more persuaded by fear messages; are more persuaded by fact-based arguments

The idea of a bias blind spot, advocated by Pronin, suggests we

are not as aware of our cognitive biases because they were unconscious and unintended

Generally, the relationship between control and impact is such that:

as impact increases, control decreases.

According to research on bystander intervention, an individual is more likely to be helped when potential helpers:

assume personal responsibility for intervening.

Psychologist Robert Sternberg views love as a triangle whose three sides include all but which of the following?

attachment

When the amygdala is stimulated in a monkey's brain it will:

attack

insufficient external justification

attempt to find internal justification which leads to attitude change

an opinion that includes an evaluative and an emotional component

attitude

The strength of the association between an object and its evaluation is called

attitude accessibility

degree of association between an object and ones evaluation of it

attitude accessibility

Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available is called:

attitude innoculation

Studied attitudes about bathing and teeth brushing was that:

attitudes we hold can influence how we remember our own behavior.

According to Aronson, most people believe that they are motivated by the desire to ____ whereas others are motivated by the desire to ______

be correct: be in the good graces of others.

Lawyers and politicians use:

both central and peripheral persuasion.

Several methods for reducing aggression were discussed in The Social Animal. ________ would seem to be the most effective.

building empathy and rewarding alternative behavior patterns

"Watching violence on television gives people a harmless opportunity to vent their aggression." This statement is most clearly consistent with the _____ hypothesis.

catharsis

John is frustrated by doing poorly on a college chem test because he felt really knew the material. After the test he thought we would "blow off steam" by going to his favorite bar and playing video games. This highlights the principle underlying:

catharsis.

attitude will change long term if it occurs through

central route

the route that involves weighing arguments and considering relevant facts and figures, thinking about issues in a systematic fashion and coming to a decision.

central route to persuasion

a more deliberate process that involves weighing arguments and considering relevant facts and figures, and thinking about issues in a systematic fashion

central routes

Your text describes several situations in which a person may decide to behave immorally, a behavior which is likely to arouse a fair amount of cognitive dissonance. How are people most likely to reduce this dissonance stemming from an immoral act such as lying or cheating?

change their attitude about the immoral behavior

The Iroquois Indians lived in peace for hundreds of years as a hunting nation, but in the 17th century, trade introduced.... this series of events suggests that:

changing social conditions can lead to changes in aggressive behavior.

"Bobo doll" studies found that:

children imitated adults who had been aggressive

Barker, Dembo, and Lewin's classic study of children who are either delayed or not delayed from entering a room full of toys showed that, with regard to aggression:

children who were delayed from played experienced more frustration and thus were more aggressive.

a state of tension caused by inconsistancy, when the individual holds two cognitions (ideas, attitudes, beliefs, opinions) that are psychologically inconsistent

cognitive dissonance

Consider the following (edited) excerpt from a James Thurber New Yorker piece: "Suddenly someone began to run. It may be that he had simply remembered... an engagement to meet his wife, for which he was now frightfully late. Whatever it was, he ran east on Broad Street. Somebody else began to run, perhaps a newsboy in high spirits.... Another man broke into a trot.... A loud mumble gradually crystallized into the dread word 'dam.' 'The dam has broke!' The fear was put into words by a little old lady in an electric car, or by a traffic cop, or by a small boy: Nobody knows who.... Two thousand people were abruptly in full flight...." This literary excerpt illustrates the phenomenon known as

contagion.

a key factor in justifying our biases is whether we believe an individual has

control over his or her situation

In his or her attempts to understand human social behavior, the professional social psychologist has the advantage of being able to:

control the influence of irrelevant factors when studying a problem

In his or her attempts to understand human social behavior, the professional social psychologist has the advantage of being able to:

control the influences of irrelevant factors when studying a problem.

if the source of a communication is both expert and trustworthy, that source is likely to have an impact on the beliefs of the

credibility

5 methods for reducing aggressive are discussed in the text. These are: (a) pure reason, (b) punishment, (c) punishment of aggressive models, (d) rewarding alternative behaviors and (e) building empathy towards others. Which two methods seem to be most effective:

d & e

hannah study less ability if coming from a poor area

darley and gross

If deception is used, its negative effects may be reduced by:

debriefing the subject.

fear based and disgust heavy ads increased viewers attention and memory, but when combing the two factors the people ______ their attention and memory

decreased

when examining different race faces people notices

differences

In a study by Leventhal, some students were exposed to a high-fear message regarding the importance of taking tetanus shots. Later, half of them were given specific instructions about where and when the shots were available, while the other half was not. compared to the group that received instructions, students who did not receive them:

displayed equally favorable attitudes toward the shots, but were less likely to actually take the shots.

Suppose that you notice that Fred becomes very embarrassed when the subject of knives comes up. In fact, he is the only person you have ever seen react in this way when you talk about knives, and he has never before expressed any concern about knives. According to Kelley, Fred's behavior is very high in

distinctiveness.

Suppose you notice that Fred becomes very embarrassed when the subject of knives comes up. In fact, he is the only person you have ever seen react in this way when you talk about knives, and he has never before expressed any concern about knives. According to Kelley, Fred's behavior is very high in

distinctiveness.

we will ___ information to fit our preconceived beliefs

distort

in some experiments on the pan of being rejected, participants played ball-tossing game

dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and right anterior insula

In the context of an experiment, "random assignment" means that:

each subject has an equal chance to be in any condition in the study.

controlled thinking takes

effort

for attaining something worthless

effort dissonance

Although Susan was only peripherally involved in getting her friend elected as president of the senior class, she felt her friend would never have won without her support. She feeling is best thought of as an:

egocentric thought.

unpaid educational tasks are more ____ than paid educational tasks

enjoyable

Events covered on news broadcasts are selected based on:

entertainment value

recent research suggest that many of the events covered on a news braodcast are selected based on their:

entertainment value

Bob would see the younger women as less attractive and the older women as _____ attractive.

equally

judgmental heuristics can reduce the cognitive load but they can also be

error prone

we may select items based on

familiarity

brilliant and often logical also blind to the truths because of biases and errors

flawed scientist

Fear appeals seem to function best when:

followed by specific instructions for appropriate actions.

Fear appeals seem to work best when:

followed by specific instructions for appropriate actions.

those asked to sign a petition on "driver safety" a week earlier were more likely to say yes than to agree to have a huge ugly sign on their front lawn saying "drive careful"

foot in the door technique

Aronson argues that typically when dissonance arises it is because the subject:

has done something stupid or immoral.

which theory is best summarized by the writings of philosopher baruch de spinoza around 300 years ago

gain-loss effect

Suppose you had volunteered to be in an experiment...

have a lower opinion of the victims after than before.

persuasion attempting to approve or accept without examining evidence

glittering generalities

impacting many social situations

global

affecting a very limited set of social situations

specific

we see our own group as better on a number of dimensions

ingroup favoritism

In the case of people with low self-esteem, communications that arose a great deal of fear tend to:

inhibit immediate action, but are effective after a delay.

In the case of people with low self-esteem...

inhibit immediate action...

you are at a party and are engaged in a discussion with someone you just met.......

initially disagrees with you, but ultimately comes to accept your position

if a weak argument is presented agaisnt your position you defeat it, this process teaches you how to attack stronger arguments against your position in the future

inoculation effect

the process of making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position.

inoculation effect

According to Aronson, when people find themselves in an ambiguous situation, people will use the behavior of others as a template for their own behavior. When people find themselves in a similar situation in the future, they will:

know how to act and not need the cue of the behavior of others.

attitude towards a specific behavior

specific attitude

the more we are exposed to something the more we ____

like it

in walster's experiment in which women were asked for a date by a young man prior to receiving favorable or unfavorable personality evaluations from a psychologist, the results showed that subjects

liked the young man more than the evaluations was negative, because he gave their lowered self-esteem a greater boost.

if an eyewitness fingers you as the culprit, you are quite _____ to be convicted, even if considerable evidence indicates that you are innocent

likely

The extent to which people perceive their lives as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces constitutes their

locus of control.

fear is more effective than ___ but it is difficult to completely separate the two types of messages

logical appeals

According to Aronson, if you were to give one of two persuasive speeches, you would choose to speak second if the time between the first and second speech were _____ and the interval of time between the second speech and the audience's action was _____.

long; short

In a study (Keisler et al.) in which an envelope was left hanging out of a mailbox with money exposed to passersby, the money was most often stolen when the:

mailbox had graffiti on it.

In the study (Keisler et al.) in which an envelope was left hanging out of a mailbox with money exposed to passerby, the money was most stolen when the:

mailbox had graffiti on it.

In an experiment, extraneous (non-manipulated) variables are controlled by:

making all aspects of the procedure identical for all conditions, except for the independent variable manipulation.

if an individual states a belief that is difficult to justify EXTERNALLY the person will attempt to justify it INTERNALLY by

making his or her attitudes more consistent with the statement or behavior

suppose you are a subject in an experiment and are asked to make a parole decision about two criminals, a latino, Jose ortega,............

matthew but not jose

Generally speaking, nonconformity:

may be either adaptive or maladaprive, depending on the situation.

a series of self justifications at each increase in voltage

milgrams obedience study

In experiments on the effects of violent porn, Malamust found that:

men were more accepting of violence against women after watching violent porn.

In a study done in which males watched erotic videos of homo and heterosexual activty, which showed the greatest amount of arousal to homosexual videos?

men who stated negative attitudes towards homosexuality.

who developed the "are you more ethical than a 6th grader?"

mills

The psychology of sex

mills and aronson

An important aspect of groupthink is the presence of _____ - people who censor troublesome incoming information.

mindguards

decision to cheat, or not to cheat, influences attitude toward cheating

moral behavior

the ____ effort we put into attaining something, the more positive our attitude will be toward what we attained

more

If it bleeds, it leads"... local news...

more likely

Fazio and Williams found that voters who were asked to evaluate two presidential candidates within a very short amount of time were:

more likely to vote five months later for the candidate they favored

If you are new in the dorms and want to make new friends, your best bet is to get a room

next to the only exit on the first floor.

if sufficient external justification

no attitude change

Least persuasive:

non expert in extreme position.

the general lesson of our society is to hide one's vulnerabilities from another person. this strategy

often results in defensiveness and poor communication

attempt to tell if someone is lying by observing that persons physiological responses while answering questions

polygraph operators

Patterson measured the hostility of high-school football players... he found that

players exhibited an increase in hostility over the course of the season.

which if the following components is not a part of prejudice

political

which of the following componets is not a part of prejudice.

political

a machine that measures peoples physiological responses (heart beat)

polygraph

research has confirmed that people are ___ at noticing the unexpected

poor

an "authoritarian personality" is closely linked to which of the following dimensions?

prejudice

which of the following would encourage you to let children watch violent TV?

psychoanalytic

suppose two young men had taken a test of intelligence...........

ralph would like her more if she is attractive, fred is she is unattractive

a memory effect

recency effect

In Freedman's study, children who were given mild threats of punishment for playing with a robot toy:

refused to play with the toy even after Freedman left.

Bobby's mother promises that if he will take swimming lessons for two weeks...

secondary gain.

how we interpret, think, and feel about our social environment

social cognition

In his first chapter, Aronson defines social psychology as the study of:

social influence

In his first chapter, Aronson defines social psychology as the study of:

social influences.

Martha argues that children should not be exposed to sex and violence on TV because it leads them to behave more aggressively. Martha's view is most consistent with:

social learning theory.

Martha argues that children should not be exposed to sex and violence on TV because it leads them to behave more aggressively. This is most consistent with:

social learning theory.

"The influences that people have upon the beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of others" is the text's definition of:

social psychology

A good rule of thumb to use in predicting conformity in an ambiguous...

social reality.

Before agreeing to help out at the local homeless shelter, Sharon weighs the costs (e.g., getting up at dawn) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about herself) of doing so. This strategy would be predicted by

social-exchange theory.

if you want people to _____ their moral attitudes towards somethinf misdeed, tempt them so that they perform that deed

soften

Assume that Kyle grew up in the South, where a "culture of honor" predominates. Based on research presented in the text, Kyle would be more likely than a northerner to behave aggressively when

someone insults him.

long lasting

stable

Suppose Pat believes that president Clinton was a wonderful president and mike believes he had gross deficiencies. Both asked truth about statement A (negative) and B (positive) pat would believe ___ and mike ___

statement B; statement A

closest word to category is

stereotype

Our tendency to overestimate our powers of prediction once we know the outcome of a given event is known as:

the hindsight bias

After Chimera's husband was injured in a car accident, she said, "I woke up with a bad feeling in my stomach—I knew something was off about that day." Chimera is exhibiting

the hindsight bias.

Our tendency to overestimate our powers of prediction once we know the outcome of a given event is known as:

the hindsight bias.

After the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Joe tells Mary that he knew all along Barack Obama would be elected. This is an example of:

the hindsight effect.

After the 2008 elections, Joe tells Mary that he knew all along Barack Obama would be elected. This is an example of:

the hindsight effect.

The factor systematically varied by the experimenter is usually termed:

the independent variable

In a study by Berkowitz, subjects were made angry in a room containing either a gun or a badminton racket. Later, when given a chance to administer shocks to a "fellow student," subjects who had been in the room with the gun shocked the other person more than those who had been in the room containing the badminton racket. This study demonstrates:

the power of "aggressive cues" in facilitating aggressive behavior.

In a study by Berkowitz, subjects were made angry in a room containing wither a gun or a badminton racket... this study demonstrates:

the power of "aggressive cues" in facilitating aggressive behaviors.

The attention decrement explanation tries to explain the basis for:

the primary effect

John is described as being introverted, shy, logical, hard working not much fun, very intelligent and having a weird sense of humor. These match stereotype of accountants. If you asked if John was a salesman or accountant- you are very sure he must be an accountant. This is predicted from:

the representative heuristic.

According to research conducted by Akert (1998), what is the single best predictor of how well ex-partners cope in the aftermath of the dissolution of their relationship?

the role they played in the decision to break up

In Zimbardo's prison study, psychologically normal men we randomly assigned to the role of playing a guard or a prisoner. After six days, the "prisoners" because servile, dehumanized robots, while "guards" became despicable and cruel. In general, the results of the study probably indicate that:

the situation is primarily responsible for behavior, not the personalities of subjects.

The ultimate attribution error has been defined by pettigrew as:

the tendency for people to make attributions that are consistent with their beliefs or prejudices about others

persuasion device that carries over the authority, sanction and prestige of something we respect (church, nation, science) to what they want us to accept (program)

transfer

can be changed by good clear evidence

transitory

Bushman and Bonacci.... under which conditions did men and women recall the advertised products?

under the neutral conditions.

In the "quiz show" The observers committed the error of:

underestimating the impact of social roles in explaining behavior

The main idea behind cognitive dissonance is that incompatiable attitudes:

unpleasant and motivate effects reduce it.

fleeting

unstable

Philip's research on impact of media coverage on car-crash suicides revealed that following the publicized suicide:

victims of "suicide" accidents tend to be of similar age to the victims of the publicized suicide.

Cognitive Miser means

we take shortcuts in processing complex info to simply it.

In an experiment, two groups of college students were shown the same pictures of 25 different women from a different campus. However, for one group the photos were altered to make the faces in the photographs appear more symmetrical. Participants rated the attractiveness of the women on a one-to-ten scale with 10 being very attractive and one being very unattractive. Which is the independent variable?

whether or not the photographs were symmetrical

Under certain conditions, a two-sided argument may be more persuasive than a one-sided argument because:

a well-informed audience is aware of both sides of the issue and, thus, would tend to perceive a one-sided argument as unfair or biased.

Under certain conditions, a two-sided argument may be more persuasive than a one-sided argument because:

a well-informed audience is aware of both sides of the issue and, thus, would tend to perceive one-sided arguments as unfair or biased.

John Jost argues that his research covering 44 years worth of studies indicates that the reason conservatives and liberals are not persuaded by each other's arguments rests in the individual differences between them. More specifically, conservatives _____ while liberals _____.

are more persuaded by messages of fear; are more persuaded by fact-based arguments.

according to the social animal, when important issues are involved, information campaigns

are not effective ways of undoing and changing prejudicial behavior

According to "Aronson's first law," people who do crazy things:

are not necessarily crazy, but may be normal people trying to adjust to extraordinary social influences.

In a group-influence task such as the line judging experiment described in the text, a single dissenter can make it more likely that others resist the urge to conform if they:

answer against the majority of the group, whether they are correct or not.

Because Joe's parents can't stand his wild friend Larry, Joe spends even more time hanging out with Larry. Joe's behavior is best thought of as an example of:

anti-conformists.

according to aronson, which of the following is not a characteristic of prejudice?

any positive or negative attitude that predisposes the person

If researchers find a positive correlation between cowardice and nosebleeds, it is most likely that:

any, all, or none of these answer choices.

A politician running for re-election is suspected of having misused campaign funds. Based on the "dilution effect" they can reduce the impact on negative public images by:

appearing in ads that include irrelevant info- stories about childhood

what did Correll and his associates find their research into police officers who confront white and black suspects

black and white subjects were quicker to shoot at armed black suspects than armed white subjects

which of the following is an interesting result seen in an experiment by duncan in which viewers......

both black and white subjects judged the black man in the film to be the more violent of the two.

When lawyers and politicians want to persuade, they often use:

both central and peripheral.

what did Glick and fiske come to with regards to hostile and benevolent sexism

both hostile and benevolent sexists assume that women are the weaker and less competent sex

Jones and Harris asked participants to read essays written by two political science students. 1/2 were told to freely chose to write in favor of Castro, which 1/2 were told they were instructed to write in his favor. When asked if the essays reflected the true attitude of students, the participants said that what the students wrote reflected the true attitudes of:

both students.

In Loftus's study on eyewitness testimony, subjects who were asked about cars smashing into each other erroneously reported one week after seeing a video of a collision that they had seen

broken glass at the accident scene

subjects who were asked about cars "smashing' into each other erroneously reported, one week after seeing a video of the collison that they had seen:

broken glass at the accident scene.

In a study by Davis and Jones, subjects volunteered to insult a "fellow student" by telling him he was a shallow, untrustworthy, and dull person. How did these subjects justify their hurtful behavior toward the other student, who had done nothing to deserve criticism?

by finding the other student less attractive than before they had insulted him

In a study by Davis and Jones, subjects volunteered to insult a "fellow student"...

by finding the other student less attractive than before they had insulted them.

The tension reducing properties of various types of aggressive acts have been called:

catharsis.

According to the authors of your text, what are the three reasons why schemas become accessible?

chronic accessibility due to experience; a current goal; priming

most powerful when we perform an action or learn something that threatens our self image

cognitive dissonance

Joe is given the choice between two records one he ranked as 4 and one as 5 on a scale of 1-10... two weeks later he reranks #4 as #2. This is predicted by:

cognitive dissonance theory

primarily based on a persons beliefs about the properties of the attitude object (i like my toaster better because you can toast four pieces of bread at one time)

cognitively based attitudes

how are schemas formed

collect data and develop mental representations

focus on the positive aspects of our choice and then negative aspects of the ones we did not choose

common way to reduce dissonance

according to clark and mills, which type of relationship is marked by a lack of scorekeeping

communal relationship

Dr. Oz is designing an intervention to improve tolerance and openness. At what level would he likely focus based on the social resilience perspective?

community, neighborhood, work place, family

After muzafer sherif and his associates had arbitrarily divided boys in a summer camp into two groups, they found that intergroup hostility could be created by providing_________________ and reduced by providing_______________

competetive activities; cooperation activities

the focus on winning, external attention focus

competition

i finished the goal for my teachers praise

completion

Fear of punishment would be the major motivation in which of the following?

compliance

The new fashion craze is to have a poncho. Rachel personally thinks they are ugly and no matter how you dress it up it will still just be a poncho but never the less she went out and bought one. Rachel is demonstrating what idea?

compliance

According to Aronson, power is the essential component in:

compliance.

Changing someone's actions by means of insisting that he or she behave in a particular way is called:

compliance.

Fear of punishment would be the major motivation in which of the following?

compliance.

Power is an essential component in:

compliance.

the more committed participants were to a current relationship the less attractive they rated the women in the pictures

computer dating study (johnson and rusbult)

According to Irving Janis, the maladaptive phenomenon of groupthink is more likely to occur when:

concurrence-seeking processes override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

According to Festinger, when physical reality _____, people's reliance on social reality ______.

decreases; increases

According to Festinger, when physical reality _____, people's reliance on the social reality ______.

decreases; increases

compared to passionate love, companionate love tends to

deepen over the course of the relationship

In Yankee stadium during a Yankees vs. Rangers game, Alex Rodriguez is called out at first base. After the call, a crowd of disgruntled fans throws garbage and baseballs onto the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of

deindividuation.

The more frightened a person is by the communication, the more likely he/she is to take immediate preventative action. This statement:

describes the way a person with high self-esteem might react to the message.

In conducting an experiment, the researcher's goal is to:

determine whether manipulations of the independent variable cause systematic differences in the subjects' behavior

recent research has shown that children who cooperate with each other in interdependent classroom situations

develop more empathy

Suppose you are responsible for planning the initiation of new members to a group to which you belong. Generalizing from Aronson and Mills's study on the effects of initiation on liking of the group, you would do well to make the initiation process:

difficult or unpleasant.

In Kahn's experiment... compared to students who were not allowed to vent, students who vented:

disliked the technician more after expressing thie aggression.

Aronson explains the high school shootings like Columbine by:

examining the relative deprivation in high schools for youth on the bottom being rejected by the "preppies'

estimating the divorce rate on the basis of how quickly you can think of examples of divorced friends

example of availability heuristics

I am a nice person, but i did something mean to a friend

example of inconsistency- dissonance (cognitive dissonance)

Research in attitude change suggests that in order to be a credible source, a communicator should be both:

expert and trustworthy.

we believe those we consider to be both

experts and trustworthy

consciously endorse and can easily report

explicit attitudes

the results of Josephson's study, in which boys watched violent movies of police violence or exciting nonviolent bike racing and were later exposed to a frustrating situation, indicate that:

exposure to violent stimuli strengthens the tendency for aggression

The results of the Josephson's student... indicated that:

exposure to violent stimuli strengthens the tendency for aggression.

John's sales pitch would be improved if he said:

"think of all the money you're losing on that gas-guzzler..."

A narrative description, evaluation, and/or summary of a research article is called

An annotated bibliography

Mark is a Democrat. He just joined a Welfare Reform Committee made up of nine Republicans. Mark holds a minority opinion on this issue. If Mark wants his opinion to influence the group's final recommendations, he should:

express a consistent, unwavering viewpoint.

In Tajfel's research (... Group X and W)

expressed a greater liking for, and allocated more rewards to....

Linz and his colleagues found that, compared to mean who watched X-rate but non-violent porn, men who watched X-rated, violent "slasher" films"

expressed less empathy for victims of rape.

Linz and his colleagues found that, compared to men who watched X-rate but non-violent porn, men who watched X-rated, violent "slasher" films"

expressed less empathy for victims of rape.

according to aronson, expressing one's feelings, rather than one's judgments about another person, is important primarily because

expressing feelings is less hurtful than expressing judgements.

environmental or situational influence

external

those paid less money rated the boring talk as more enjoyable (changed attitudes) (festinger and carlsmith 1959

external justification

when happy couple experience negative behavior by their partner they tend to make an

external specific unstable attribution

remembering a past traumatic experience that is objectively false but nevertheless accepted as true

false memory syndrome

when examining same race faces people notice certain

features

Jim watches a heavy dose of violent TV cop shows. According to research presented in the text, what is one likely outcome of this behavior? Jim will

feel indifferent when he hears a violent argument between his neighbors.

aronson argues that the key to understanding whether dissonance will be aroused is whether the subject:

feels his behavior violates his self-concept

Key to understanding if dissonance will be aroused is...

feels his behavior violates his self-concept.

Jane is trying to decide whether she should marry Jim. She sits down with a paper and makes a list of positive aspects then negative. After looking, she can see good things outweigh the bad. She calls Jim up and says "OK, let's set a date!" Jane's way of making up her mind is an example of

felicific calculus

Judy decides to withdraw from psh... this is an example of

felicific calculus

The effects of category priming on social judgment are illustrated by the tendency:

for the public to see as most important those social and political issues that receive the most media coverage.

According to research presented in your book, we typically use two steps in making attributions. The first step involves ________, and the second step involves ________.

forming an internal attribution; adjusting for the situation

in an experiment by kendrick and gutierres,.........charlie's angels.......

found her less attractive, due to the contrast effect.

the forbidden toy 2

freedman

the more____ they are by a message the more desire they have to take a preventative role

frightened

underestimating situational influences on another persons behavior

fundamental attribution error

in Axsom and Cooper's study of weight reduction, they found that women in the ____ effort condition reported significant weight loss at ____.

high; 12 months but not at 4 weeks

Axsom and Cooper's study of weight reduction, they found that women in the ____ effort condition reported significant weight loss at ____.

high; 12 weeks but not at 4 months

Anna usually doesn't like movies with violent scenes. Still, she saw Django Unchained—a violent movie—five times, and loved it. Everyone else—including critics—really liked Django Unchained, too. In this example, distinctiveness is ________ and consensus is ________.

high; high

Jorge states, " I always knew that that white guy johnson was a sneak. im not at all surprised...

hindsight bias

Which of the following are not true about males and females in regards to aggression.

Girls and women engage in more relational aggression than boys and men

If you are trying to persuade a well educated audience to vote for you and you and you opponent are presenting the same day, two weeks for the election.

Go first and present a 2 sided presentation

Which of the following is NOT a reason being in a good mood usually increases prosocial behavior?

Good moods make us pay more attention to social norms, so we will be more aware of the altruism norm.

In a study by Darley and Gross, in which subjects were subjects were exposed to different stories about a fourth grader named Hannah, the effects of stereotype on social judgment were apparent when:

Hannah's performance on an achievement test was ambiguous, and she was also depicted as coming from a poor background.

In a study by Hovland and Weiss, subjects heard arguments regarding the feasibility of atomic submarines. Subjects were more persuaded by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, rather than the Soviet newspaper Pravda, because:

Oppenheimer was perceived as an expert and trustworthy source of information, unlike Pravda

According to Aronson's analysis of the Challenger disaster, which if the following most likely did not contribute to the disaster?

NASA engineers assured management that all safety measures had been taken.

Which of the following statements about Asch's conformity experiment is true?

Only one group member was a naive subject.

Which of the following statements is true about Asch's conformity experiment?

Only one group member was a naive subject.

Suppose that both Oscar and Sam went through hazing rituals for the same fraternity. Oscar went through a very long and involved hazing process while Sam went through relatively mild rituals. After they both got into the fraternity, they realized that there were a lot of negative things associated with membership that they hadn't expected. According to cognitive dissonance, which of the following would you expect to happen?

Oscar would love the fraternity more than Sam because he went through more to get into it.

Three responses to social influence are compliance, identification, and internalization. The major component for each of them, respectively, is

Power, attractiveness, and credibility.

Which of the following was NOT discussed in class as a situational factor that influences helping behavior?

Presence of "helping cues".

Which of the following is NOT an advantage that professional social psychologists have over amateur social psychologists?

Professionals use observation of social phenomena in their thinking about social phenomena, whereas amateurs cannot.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage that professional social psychologists have over amateur social psychologists?

Professionals use observations of social phenomena in their thinking about social phenomena, where as amateurs cannot.

According to the results of the article you read outside of class by Turchik and colleages (2009), college women who reported sexual victimization over the course a semester were more likely to have constructed hypothetical acquaintance rape narratives that involved all of the following except:

Victim's use of substances

You are very sociable and outgoing; at a holiday party, you approach a quiet young woman standing alone in the corner. To break the ice, you discuss a number of "safe" topics: what the winter will be like, what new television shows are worth watching, and what books you've been reading lately. You both see eye-to-eye on a lot. After the conversation, you like the young woman. Based on a large number of social-psychological experiments, why is that so?

We tend to be attracted to people who hold similar attitudes.

When Myra looks at the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for the first time and sees the gorgeous art, she is awestruck, and even moved to tears by the beauty of it. Her affective-based attitude is a result of

a sensory reaction.

according to the ultimate attribution error, if subjects thought a harm doer was black, they would be more likely to attribute his actions to __________. when they thought he was white, they would be more willing to attribute his actions to__________.

his personality, the situation

According to research by Gerbner and his associates, heavy viewers of television are more likely than light viewers to:

hold exaggerated views about the prevalence of violence in society.

through realization that performing stupid or immoral actions does not necessarily mean

i am a stupid and immoral person

Rudy thinks that if he ever got kicked off the football team he would be depressed for months, and that his life would lose all meaning. In actuality, his response would probably not be this severe or prolonged. What is Rudy demonstrating?

impact bias

Involuntary, uncontrollable and sometimes unconscious

implicit attitudes

breakthrough overconfidence barrier teach statistical and methodological principles about correct reasoning

improving social thinking

It's Halloween, but you don't want to be running back and forth to answer the door. To avoid any "tricks," you decide to leave a large container of dark chocolate on the porch. You've just read about self-awareness theory, and you have a hunch about how to keep those greedy trick-or-treaters from taking more than their fair share of the candy. You decide to

set up a tape-recorder that plays songs about cooperation and giving.

participants that go through a _______ inititation thought the discussion was more interesting and worthwhile

severe

In the Aronson and Mills experiment, the ____ was (were) the independent variable(s) and the _____ was (were) the dependent variable(s):

severity of initation; women's liking for the discussion group.

in a study by Zhong and leonardelli, participants were asked to recall a personal experience of social inclusion or social exclusion

significantly colder than people who had been asked to recall an instance of social inclusion

in an experiment by baumeister et al., college students were lead to believe their future would be full of social rejection.when given an IQ test later, they scored

significantly lower on the IQ test than those in the other two conditions

The effect of violent porn is:

similar to other violent media- it tends to increase the level of aggression.

One way that we make sense out of the vast and dizzy...

simple, only approximate, rules

factors that influence attitude-behavior consistency

situational influences internal influences

Actors make ____ attributions while the observe made ____ attributions, when they watched the same interaction but reserves the perspectives the____

situational; dispositional; original attributes switched

In Storm's research......Actors make ____ attributions while the observe made ____ attributions, when they watched the same interaction but reserves the perspectives the____

situational; dispositional; original attributes switched

Aronson's first law reminds us that:

situations can cause most normal people to behave in abnormal ways.

According to a survey gauging people's reactions...

smokers were far less likely to believe the report.

According to Janis, groupthink most often leads to a group make:

mostly poor quality decisions.

controlled thinking is more likely to occur when

motivated have time and energy not distracted not emotional

Sherif is to the study of __________ as Asch is to the study of __________.

norm formation; conformity

Recall that Latané and Darley observed the number of participants in each experimental condition who left their cubicles to help the alleged victim of a seizure. The ________ was the independent variable in their experiment.

number of other participants present

Luke is scolded by his mother and told to stand in the corner quietly for three minutes. While standing in the corner he mutters, "I may be standing, but inwardly I'm sitting." Luke has been _______, but displays no sign of _______.

obedient; internalization

According to the text, the first step in the scientific method is:

observation.

Aronson and O'leary conducted a study designed to encourage water conservation among male students showering at the university field house. They found that students were more likely to conserve water (by turning off the shower while soaping up) after:

observing the behavior of one or more "models" who turned off the shower while soaping up.

suppose you wanted to convince someone who is opposed to marijuana that it should be legalized.......best way to change the person's attitude.

offer the person a small reward to openly endorse legalization, but on just large enough to get him to endorse it.

the catharsis theory of aggression holds that:

one act of aggression reduces the likelihood of further acts of aggression

if a group is in favor of your argument give a

one sided argument

if the audience is not well informed give a

one sided argument

which of the following is probably not a major cause of prejudice as discussed by aronson

ones racial background

when people do favors for us, we:

only like them if we don't feel indebted to return the favor

that which a person believes to be factually true

opinion

according to research by Curtis and miller, which of the following statements.....

our beliefs about the opinions of others are important determiners of our own behaviors

conventional wisdom says that when someone says good things about us we like them more, and when .........

our liking of a perosn depends not only on what they say about us now, but also on what they've said about you in the past.

Juliet is Jewish, and is going on a date with a Catholic. "Just don't bring up abortion—you know all Catholics are pro-life," cautions her sister. Juliet's sister is exhibiting the bias known as

out-group homogeneity.

jurors tend to ___ the accuracy of eyewitnesses

overestimate

The false-consensus effect implies that we:

overestimate the number of people who agree with us.

Studies on conformity and jaywalking indicate that:

pedestrians are less likely to jaywalk when they observe a high-statusm well-dressed person who refrains from jaywalking.

according to aronson, open and effective communication is especially difficult in many situations because

people are not fully aware of their own needs and feelings

which of the following is a good example of blaming the victim?

people blaming the lower class person for being poor because they feel he is lazy, stupid, and does not want to work

Studies involving the "cost and benefits" of helping indicate that:

people help less when the costs of helping are high.

Which of the following is not a research result presented in The Social Animal...

people working in two-person teams on a skill task accept responsibility for success but also accept personal responsibility for the failure of the team.

People living nearest to the 3 mile island nuclear plant during the crisis should:

perceive statements as credible because they were committed to stay.

finkel and eastwick had a college student participate in a speed dating experiment.....

physical attractive men; physically attractive women

Walster and her colleagues randomly matched incoming students to determine what they looked for in a potential blind date.........

physical attractiveness

toensend and roberts showed men and women pictures and profiles of potential dates who varied in physical attractiveness and had high or low socioeconomic status......

physical attractiveness; socioeconomic status

Research on the effects of testosterone on aggression suggests that:

physical forms of aggression in males are associated with higher levels of testosterone.

in an experiment by Karen Dion and Ellen Berschied concerning physical attractiveness in children, it was found that:

physically attractive boys were liked more than unattractive boys

William James' theory of emotion suggests a two-part process that indicates:

physiological arousal and a cognitive label.

Schachter and Singer (1962) (in their study in which subjects were injected with ephinephrine, but thought they were getting the vitamin "suproxin") demonstrated that:

physiological arousal for when we have no ready explanation will often be interpreted as terms of various external cues.

If you want people to form more ____ attitudes towards an object get them to commit themself to own that object

positive

A study on dating relationships found that the number of text messages sent between dating partners increased with the number of miles they lived apart. This finding is a:

positive correlation.

after we make a decision we experience dissonance

post decision dissonance

Three responses to social influences are compliance, identification, and internalization. The major component for each of them respectively is:

power, attractiveness, and credibility.

Three responses to social influence are compliance, identification, and internalization. The major component for each of them, respectively, is:

power, attractiveness, and creditability.

in an effort to not appear prejudice, whites sometimes:

praise the work of minorities but do not provide needed feedback if it might be perceived as negative.

suppose you asked students to write stories about black and white characters.................

prejudiced, frustrated students

when two communications are close in time use

primacy

a learning effect

primacy effect

the effect that occurs when information encountered first has more impact on our impressions or beliefs than subsequent information.

primacy effect

Aronson argues that recently activated or frequently activated concepts are more like to readily come to mind.... this is called

priming

The text describes a situation in which some convicted criminals were released from prison.... in comparing these two groups, the primary finding was:

prisoners who served their full term were twice as likely to return to prison.

the main reason we tend to like people whose opinions are similar to our own is probably

provide consensual validation for our beliefs

which of the following perspectives would encourage you to let children watch violent TV?

psychoanalytic

Pink's mother tells her that she is absolutely never to dye her hair a "funny color." Pink proceeds to dye her hair purple. Pink's behavior is best thought of as an example of:

psychological reactance.

in a study, research participants overheard others use an african-american racial slur..........

punished more severely the white client of a black lawyer

According to Aronson, the most important condition which must be met before any experiment can lead to definite cause-and-effect conclusions is:

random assignment of subjects to groups.

Experimental research is to _____________ as survey research is to ____________.

random assignment; random sampling.

in a study by Zhong and Leonardelli, participants were either included in a ball-toss game or excluded after a few initial tosses.......

rated a hot soup and hot coffee as significantly more desirable than the control participants

the need to reduce dissonance and maintain self esteem produces thinking that is

rationalizing rather than rational

In Freedman and Sears' experiment where teenagers were given a talk entitled "Why Teenagers Should Not Be Allowed To Drive," some of the subjects were given a ten minute warning on the nature of the talk, and others were given no warning. Freedman found that those who were given a warning were far less convinced of the message in the talk than those who were given no warning. Which concept could describe the resistance of the first group to the message being delivered?

reactance

"Persuasive communicators, if blatant or coercive, can be perceived as intruding upon one's freedom of choice, thereby activating a person's defenses to resist the messages." This statement reflects the central idea of which of the following theories or concepts?

reactance theory

in a study by thomas and colleagues subjects watched either a violent tv police drama or an exciting volleyball game. when subjects later saw an aggressive interaction between two preschool children, people who had watched the volleyball game

reacted more emotionally compared to people who had watched the police.

The Informed Consent is a document that participants read and sign before starting an experiment. It addition to a basic description of the experiment, the information in this form should also explain any physical or psychological risk so that participants can assess whether or not to participate in the experiment. According to Aronson's five guidelines for ethical experimentation, participants should them be:

reassured they may quit the experiment at any time with no penalty.

use when decision is made quickly after last communication

recency

when information encountered last, or late, in a sequence has more influence on impression or beliefs than information encountered earlier.

recency effect

a fed relaxed and happy audience is more

receptive

After my friend, Lisa, helped me move into my new house, I felt obligated to help her re-arrange her living room furniture. My sense of obligation most likely resulted from the

reciprocity norm.

the process whereby memories of an event become distorted by information encountered after the event occured

reconstructive memory

the case in which a person recalls having been the victim of a crime, typically sexual abuse, after many years of being consciously UNaware of that fact

recovered memory debate

changing our behaviors can _____ dissonance

reduce

if the reward is to great there is a need to

reduce external justification

Praise ____ the enjoyment of a task if it is to great or linked to the completion of a task

reduces

The president of the Noodle Dome Charitable Trust has just resigned in disgrace, leaving the workings of the organization pretty much on track, but also leaving a large number of employees angry and upset. Bolstered by his previous successes in turning things around, Fred has stepped in to fill the president's role. Fred should adopt a ________ of leadership in this case.

relationship-oriented style

According to Aronson's analysis, the riots that occurred in Watts and in Detroit most clearly exemplified the effects of:

relative deprivation.

if we are unfamiliar with a person we might not notice it or even ___

remember it

Aronson argues that the most effective way to reduce prejudice is to:

require people to desegregate with no options of going back to segregation

witnesses often chose the person in the lineup who most ____ the criminal even if it is not very close

resemblance

If we think our actions will reduce the pain of someone in need, we are likely to:

respond quickly to reduce our own discomfort brought on by our feelings of empathy.

the advice given by dale carnegie, if one wishes to win friends is most consistent with which of the following theories?

reward theory

Bloomers study

rosenthal and jacobson

Jason cannot stop thinking about the fact that because he turned in his term paper late, he missed getting an "A" in the class. He repetitively focuses on this negative part of the class; in other words, his counterfactual thinking has turned into

rumination

Iyengar conducted a study in which subjects watches special edited news programs for a week. Generalizing from their results, if you wanted college students to focus on the issue that tuition is too expensive, you would:

run articles in each issue of the paper, keeping the issue in front of the students.

in an experiment by harber, white college students read and evaluate poorly written essays..........

said positive things about the subjective content (but not the objective mechanics) of the black writer's essays

The lynchings of blacks and pogroms against jews occur when members of the in-group allow or approve............

scapegoating

if you ___ people give them specific ways to be vigilant and to respond when they identify threats

scare

through interactions with our environment we form constillations of related concepts in memory that helps us organize and process incoming information

schema

we may even change reality to support our

schema

organized beliefs and knowledge, personal theories

schemas

Gary's parents promised him an interest-free loan for a new car, if only he would quit smoking for 3 months... this is an example of:

secondary gain

when we act on our impression of another in such a way that fosters the exact behavior we originally expected from that person

self fulfilling prophecies

All of the following statements about self-awareness are true except that

self-focus leads people to attend to discrepancies between their behavior and their standards.

On the night of an important basketball game, Albert decided to leave his glasses at home. When his coach asked him if he wanted to return home to get them, Albert told the coach that he would rather not risk missing part of the game and that he'd try his best without them. Which of the following self-presentational strategies is Albert using?

self-handicapping

The tendency to perceive ourselves favorably is known as

self-serving bias.

when as on views of cheating, those who cheated had ___ their stance and those who had NOT cheated ____ their stance

softened, hardened

Generally, high-fear appeals are more effective than low-fear appeals in producing behavior change when:

specific instructions are provided on how to avoid painful consequences.

Mr. Smith, a high school speech teacher, communicates to his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and thus make better speeches than girls. As a result, some of the girls in his class become apprehensive in preparing and giving speeches in Mr. Smith's class. The girls are experiencing

stereotype threat.

which of the following is not a characteristic of a stereotype?

stereotypes are relatively flexible and change if the individuals are provided with new information .......

The representative heuristic helps to explain why, in some instances, we tend to base our judgments of the other people on:

stereotypes regarding their gender, race, appearance, and other personal qualities.

Julia states,"all football players are just a bunch of thick-headed, beer-guzzling oafs,"

stereotyping

using ______ to get people to stop doing something they will only comply when the punisher is present

strong punishment

Which of the following is not a research result presented in The Social Animal...

students attribute success on their exams to personal effort or ability...

According to Zimbardo, Ebbesen, and Maslach, who analyzed the content of elementary-school...

subtly endorse and legitimize the capitalist economic system...

participants in the elliot and devine study reported being more agitated and uncomfortable when experiencing dissonance. this finding is:

support for Aronson and cognitive dissonance theory

suggest that humans are programmed to look for ways to conserve energy

susan fiske and shelley taylor

crime victims can focus on any weapon they see and less on the _____

suspect

According to several studies of television crime dramas:

television tends to ignore situational pressures which lead to criminal activities.

Which of the following has not been discussed in class as contributor to sexual violence?

testosterone flooding

Broadly speaking, the hormone that is most often associated with aggressive behavior.... is

testosterone.

According to the text, ethical dilemmas faced by experimental social psychologists stem from two conflicting values to which most researchers subscribe. These values are reflected in the belief _____, versus the belied ______.

that free scientific inquiry is important; that the dignity of humans and their right to privacy should be represented.

according to the "psychology of inevitability," if an individual anticipates ..................

that individual will change his or her prejudiced attitude so that it becomes more favorable toward the group.

Psychiatric interviews of subjects in Milgram's obedience study (in which subjects believed they were delivering intense electric shocks to another person) conducted one year following the study, revealed:

that many subjects believed their participation in the study had been both instructive and enriching.

Many subjects in a study done by Robyn Dawes, Jeanne McTavish, and Harriet Shaklee experienced considerable discomfort after their participation in a study of how people respond to "social dilemmas." This study was included in The Social Animal to illustrate:

that no code of ethics can anticipate all problems, even when an experiment is carefully planned and conducted.

Research indicates that when people observe a conformity experiment like Asch's (in which subjects conformed to the erroneous judgments of others regarding the length of lines) they typically predict that:

that they, personally, would exhibit less conformity than the subjects they are observing.

In an experiment by Schachter, subjects engaged in group discussions of a juvenile delinquent named Jonny Rocco and were asked to suggest treatment for him ranging from "very lenient" to "very hard". When later asked how much they like other members of their group- some of whom were confederates of the experimenter- subjects gave the highest ratings to:

the "Modal" confederate-- consistently conformed to opinions of real subjects.

In an experiment by Schachter, subjects engaged in a group discussion of a juvenile delinquent named Johnny Rocco and were asked to suggest treatment for him ranging from "very lenient" to "very hard." When later asked how much they liked other members of their group - some of whom were confederates of the experimenter - subjects gave the highest rates to:

the "modal" confederate - who consistently conformed to the opinions of real subjects on how Johnny should be treated.

In a series of studies on bystander intervention, conducted on the New York subway system, an accomplice of the experimenters staggered and collapsed on the floor of the train. Overall, these studies found that:

the "victim" was almost always offered help when he was made to seem obviously ill.

In a series of studies on bystanders intervention, conducted on the New York subway system, an accomplice...

the "victim" was almost always offered help when he was made to seem obviously ill.

In Milgram's study of obedience, which of the following participants was (were) a confederate of the Experimenter?

the Learner

which type of thinking is illustrated when mark described his girlfriend and major in terms of his friends personal qualities and interests but explained his own choices based upon the qualities of the major and girlfriend?

the actor-observer bias

Dissonance reduction is likely when:

the attitude is important to the self. the attitude-behavior discrepancy is large.

One condition under which attitudes are a fairly good predictor of behavior is when:

the attitude relevant to a given behavior is highly accessible.

One condition under which attitudes are fairly good predictors of behavior is when:

the attitude relevant to a given behavior is highly accessible.

When Fazio and Williams manipulated the frequency with which participants accessed an attitude by having them repeat it again and again, they found that

the attitude was more predictive of later behavior

After watching the news report of a plane crash...

the availability heuristic.

Aaron Kay and his colleagues gave different articles...

the candidates most desirable if the article depicted him as most likely to be president.

Aaron Key and his colleagues gave different articles...

the candidates most desirable if the article depicted him as most likely to be president.

Petty and Cacioppo say the two routes to persuation are:

the central and the peripheral.

Suppose you see an ad for a deodorant that focuses on how effective it is in comparison tests, how it compares in cost to other products, and that it is all-natural. The appeal is:

the central route.

Suppose you see and ad for a deodorant that focuses on how effective it is in comparison tests, how it compares in cost to other products, and that it is all natural. The persuasion appeal is

the central route.

how did america see the chinese during the 19th century?

the chinese were defined in negative stereotypes during economic hard times and in very positive terms when their labor was needed for building the railroad

according to dissonance theory, We tend to experience dissonance after making an important decision because:

the chosen alternative is seldom entirely positive, while the rejected alternatives are seldom entirely negative.

We tend to experience dissonance after making an important decision because:

the chosen alternative is seldom entirely positive...

Which one of the following is NOT a key factor in the effectiveness of communication, according to Aronson?

the content of the communication (what is said)

Suppose you constructed an experiment to better understand the effect of the content of a speech on how persuaded people were by it. In this experiment, the independent variable would be:

the content of the speech.

from a study in which college students were paired up on blind dates the primary determinant of how much subjects initially liked their dates was

the dates physical attractiveness

All other things being equal, cognitive dissonance following a decision is greatest when

the decision is irrevocable

All things being equal....

the decision is irrevocable.

evolutionary psychology suggest that male and female differences in the desire for mates to be physically attractive is due to

the desire of females to secure resources to raise their children

The tendency for neutral or irrelevant information to weaken a judgement or impression is referred to as:

the dilution effect

Kia believes that U.S. President Barack Obama was able to get his medical reform legislation passed in Congress because of his dynamic interpersonal skills. This is an example of:

the dispositional view.

People tend to explain the causes of other people's behavior as being a result of their personalities, Thus if Luke gets a bad grade on a test it must be because he is stupid. This tendency is called:

the dispositional view.

People tend to explain the causes of other people's behavior as being a result of their personalities. Thus, if Luke gets a bad grade on a test, it must be because he is stupid. This tendency is called:

the dispositional view.

In the experiment by Kulik and Brown, subjects attempted to earn money by telephoning potential donors for charity pledges. They displayed the most aggression when:

the expectations were high, but their success rate was low.

evolutionary psychology suggest that our predisposition to pay close attention to instances of social inclusion or exclusion is a direct result of:

the fact that by being more attentive, our ancient ancestors were more successful at mating

The tendency to overestimate the percentage of people of other people who agree with us on a given issue is referred to as:

the false-consensus effect

which of the following explanations have been offered to account for research findings on the primacy effect in impression formation

the first items on the list create an initial impression that is then used to interpret subsequent information

The general human tendency to overestimate the importance of personality or dispositional factors when explaining the causes of social behavior is called:

the fundamental attribution error

Julie sees a stranger does poorly on a test...

the fundamental attribution error.

JIm has trouble deciding whether to buy a good-mileage ....... he will probably spend most of his time concentrating on:

the good mileage he gets.

Hovland, Harvey, and Sherif conducted an experiment on latitude of acceptance of ideas about the state being"wet" or "dry" on the sale of alcohol beverages. They found that:

the greatest change happened when a moderate discrepancy took place between the actual message and the individuals original opinion

In a study discussed in the text... Which group showed greater attitude change in actually rating the task as interesting?

the group that told a lie for $1.

Suppose you see Mary do very poorly on a classroom test. From this you conclude that Mary is not only stupid, but also has few friends, a poor personality, a difficult family life, and a hard time with everything she does. You have committed an error called:

the halo effect.

Which of the following conclusions is supported by Aronson and Mills' experiment in which...

the harder you work for something the more you will like it.

what did steele and aronson mean by their term, stereotype threat?

the individuals who are a minority come to believe the cultural stereotypes and they do not perform as well in society

Aronson defines social psychology as:

the influence that people have upon the beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of others.

Aronson defines social psychology as:

the influences that people have upon the beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of others.

In Zimbardo's prison study, young, psychologically normal men were randomly assigned to the role of playing a guard or prisoner. After six days, the "prisoners" became servile, dehumanized robots, while "guards" became despicable and cruel. In general, the results of this study probably indicate that:

the situation is often primarily responsible for behavior, not the personalities of subjects.

Kia believes that U.S. President Barack Obama was able to get his medical reform legislation passed in Congress because Democrats had an overwhelming majority of seats, and that it would have happened whether or not Obama was president. This is an example of :

the situation view.

Kia believes that U.S. President Barack Obama was able to get his medical reform legislation passed in Congress because Democrats had an overwhelming majority of seats, and that it would happened whether or not Obama as president. This is an example of:

the situational view

Next week, you're going to give a lecture to the psychology club about the Yale Attitude Change approach to persuasion. What will be your three main topics?

the source; the nature of the communication; the nature of the audience

Walster and Festinger conducted an experiment in which subjects "overheard" a conversation between two graduate students, one of who expressed an opinion on a certain issue. Subjects' opinions were influenced by the graduate student's opinion when:

the subject believed the graduate students were unaware of his/her presence.

Meeus and Raaijmakers found that subjects were more likely to make negative remarks about a job applicant's performance if:

the subjects believed the applicant would not be receiving the remarks until some later time.

Meeus and Raaijmakers found that subjects were more likely to make negative remarks about a job applicant's performance if:

the subjects believed they would not receive the remarks until some time later.

Self-schema refers to:

the tendency to organize our personal history into an integrated whole.

Aronson's argument that "stateways change folkways" is based primarily on

the theory of cognitive dissonance

why do behaviors influence attitudes

the theory of cognitive dissonance

Despite official government warning of a severe water shortage, most citizens fail to conserve in the belief that their personal water consumption will have little effect on the community's total water supply. The eventual depletion of the community's water resources provides an example of

the tragedy of the commons.

frank has started working in an office recently where mary has worked for several years........

the ultimate attribution error

Kropotkin's study of chimps documents that when one hungry chimp begs for food from another, the other reluctantly shares. This research is sited to make which of the following points:

the urge to share may have deep instinctive roots, even among aggressive animals.

the research suggests that people find it easier to hold their prejudice against obese people if they believe

their weight is due to a medical condition and they are making an effort to lose weight.

According to theorist Daniel Gilbert, we ignore threats such as global warming because:

they are a future danger that does not directly target us.

Daniel Gilbert suggests we ignore threats such as global warming because:

they are a future danger that doesn't directly target us.

how did muzafer sherif reduce the tension at the camp between the eagles and the rattlers

they deliberately broke the water supply

how did muzafer reduce the tension at the camp between the eagles and rattlers

they deliberately broke the water supply system.....

which of the following is not a characteristic of people to whom Adorno and his colleagues refer as the "authoritarian personality"?

they tend to be authority figures

which of the following is not characteristic of people to whom Adorno and his colleagues refer to as the authoritarian personality.

they tend to be authority figures

Energy auditors were more successful in persuading homeowners to make improvements that would increase the energy-efficiency of their homes when:

they used highly vivid language and examples when making their recommendations

in the experiment by barker, dembo, and lewin, in which children were delayed or not delayed from playing with attractive toys, the greater aggression of children who were delayed from playing with the toys probably occurred because :

they were frustrated at not getting what they had been led to expect.

in joanne floyds experiment young children were asked to share trinkets.......

they were generous to stingy friends and to generous strangers

In the "lady in distress" study, in which subjects waiting for an experiment were led to believe that a female experimenter in the next room had fallen and hurt herself, subjects were more likely to come to her assistance when:

they were waiting alone in the next room.

Aronson text describes an experiment in which subjects watch a victim supposedly receive electric shocks

those who voted to terminate the shocks, and the shocks were terminated

In thinking about the relative importance of the primacy and recency effects, the most crucial variable is:

time.

During a psychology experiment, Chad and Wilma are asked to compete in the "prisoner's dilemma" game. As revealed in the pattern of responses above, Wilma is probably using a ________ strategy.

tit-for-tat

According to Jacobs and eccles, what is the best way for mothers to encourage their daughters to develop strong math skills?

to actively avoid gender stereotypes so that they are not transmitted to their daughters

Make sure everyone in the lineup resembles the witness's description of the suspect. Tell the witnesses that the person suspected of the crime may or may not be in the lineup. Do not always include the suspect in an initial lineup. Make sure that the person conducting the lineup does not know which person in the lineup is the suspect. Ask witnesses how confident they are that they can identify the suspect before they receive any feedback about their lineup performance. Present pictures of people sequentially instead of simultaneously. Present witnesses with both photographs of people and sound recordings of their voices. Composite face programs should perhaps be avoided.

to avoid best guess

One way of decreasing the persuasibility of members of an audience is:

to forewarn them that someone is going to try to persuade them.

the term "Cognitive Miser" refers to our tendency

to take shortcuts in processing complex information to simplify complex information

The confirmation bias refers to the human tendency:

to verify our initial knowledge, hypotheses, and beliefs.

Attractive or likable communicators tend to be more persuasive when they are obviously trying to persuade us. This statement is:

true, but only in the case of trivial issues.

argue against self interest, conflict with expectations, absouletly sure that person is not trying to influence us

trustworthy

The reason experimenters randomly assign participants to different conditions in an experiment is to:

try to distribute unique characteristics of the participants equally between conditions. or minimize the effect of confounding due to uncontrolled subject variables

if an audience is well informed give a

two sided argument

if a group is not in favor or mixed give a

two sided argument ending with the counterarguments against the oppositions side last

in some experiments on the pain of being rejected, participants played a ball-tossing game while thier brains were scanned

tylenol prior to the playing the game

A group is most likely to influence us when they are ______ in their opinion.

unanimous

Dion asked women to examine reports of behavior disturbances caused by attractive and unattractive boys and girls

unattractive boys and girls

Using what you know about the charlie's angels experiment by Kenrick and Gutierres, if you were a young woman and were about to go out with a male blind date, you should hope that he has just been watching a movie that starred:

unattractive women.

dissonance is experienced as

unpleasant arousal

nothing bad will ever happen to me

unrealistic optimism

In the circumstances surrounding the Abu Ghriab prison in which American soldiers abused Iraqi detainees resembles the situation in Zimbardo's prison study. Generalizing from this study, the guards' behaviors could be explained as a result of:

untrained guards being placed in an unusual situation.

The circumstances surrounding the Abu Ghraib prison in which American soldiers abused Iraqi detainees resembles the situation in Zimbardo's prison study. Generalizing from this study, the guard's behaviors could be explained as a result of:

untrained guards being places in an unusual situation.

According to a student by Mallick and McCandless, in which children were kept from achieving a goal by another child's clumsiness, the amount of aggression we express after a frustrating experience if often reduced when:

we learn that the person who has frustrated us actually intended no harm.

According to a study by Mallick and McCandless, in which children were kept from achieving a goal by another child's clumsiness, the amount of aggression we express after a frustrating experience if often reduced when:

we learn that the person who has frustrated us actually intended no harm.

the general reward theory of attraction is based upon which

we tend to like a person whose behavior provides us with the maximum reward at minimum cost,

In the "Barry Manilow" study, Gilovich asked students to go to a party ____% thought people would notice, but in reality only ____%. The results of this study support the idea that:

we think people are watching us more than they are.

In the "Barry Manilow" study- Gilovich asked students to go to a party ____% thought people would notice, but in reality only ____%. The results of this study support the idea that:

we think people are watching us more than they are.

in an experiment by coan et al. on social support....

went down significantly compared to women who held the hand of a stranger

in an experiment by coan et al. on social support, married women were placed in an fMRI while they anticipated receiving electrical shocks. when a stranger held.....

went down slightly

Bettors at a race track who were asked how confident they were about their chances of winning:

were more confident right after having placed their bets.

In the "Lottery Ticket" study- people who selected their numbers

were willing to sell them but at 4x the purchase price

When are people least likely to throw a flier on the ground?

when a model picked up a discarded fast-food bag and placed it in the trash can.

According to Aronson, under which of the following conditions of persuasive communication would people's attitudes typically change the least?

when a nonexpert argues an extreme position

What is the general relationship between accountability and conformity?

when a person knows he will be accountable to a group for his actions, he will be more likely to conform

Cognitive dissonance is defined as a state of tension that occurs:

when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent.

Imagine someone asked you to do something you found distasteful... when would you find it most enjoyable?

when a person you dislike offered you a small reward

Imagine that someone asked you to do something you found distasteful... when would you find it most enjoyable?

when a person you dislike offered you a small reward

harold sigall and aronson conducted an experiment in which a female confederate was made up to appear either...........

when she was attractive, but the kind of evaluation she gave had a strong effect on men's liking for her, but when she was unattractive, it had virtually none

When is a two-sided message likely to be more effective than a one-sided message?

when the audience is well-informed and in general opposition to the position of the source

In his study of obedience to authority, Milgram found that:

when the experimenter was out of the room, fewer subjects were fully obedient.

using the polygraph people were labeled as lying or telling the truth correctly

86%

more resistant to change initial opinion

high self esteem

Fazio and Williams manipulated...

more predictive of later behavior.

in_____ of these cases the conviction was based on faulty eye whitnesses

75%

In Johnson's "If it bleeds, it leads" study, over a 6 month period, approx. what percentage of news broadcasts depicted suffering or conflict?

80%

In Johnson's study if bleeds it leads what percentage of local news devoted time to violent crimes?

80%

In the "Barry Manilow" shirt study, Gilovich asked students to go to a party wearing embarrassing t-shirts. The participants estimated that ___________ of the people would notice, but only ________ actually noticed.

50%; 20%

In Johnson's study if bleeds it leads what percentage of local news devoted time to violent crimes?

53%

Aronson describes a study in which male students were observed showering to determine if they complied with a request to conserve water. Subjects showered along, with a conserving model, or with two conserving models. The percentages of subjects who conserved water in the alone, one model, two model conditions were:

6%, 49%, 67% respectively.

Alcohol is involved in ____% of violent crimes arrests

75

According to the hindsight bias you would predict which of the following results?

A. People would be more likely to blame a prisoner than a guard for a prison uprising. B. if after a race were over, people were asked how confident they were that a particular horse would win, they would remember being more confident if he did win than if he did not. C. We tend to behave the way the people expect us to. D. we are more likely to make situational judgements when explaining our future behavior and make dispositional explanations when explaining our past behavior. Answer: B

Suppose you were running for office and were going to debate your opponent. if both of you were to present your arguments one right after the other and the election is still several days away, you should probably try to speak ____________, in order to make use of ________ effect.

A. Second; recency B. first; primacy C.second; primacy D first; recency Answer: c.

in which of the conditions is there likely to be more conformity?

A. The subject is good at the task. B. There are no experts in the group. C. The other members of the group are not important to the naive subject. D. The naive subject is from a collectivist society like Japan. Answer: D.

According to the text, perhaps the best way to encourage young people to use condoms when having intercourse is to:

A. print a warning about AIDS on each condom label. B. encourage people to think of condoms as part of erotic foreplay. C. present the startling statistics about how high the risk of aids is for young American heterosexuals. D. show explicit film footage of people dying from AIDS. Answer: B

The type of conformity which is most likely to persist the longest is that which results from:

A. social reality B. compliance C. internalization D. identification Answer: C.

In a series of studies on bystander intervention, conducted on the New York subway system, an accomplice of the experimenters staggered and collapsed on the floor of the train. Overall, these studies found that:

A. the victim was offered help more often when the train had relatively few passengers. B. the victim was almost never offered help, regardless of how crowded the train was. C. the victim was almost always offered help when he was made to seem obviously ill. D. the victim was almost never offered help when he was carrying a liquor bottle and was made to reek of alcohol. Answer: C.

Researcher Matthew McGlone manipulated the message on pamphlets about the swine flu (N1H1 flu) so that the flu seemed liked an aggressive threat that kills people. On other pamphlets, the flu was described more passively as something thousands of people die from each year. People who read the more aggressive pamphlet ___________ the people who read the passive pamphlet.

A. were more likely to get a flu shot than B. were less likely to get a flu shot than C. were just as likely to get a flu shot as D. did not act because their fear was more overwhelming compared to Answer: A

participants rate appliances and then were given the choice of two (that they previously marked as equal) participants were later asked to rate the items again ratings increased for the selected appliance and decreased for the appliance not chosen

Appliance Study (Brehm)

During the 1988 Presidential campaign, Willie Horton was candidate George Bush's (the elder) most valuable player because:

Bush used Horton's crime to criticize Dukakis's stance on crime.

Pallak and Pittman argued that the fact people are more distracted... is support for:

Cognitive dissonance theory.

Six-year-old Lisa finds hitting her little brother is the quickest way to get him to stop bugging her. Her mother, however, finds Lisa's behavior unacceptable, and threatens to take away her favorite toy for a whole week if she hits her brother again. Lisa stops hitting her brother. Lisa's behavior illustrates what form of response to social influence?

Compliance

According to Irving Janis, the maladaptive phenomenon of "groupthink" is more likely to occur when

Concurrence-seeking processes override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

According to Aronson, many people would view ______ as one of the most important characteristics of a laboratory experiment

Control

In his or her attempts to understand human social behavior, the professional social psychologist has the advantage of being able to

Control the influence of irrelevant factors when studying a problem.

In his text, Aronson argues that Jim Jones was able to persuade people to comply with his demands and then increasing them. This analysis is most similar to the research conducted by

Freedman and Fraser on the foot in the door technique.

Jim Jones was able to persuade people to comply with his demands by first making small demands then increasing them. This is most similar to research conducted by:

Freedman and Fraser on the foot in the door technique.

You are a member of a crime-scene investigation team composed of detectives and police officers. Based on information in your text about information sharing in groups, what would be the best way for your team to discuss the crime and solve it accurately?

Have each member be responsible for certain types of information.

Zanna and Cooper conducted an experiment.. Which group changed their attitude the most?

It was the relaxed group.

Jane is a subject in Milgram's study of obedience. As she delivers increasingly severe shocks to the "learner," she feels a great deal of anxiety, engages in nervous laughter, and breaks out into a sweat. Caught in the grip of conflicting emotions, she would like to stop but feels she must continue to obey the orders of the experimenter. She has never encountered a situation like this before. Based on the description, what can we conclude about the Milgram experiment?

It was high experimental realism.

Roger was in a car accident with his brother and his best friend and both of them are knocked unconscious. The car is on fire and he can only save one, so he saves his brother. What concept explains his decision?

Kin selection

Costs and Benefits...

People help less when costs of helping are high

Aronson's first law

People who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy - Fundamental attribution error (Situational vs. Dispositional attributions)

Which one of the following statements about self-esteem and fear-based appeals is true?

People with high self-esteem take immediate action in response to fear-based appeals.

Which group of people is the easiest to influence?

People with moderate self-esteem

Which of the following is not a research result presented in The Social Animal as support for the idea that people are prone to make self-serving explanations of their own behavior?

People working in two-person teams on a skill task accept responsibility for success...

Which of the following is not a research result presented in The Social Animal as support for the idea that people are prone to make self-serving explanations of their own behavior?

People working in two-person teams on a skill task accept responsibility for the failure of the team

George bought his 6 year old grandson, Pete, a set of paints....

Pete will see painting as a way of making money, not as someone enjoyable.

George bought his 6-year-old grandson, Pete, a set of paints for his birthday. Hoping to encourage the little artist, George told him he would give him $1 for every painting he made, which Pete thinks is a lot of money. According to Deci's research on the effects of rewards, which of the following is most likely to happen as a result of George's offer?

Pete will see painting as a way to make money, not as something enjoyable in itself.

When it comes to changing deeply rooted attitudes and behavior, such as prejudice, the most effective strategy is to:

Place people in a situation in which they must change their behavior, then changes in attitudes will follow.

Failing to properly acknowledge authorities quoted, cited, or consulted, in the preparation of written work is a form of academic dishonesty called

Plagiarism

Which of the following areas of research are NOT potential areas for your research project in this class?

Psychological Disorders

In Zimbardo's prison study, how were subjects assigned the role of prisoner or guard?

Roles were assigned by flipping a coin.

According to Festinger, conformity is more likely to occur when _________ reality is high and __________ reality is low

Social; physical

Why did Zimbardo discontinue his prison experiment?

The subjects lost sight of the difference between their own "self" and the "role" that they were playing

According to Hamblin and colleagues when punishment is applied to children to stop aggression, what happens?

Severe or restrictive punishment increases aggression as a result of growing frustration.

Ginny is asked to give a speech in favor... Under which circumstance would her attitude undergo the most change in favor of the requirement?

She agrees and is paid $10

The actor-observer bias says people tend to attribute their own actions to ____ and actions of other's to their ______.

Situational factors; personal dipositions

The actor-observer bias says people tend to attribute their own actions to ____ and actions of other's to their ______.

Situational factors; personal dispositions

You are a college professor grading the exams of students in your class. Student A and B both got 25 out or 40 multiple choice questions. However A got the first 15 correct and missed 10 of the last 25. On the other had B got the first 15 wrong and the last 25 right. According to Jones and his colleagues, what kind of impression would you likely have?

Student A is smarter than Student B

Why did Zimbardo discontinue his prison experiment?

The subjects lost sight of the difference between their own "self" and the "role" that they were playing.

we are unable to detect our cognitive biases at work because they are unconscious and unitentional

bias blindspot (pronin et al)

Bill and Mary are concerned because...

bill and mary would be more convinced that they are a bad influence.

Which of the following is a good example of self-fulfilling prophecy?

This student comes from a poor neighborhood. The teacher assumes he is not smart and consequently the child does poorly.

Research indicates that when people observe a conformity experiment like Asch's (in which subjects conformed to the erroneous judgments of others regarding the length of lines) they typically predict that:

That they, personally, would exhibit less conformity that the subjects they are observing.

In the "Johnny Rocco" study, conducted by Schacter, which confederate was more likely to be ignored by the participants by the end of the study session:

The "deviate" confederate.

Dependent Variable

The behavior of the participants that is affected by the presentation of the independent variable.

Petty and Cacioppo say the two routes to persuasion are:

The central and the peripheral.

Which one of the following has NOT been shown in research studies to increase the perception of the communicator's trustworthiness?

The communicator is rich and powerful

Suppose you constructed an experiment to better understand the effect of the content of a speech on how persuaded people were by it. In this experiment, the independent variable would be

The content of the speech

Kia believes that U.S. President Barack Obama was able to get his medical reform legislation passed in Congress because of his dynamic interpersonal skills. This is an example of:

The dispositional view

People tend to explain the causes of other people's behavior as being the result of their personalities. Thus, if Luke gets a bad grade on a test, it must be because he is stupid. This tendency is called

The dispositional view.

Aronson defines social psychology as

The influences that people have upon the beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of others.

According to cognitive dissonance theory, a disadvantage of the use of large rewards is:

The intrinsic value may be reduced.

Freud's catharsis theory suggests that a violent or aggressive act will release pent up aggression and decrease further acts of violence.

The theory is incorrect

The crucial difference between experimental and non experimental methods of investigation is experimental methods involve

The use of random assignment.

In the aftermath of Sept. 11 attacks the US government issued several warnings of imminent terrorist attacks. Which statement is true regarding the warnings?

The warnings did not meet any criteria needed to be effective.

In the aftermath of the September 11 attack, the U.S. government issued several warnings of imminent terrorist attacks. Which statement is true of those warnings?

The warnings did not meet any criteria needed to be effective.

Zimbardo's research suggests that "deindividuation" contributes to aggression. By this, he means that we are more likely to behave aggressively when we are:

anonymous.

To change a person's attitudes the most, a communicator should present a position that is high distant or discrepant from the person's initial position.

This statement is true only for high- credibility communicators.

Carlsmith and Aronson, as well as Freedman, ... about mild punishment?

Threats of mild punishment curbed aggressive behavior in the short and long term.

Which of the following people have fallen prey to the fundamental attribution error?

Tim, who points to a person who fell down and says, "What a clumsy oaf!"

Ed & Todd

Todd will not change; Ed will become stronger that they aren't needed.

as part of a psychology experiment, ed and todd wrote essays saying that seat belts are unnecessary and laws requiring them should be abolished. from a questionnaire given several weeks before, it is known that both ed and todd are actually in favor of the laws requiring seat belts. in the experiment, Ed is given a very small reward for writing the essay, while todd is given a large reward for writing the essay. if their attitudes are subsequently measured, what is the most likely result.

Todd's attitude about seat belts will not change; Ed's will become stronger that seat belts are unnecessary.

Doing a favor for someone will increase the possibility that they will like you.

True - but not always.

When it comes to liking other people, we are attracted to people who are similar to us

True - but not always.

When are people least likely to throw a flier on the ground?

When a model picked up a discarded fast-food bag and placed it in the trash can.

What is the general relationship between accountability and conformity?

When a person knows he will be accountable to a group for his actions, he will be more likely to conform.

When is a two-sided message likely to be more effective than a one-sided message?

When the audience is well informed and in general opposition to the position of the source.

You and a friend are watching the news and hear a report about a murder in New York City, witnessed by dozens of bystanders - none of whom attempted to help the victim or even telephone the police. Your friend expresses utter disgust at this incident, remarking "People who live in big cities have no compassion for others. They lack fundamental decency - all they are about are themselves." Your friend's remark best reflects:

a dispositional view of the world.

You and a friend are watching the news and hear about a murder in New York City, witnessed by dozens of bystanders- none of whom attempted to help the victim or even telephone the police. You friend expresses utter disgust at the incident, remarking "People who live in big cities have no compassion for others. They lack fundamental decency- all they care about is themselves." Your friend's remark best reflects:

a dispositional view of the world.

The halo effect occurs when:

a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone biases our future expectations and inferences about that person.

According to Aronson, which type of research study would be much simpler to conduct on the topic of frats and conformity?

a field study that used members of actual frats.

Salmivalli et al. suggests that narcissistic self-esteem is not really self esteem at all but is:

a form of self-aggrandizing based on feelings of insecurity.

According to survey research on advertisements aimed at children:

about 90 percent of preschool-aged children ask for products they see advertised on television.

Ethan and Heather see a man stumbling around as he walks down the street. Ethan, who belongs to Alcoholics Anonymous, thinks the man is drunk, but Heather, who just watched a TV special on Michael J. Fox, thinks the man has Parkinson's disease. These differing interpretations of the same behavior seem to be caused by Ethan and Heather's differences in

accessibility.

the consistency with which a behavior is displayed the consensus of others the distinict

accessing the true cause behind a behavior

Aronson suggests that cognitive dissonance plays a large role in political elections because...

alter their perception of a candidate to be consistent with their pre-conceived beliefs.

Participants in experiments may gain some unique insight about themselves that they never knew before as a result of their being in a social psychology study. Aronson argues that it would be _________ for social psychologists to justify their research because of such insight.

arrogant and unethical

After choosing between 2 equally attractive appliances...

as more attractive than the one they rejected.

Langer and Rodin found that nursing home residents improved in alertness, activity, and happiness if they were

asked to make personal choices and given opportunities to influence nursing home policies.

The main point of the Ross, Mcfarland, and fletcher article that studied attitudes about bathing and teeth brushing was that

attitudes we hold can influence how we remember our own behavior

According to Aronson's chapter on persuasion, emotional appeals tend to influence _____ and specific instructions tend to influence ______.

attitudes; actual behavior

according to frieze and her associates how attractiveness and salary related for men and women

attractive men had higher starting salaries and earned more money over many years. attractive women had only higher salaries over the years and not for their starting salaries.

Stella is very serious about dancing and starts college as a dance major. The more serious she gets about dancing, the more she worries about the pressure to succeed and the rewards associated with succeeding. She finds that dancing feels like a chore and something she has to do rather than wants to do. Her change in her views about dance is due to what social psychologists call

attribution of arousal.

a special type of belief that includes emotional and evaluative components, in a sense, a stored good or bad evaluation of an object. (p. 109, 136)

audience attitude

ironic processing and thought suppression monitoring- operating process-

automatic processing controlled processing

automatic believing - controlled unbelieving accept- unacccept-

automatic processing controlled processing

based on how easy it is to bring an example to mind the easier it is, the more typically we believe the example errors when a vivid but not typical example easily come to mind when making a judgement

availability heuristics

According to Aronson, most people believe that they are motivated by a desire to ______ whereas others are motivated by a desire to ______.

be correct; stay in the good graces of others

According to Aronson, most people believe that they are motivated by a desire to ___________ whereas others are motivated by a desire to ____________

be correct; stay in the good graces of others.

Crandall and esheman argue that prejudice requires energy and that we are inclined to conserve mental energy. therefore, in an effort to avoid cognitive dissonance we may:

be particularly attracted to information that justifies our prejudice and allows us to express it, thereby saving the energy.

The Norwegian school system was able to curtail the bullying by 50% by training teachers and admin to>

be vigilant to the problem and take swift but moderate punitive action.

Generalizing from Berkowitz's research, you would predict a subject who has just watched a "slasher" movie (in which a beautiful young women....) would be more likely to act aggressively against:

beautiful young women

according to cognitive dissonance theory, why will edict of an "eye for an eye" fail to stop a cycle of violence?

because We must denigrate our victim to justify our action of retribution.

in communicating effectively with another person, giving that person immediate feedback regarding your own feelings is useful

because it increases the persons insight into the impact of his or her actions.

Fourteen-year-old Kevin frequently watches violent television programs. This will most likely lead him to

become more fearful of being personally assaulted.

If a religion teaches that the prophet was tempted but didn't succumb... predicts that that religion would also teach that the prophet would:

become more self-righteous and punitive toward sinners.

In a study by Mettee and Aronson, subjects whose self-esteem had be temporarily lowered were more likely to cheat at a card game...

behaving in an immoral fashion is more dissonance-arousing for people with high self-esteem

based on actions (i guess i like bananas because i eat them alot)

behaviorally based attitudes

Brian Mullen studied lynchings perpetrated from 1899 to 1946 and found that the larger lynch mobs, the more violent the lynchings. This suggests:

being a "faceless" member of a crowd lowers inhibitions.

Jones and Kohler demonstrated that people are generally more motivated to:

believe they are right, rather than to actually be right.

may ignore base rate information judgement can be flawed if we pick out the wrong trait becomes problematic when we pick our an initial trait such as gender or ethnicity when we first meet someone

bias

Aronson describes an experiment in which groups of subjects discuss the punishment.... subjects best liked a confederate when he played the role of a:

conformist (person who agreed with the group)

Joe was brought up in a household in which both of his parents worked outside the home......

conformity process

According to Kelley, people look for which of the following kinds of info in explaining behavior?

consistency, consensus and distinctiveness

we respond not to reality as it is but to reality as we ____ it

construe

Another term for the fundamental attribution error that many social psychologists prefer is

correspondence bias.

Tom explains his wife's success as being a result of her intelligence and determination- thus explain her behavior in terms of her traits that are like the behavior- this is an example of:

correspondent inference

Tom explains his wife's success in her job as being the result of her intelligence and determination, thus explaining her behavior in her terms of her traits that are like the behavior. The text would consider Tom's explanation to be an example of:

correspondent inference.

According to our discussion in class, affectively-based attitudes may be based on all of the following, except:

correspondent inferences

and other dissonance techniques will lead to attitude change when the behavior can be induced with minimum amount of pressure

counter attitudinal advocacy

in social psychology experiments, the experimenter tries to:

create a functional equivalent to conditions found in the real world

In social psychology experiments, the experimenter tries to:

create a functional equivalent to conditions in the real world.

believing that the world is a "just place" tends to:

create a less just world by leading the person to derogate those who have received bad outcomes.......

Many research studies have shown that the key factor influencing perceptions of the communicator is his/her:

credibility.

People generally ________ think they will like to be able to easily change a decision they've made; however, the research on cognitive dissonance suggests that people actually are ________ with their choice when a decision is more permanent.

do; happier

The combined results of rumor research conducted by prasad and sinha were that following a natural disaster- people who lived in the town were more likely to ______ the possibility of impending disaster, while those in undamaged, neighboring towns tended to ______.

downplay; exaggerate

following a natural disaster- people who lived in the town were more likely to ______ the possibility of impending disaster, while those in undamaged, neighboring towns tended to ______.

downplay; exaggerate

misleading questions can change peoples mind based on

elizabeth loftus

On a visit to Australia, then-president George H.W. Bush offended the Australians when he flashed the two-fingered "peace sign" to a crowd. This is an example of how the use of ________, which vary from culture to culture, may lead to confusion or conflict if used outside of the user's culture.

emblems

the rapid transmission of emotions or behaviors through a crowd.

emotional contagion

The news media's sensationalizing of events such as suicides and the Tylenol poisonings sometimes incites copycat suicides and copycat poisonings. This phenomenon is known as:

emotional contagion.

Aronson reports the results of an experiement in which people who were asked to insulate their homes...

emphasize how much is lost by not insulating.

If you were trying to sell insulation you would be wise to

emphasize how much is lost by not insulating.

Schachter and Singer (1962) conducted a experiment in which subjects were injected with either epinephrine or a placebo, and were either informed or misinformed as to the real symptoms produced by an epinephrine injection. Later they were exposed to the behavior of either an angry or a euphoric cohort. Subjects in which of the following conditions were most likely to imitate the behavior of the cohort?

epinephrine - misinformed

Loftus conducted a study in which subjects saw a film clip of a car accident. Some subjects were asked about how the cars "hit" each other and others were asked about how they "smashed into" each other. The main result of this study was that subjects who were asked about how the cars "hit" were more likely to:

estimate a lower rate of speed for the cars.

Darrin Lehman and Shelley Taylor studied college students who lived in LA...

even well-educated people respond to the threat of catastrophe by doing nothing to prepare for it.

According to the article on social resilience, the survivors of the Grafton adopted what type of group norms that facilitated continued survival and rescue?

group cooperation and cohesion

Members of the school board were tentatively considering a proposal to institute the wearing of uniforms in the elementary and middle school grades. After their last meeting, they are now strongly in favor of the proposal. This illustrates the phenomenon known as

group polarization.

Disastrous decisions make by memebers of Hilter's inner circle, Nixon's "palace guard" and NASA officials involved in the launch of the ill-fated Challenger shuttle were a consequence of a maladaptive decision-making strategy Irving Janis calls:

groupthink

better approach than the control question technique look for consistent responses to details of a crime that only a guilty person would know

guilty knowledge technique

if you want people to ___ their moral attitudes towards a misdeed, tempt them- but not enough to induce them to commit the deed

harden

bond and his colleagues investigated a psychiatric hospital that had a racially mixed population of patients but was run by an all-white staff. the results of this study revealed that:

harsher methods of handling violent behavior were used against black patients than against white patients

Salmivalli et al. would argue that school yard bullies

have paper thin self esteem as a result of long standing insecurities.

Suppose you are planning to take a class from a professor you know nothing about- right before it starts your friend tells you the professor is inflexible, wordy, an easy grader, and kind to students. You'll be likely to remember-

he's inflexible.

You are in the market for a new car and think you would like to own a Saab. According to research reported by Richard Nisbett and his associates, which of the following would be most likely to influence your decision?

hearing about the huge repair bills a neighbor's sister had on her Saab

According to Freud, society performs an essential and beneficial function in regulating the instinct of aggression by:

helping people to sublimate destructive energy into acceptable/useful behavior.

According to research presented in the text, people with high self-esteem are most likely to be persuaded by campaigns using:

high fear.

An experiment that gets the subject involved and interested but that does not represent events that occur in the real world is:

high in experimental realism and low in mundane realism

Baumeister, Bushman, and Campbell found that students who were _____________ were more likely to aggress.

high in narcissism and self-esteem

A study on increased attraction following arousing events compared the degree of liking people between people in a sky diving club after a jump versus members of a chess club in New York's Central Park after a match. This study would have _____ and _____.

high mundane realism: high experimental realism.

_____ people act right away to a high fear message

high self esteem

Even though you believe college tuition should be increased to meet rising expenses, you go along with a group of friends as they organize a protest for lower tuition. This is an example of:

identification

Suppose you saw a small child named Fergie eating lima beans with obvious reluctance. When asked why she was eating them if she wasn't fond of them, she replied, "Because Muno from Yo Gabba Gabba eats his vegetables, and I want to be like him!" What type of conformity is she displaying?

identification

are the most common cause of wrongful convictions in the US

identification errors from police lineups

a more parsimonious social psychological explanation of the relationship between prejudice and the ..........

identification with parental attitudes that are prejudice

According to Aronson, the "Uncle Charlie" effect can lead to considerable influence over us because of our fondness or admiration for a specific person. The type of influence is called:

identification.

According to Aronson, the "uncle Charlie" effect can lead to considerable influence over us because of our fondness or admiration for a specific person. The type of influence is called:

identification.

reduce dissonance by softening stance on cheating

if cheating on an exam

The Bonobo are a species that share almost all DNA... The example of this species is used in the chapter to argue that:

if lower species can be peaceful, so can humans.

The Bonobo are a species that share almost all DNA... The example of this species is used in the chapter to argue that:

if lower species can be peaceful, so can humans. aggression has an innate source but can be modified.

harden stance on cheating to justify making the right decision

if not cheating on an exam

what does aronson say is a powerful determinants of whether you will like another person

if that person likes you.

According to research cited in your textbook, facts and figures can be effective in combating a fear campaign:

if the facts and figures are tied to a solution to the problem.

Social loafing would be least likely to occur

in a relay race in which each team member's performance is timed.

Jim is concerned about his future...

in an example of a "Barnum statement".

Lee scored in the 99th percentile on the verbal portion of the SAT. She loves to put her verbal skills to use in solving anagrams. Lee would most likely perform at her best

in the mere presence of others also solving anagrams.

tended to say that they used a process of emilination

inaccurate witness

The main way in which an attitude differs from an opinion is that an attitude:

includes an emotional component.

According to dissonance theory, as external justification decreases, the need to find internal justification for performing the act tends to:

increase

According to dissonance theory, as the external justification decreases, the need to find internal justification for performing the act tends to:

increase

according to dissonance theory, as the external justifications for performing an act of decrease, the need to find internal justifications for performing the act tends to

increase

Which of these is NOT a suggestion that Aronson makes with regard to learning from our mistakes?

increase cognitive dissonance in the face of major events.

Research on the effect of environmental conditions suggest that higher air temps:

increase hostility and aggression.

suppose you are observing a highly popular and well-respected politician and a college student eat lunch. both proceed to spill gravy on their neckties. .....

increase;decrease

warning an audience a persuasive attempt coming ____ their resistance to the message

increases

which of the following is not a suggestion that aronson makes with regard to learning from our mistakes?

increasing cognitive dissonance in the face of major errors

Which of the following words pairs corresponds most likely t0 "cause-effect"?

independent variable and dependent variable.

mutual interdependence refers to a situation in which:

individuals need, and are needed by, one another to accomplish their goals

Dissonance reduction theory predicts that once a person has hurt another, he will be ____ likely to hurt the person in the future. This explanation is ____ the idea of catharsis.

more; contrary to

Asch's study on the primary effect on impression formation indicates that:

info received first is more influential than later in determining overall impressions of another person.

You see a person lying in the street in apparent discomfort. He may be drunk or he may be having a heart attack; you don't really know. Unsure of whether he needs help, you observe that while other people notice him, no one else stops to offer help. Because no one else stops, you conclude that he must not need help and is probably only drunk. Your decision shows the effects of

informational social influence.

Rosemary was invited to a dinner party by her new work supervisor. Although she was told to arrive around 7:00, Rosemary makes sure to show up at 6:55p with her often-requested spinach and artichoke dip. Upon her arrival, she immediately begins complimenting her supervisor's decorating choices. In which of the following strategies is most likely Rosemary engaging?

ingratiation

fear leads to greater intentions but must

instruct people on how to change behavior to get the recommended response

One important aspect of the social learning theory of aggression is that humans will consider the ____ of a person who caused pain or frustration:

intention

ability, disposition, trait or effect

internal

when happy couples experience positive behavior by their partner they tend to make an

internal global stable attribution

Which type of conformity which is the most likely to persist the longest is a result of:

internalization

according to sternberg, romantic love is the combination of

intimacy and passion

Instrumental aggression differs from hostile aggression in that:

involves harming someone in order to achieve a goal, rather than cause pain

Debriefing a subject at the end of an experiment:

is a valuable way of undoing some of the discomfort and deception that may have occurred during the experiment.

Jim is concerned about his future...

is an example of a "Barnum statement".

one aspect of the study on the authoritarian personality that should make us cautious is that the authoritarian personality:

is based upon correlational research and can be more simply explained by identification with parental attitudes.

Explaining unpleasant behavior as labeling people "crazy" or "sadistic":

is dangerous if is causes us to forget about situational factors that could cause us to engage in unpleasant behaviors.

Explaining unpleasant behavior by labeling people "crazy" or "sadistic":

is dangerous if it causes us to forget about situational factors that could cause us to engage in unpleasant behaviors.

generalizing from research presented in the text, on a first date, the partner people like most is the one

is greatest; matches their own level of physical attractiveness

Sigmund Freud would most likely be associated with the idea that aggression:

is instinctive.

Sihmund Freud would most likely be associated with the idea that aggression:

is instinctive.

Experimentation is used in social psychology primarily because:

it allows for greater control of the relevant variables than other research techniques

According to Greenwald, a positive feature of cognitive conservatism is that:

it allows us to perceive the social world as a stable, coherent place.

according to the social animal, the jigsaw technique was successful in overcoming hostility in the classroom because

it capitalized on the children's self-interest to do well in school.

which of the following is not a reason cited by aronson for why media violence might increase aggression

it increases physiological arousal

evolutionary psychology suggest that physical attractiveness is desired because

it is a signal for reproductive fitness

From the results of Milgram's studies that manipulated the distance between teacher and learner, one could conclude that

it would be more disturbing to kill another with one's bare hands than with a gun.

biased sample ex

judging how hard your friends studies based on how hard you study

a simple approximation or rule for solving a problem that required very little thought (a mental shortcut)

judgmental heuristics

changing one or both of the cognitions adding new cognitions to bridge the gap change attitude

justifying our behavior

mild threat ( i would be a little angry) severe threat (very angry) the children who were mildly threatened found the toy _______ than those who were severely threatened (the forbidden toy Aronson and Carlsmith)

less attractive

In a study of the bystander intervention... Those participants who thought there were three other people as part of the group were:

less likely to help compared to those who thought they were the only person who heard

In a study of bystander intervention, Darely and Lantane had participants take part in a discussion via an intercom system. The participants were alone in a room and could only communicate with others through the intercom system. The experimenters manipulated the number of people the participants thought were a part of the discussion. During the discussion,,one of the participants (a recording) had an epileptic seizure. Those participants who thought they were three other people as part of the group were:

less likely to help compared to when they thought they were the only person who heard the seizure.

those in committed relationships rated potentials as being

less physically and sexually attractive

If a person makes a prior commitment to a view that differs from the group opinion, he/she will tend to be:

less susceptible to group pressure to conform.

If a person makes prior commitment to a view that differs from the group opinion, he or she will tend to be:

less susceptible to group pressure to conform.

Although a group of psychiatrists who were asked to predict the results of Milgram's experiment on obedience thought that _____ percent of the subjects would use the highest possible shock, in fact _____ percent delivered all the shocks available.

less than 1; 67

Subjects in the high-dissonance conditions said they were ____ hungry and actually ate ____ food than those in the low dissonance condition.

less, less

which of the following is not a characteristic typical of an "authoritarian personality"?

low respect for authority

___ people initially do not act, but do so later

low self esteem

do not have confidence in own opinion, more likely to change

low self esteem

Suppose you volunteered to be a subject in a psychology experiment in which you were locking into a sound-proof booth and were told that your brain waves were being measured. Furthermore, you truly believed that your brain wave pattern was being used to predict your basic personality traits. According to Aronson, this experiment would have _____ mundane realism and _____ experimental realism.

low; high

A local store advertises are great sale on a certain computer... "even better" for "only" $500 more... this is known as:

lowballing

suppose fred and margaret are bith being persuaded about the best way to repair lawnmowers and the best way to choose paint colors to decorate a kitchen...........

margaret to be more persuaded about mower repair and fred about decorating

required simply reading words off of a list

mild initiation

An important aspect of groupthink is the presence of __________— people who censor troublesome incoming information

mindguards

Emile just ditched a friend at a party to spend time with a pretty woman. Emile feels uncomfortable but he tells himself it's because the woman is so hot and not because he treated his friend badly. The way he's feeling is dissonance, but he tells himself it's sexual attraction. This scenario describes which of the following?

misattribution of arousal

Cover stories are used to:

mislead subjects about the true purpose of the experiment.

Khrushcev, the premier of the soviet union in the 1960s.......dissonance theory suggest he would:

misremeber Beria as cruel and monstrous

... Assuming K thought of himself as a good person with high self-esteem, dissonance theory would suggest he would:

misremember Beria as cruel

Conway and Ross had students participate... they found participants reduced their dissonance by:

misremembering their original starting skill level.

Assume a speaker has low credibility with the audience. For maximum attitude change, how discrepant from the audience's initial position should the communication be?

moderately discrepant.

In a "natural experiment" in the real work, so technicians who were laid off by their company were given a chance to verbalize their hostility against their ex-bosses.... their hostility were _____ than words who have not voiced their hostility.

more negative in their descriptions of their ex-bosses

"any amount will be appriciated, even a penny will help" beign a student of social psychology you should respond that he can expect:

more people will give and the average size of the gifts will not decrease

suppose the fund-raising chairperson of a non profit organization tells you he has heard of a new..........

more people will give and the average size of the gifts will not decrease

Matthew McGlone presented college students with unfamiliar aphorisms that rhyme (woes unite foes) and the same ideas presented in a non-rhyming fashion (woes unite enemies). He found that the students were:

more persuaded by the aphorisms that rhymed.

according to research cited in the social animal, whites in south africa falsely believed that blacks committed the vast majority of the crimes because of:

the institutionalized social norm forbid white convicts from working in public

suppose you see two men. one is sitting with a highly attractive woman. the other is with an unattractive woman. generalizing from research presented in aronson

the man with the attractive woman will be seen as friendlier and more self- confident

The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them is referred to as

the mere exposure effect.

All other things being equal, the overwhelming weight of experimental evidence on fear and persuasion suggest that, in general, the more frightened a person is by a communication.

the more likely he or she is to take positive, preventive action.

In his study of the effects of televised prize-fights, sociologist David Phillips found that:

the more publicity surrounding the fights, the greater the increase in homicides in the following days.

Research conducted by Darley, Latane, and their colleagues on bystander intervention has revealed that:

the more witnesses there are to an emergency, the less likely it is that an individual will decide to help.

There are many advantages to using experiments; however, a major drawback is

the need to ensure psychological realism to maintain external validity.

In an experiment, two groups of college students were shown the same pictures of 25 different women from a different campus. However, for one group the photos were altered to make the faces in the photographs appear more symmetrical. Participants rated the attractiveness of the women on a one-to-ten scale with 10 being very attractive and one being very unattractive. Which is the dependent variable?

the one to ten attractiveness rating scales.

One of the most common ways of categorizing people is to divide the world up into two groups- the in-group (one'sown group/0 and the out-group. This tendency leads to:

the perception that one's own group is "better" and more deserving than the out-group.

You and a friend are visiting a new city and would like to splurge and go out for a fine meal. You look at the restaurant listings in the newspaper and find one that is very expensive. Your friend says, "Let's go for it. With prices like that, we're bound to have an incredible dining experience." In making her decision, your friend most likely was guided by:

the representative heuristic.

Nutz and Boltz, Inc. employs 100 people; 80 are lawyers and 20 are engineers. Albert, a lawyer at the company, is quiet, likes puzzles, spends most Friday nights reading alone, and carries a calculator. Most people, when asked whether Albert is a lawyer or an engineer, will guess that he is an engineer. These people are using ________ to make this faulty guess. A correct guess would have been made if they had used ________.

the representativeness heuristic; base rate information

Dissonance reduction processes can make:

us dislike people we hurt in order to justify hurting them.

Abby wants her roommate Rachel to pick up her clothes...

use a mild punishment that was enough to get Rachel to pick up her clothes.

Abby wants her roommate Rachel to pick up her clothes...

used a mild punishment that was enough to get Rachel to pick up her clothes.

According to cognitive dissonance theory, if Abby wanted her roommate Rachel to pick up her clothes instead of leaving them on the floor, Abby would get the most behavioral change if she:

used a very mild punishment that was enough to get Rachel to pick up her clothes.

suppose you conduct an experiment in which a child is placed in a room with a highly attractive toy. Generalizing from Freedman's research, you could diminish the child's attraction to the toy by:

using a mild threat of punishment for playing with the toy.

Which one of the following is NOT a factor of the central (as opposed to peripheral) route to persuasion?

using intuition to come to a decision

Confirmation bias

verifies our initial knowledge, hypotheses, and beliefs

Based on research on attributions within married couples presented in your text, consider the following couple: Dean claims that every time Erica does something kind it is just because she wants to impress his mother, and every time she does something rude he says it is because she is a mean person. What kind of relationship are they most likely to have?

very dissatisfied: a troubled couple

Phillips's research on the impact of media coverage of car-crash suicides revealed that following publicized suicide:

victims of "suicide" accidents tended to be of similar age as the victim of the publicized suicide.

There are two dimensions that are now used to define the four types of adult attachment. Which of the following are these two dimensions?

view of self view of others

Catharsis refers to the idea that:

violence reduces pent-up aggressive energy.

In Asch's study of conformity, which involved a comparison of the lengths of different lines, subjects were told that the experiment was about perceptual judgement. Telling subjects this:

was part of the experimenter's cover story.

According to Aronson's text, the statement that we are all "amateur" social psychologists means that:

we all develop hypotheses about social behavior because we spend a lot of time interacting with other people

According to Aronson's text, the statement that we are all "amateur" social psychologists means that:

we all develop hypotheses about social behavior because we spend a lot of time interacting with other people.

Neurological research indicates that when we try to use the same amount of force in retaliation that was used in the original attack on us:

we apply greater force but don't realize it.

Which best summarizes Aronson's view on human begins and rationality?

we are capable of both rational and irrational behaviors, depending on the circumstances.

which of the following best summarizes Aronson's view on human being and rationality?

we are capable of rational and irrational behaviors, depending on the circumstances.

why is it, according to dissonance theory, that we evaluate favorably those goals we've had to suffer for

we are motivated to justify the time and effort we've spent

Under which of the following conditions are we least likely to use heuristics in making decisions about social events?

when we have plenty of time to make the decision

In which situation is there likely to be more conformity?

when women are in an experiment with a male researcher.

Steele and Aronson administered the verbal portion of the GRE to black and white students, telling them either that the test was measuring their intellectual ability or that it had nothing to do with their intellectual ability. The results of this study revealed that:

white students performed equally well in both situations, but black students were highly affected by the way the test was described.

steele and aronson administered the verbal portion of the GRE to black and white students, telling them either that the test was measuring their

white students performed equally well in both situations, but black students were highly affected by the way the test was described.

Frey and Gaertner, in a study involving prejudice and helping, found that:

whites discriminated against a black person only when such discrimination could be easily rationalized

trying to put an image of a face into ___ can make peoples memory worse

words

You would expect that Sasha _______ , and A'amer ___________

worked very hard to earn his degree; did not work very hard.

suppose You meet two graduates from the same college........ would expect that Sasha _______ , and A'amer ___________

worked very hard to earn his degree; did not work very hard.

Bill and Mary.

would be more convinced that they are a bad influence.

deci discovered that if you are rewarded for performing a fun and interesting puzzle

you become less likely to play with it later, when you are not rewarded

straight talk

you offer a clear statement of your feelings and concerns, without accusing or judging the other person.

Assume that you want to avoid the self-fulfilling prophecy the next time you meet someone who fits a schema that you hold. According to work on the On Automatic Pilot: Low-Effort Thinking described in the text, what should you do? You should make sure that

you're not preoccupied with other things.