Sociology: Race and Ethnicity

Service jobs are also referred to as ______. A. secondary labor occupations (WRONG) B. extractive occupations C. tertiary occupations D. primary occupations

A. secondary labor occupations (WRONG)

Opponents of Affirmative Action believe it discriminates against ______. A. Hispanics B. Native Americans C. Whites D. Blacks

C. Whites

______ illustrates a connection between group competition and prejudice A. Robber's Cave B. Marxist Communism C. Weber's Analysis D. Split Labor Market Theory

A. Robber's Cave

A politician states in a campaign speech that "it is inevitable that the differences between our groups will disappear as we grow and mature as a society." This statement echoes the thinking of ______. A. Robert Park B. Milton Gordon C. Andrew Greeley D. Robert Blauner

A. Robert Park

______ is the tendency to see only what one expects to see. A. Selective perception B. Ethnocentric perception C. Modern perception D. Intentional perception

A. Selective perception

Which concept below best describes someone who is prejudiced and does discriminate? A. an all-weather bigot B. a racist C. an all-weather conservative D. an all-weather liberal

A. an all-weather bigot

People may learn racist behavior through ______. WRONG A. assimilation B. acculturation C. socialization D. marginalization

A. assimilation WRONG

Which of the following are the key actors, according to split labor market theorists? A. capitalists, higher priced labor, lower priced labor B. higher priced labor, lower priced labor C. capitalists, higher priced labor D. capitalists, lower priced labor

A. capitalists, higher priced labor, lower priced labor

The Robber's Cave experiment supports the idea that prejudice can be caused by______. A. conflict situations between groups B. lax supervision of young people C. extremely strict rules and regulations D. too much assimilation

A. conflict situations between groups

In split labor market theory, there are three actors in the economic sector of an industrial society. These actors are ______. A. elites, higher-priced labor, and cheaper labor B. elites, dominant race workers, and ethnic workers C. elites, higher-priced labor, and women D. elites, costly labor, and service sector workers

A. elites, higher-priced labor, and cheaper labor

Marxism is a theory of history and social change in which ______ is a central concern. A. inequality B. international war C. fame D. prejudice

A. inequality

The advocates of Black Power identified the cause of racial inequality in the United States as ______. A. institutional discrimination and racism B. African Americans' lack of education C. African Americans' lack of effort D. anti-Black prejudice

A. institutional discrimination and racism

The advocates of Black Power identified the cause of racial inequality in the United States as ______. A. institutional discrimination and racism B. anti-Black prejudice C. African Americans' lack of effort D. African Americans' lack of education

A. institutional discrimination and racism

Which of the following characteristics is not typical of ascribed status? A. it can be altered through hard work and motivation B. it typically cannot be changed easily C. it is usually acquired at birth D. it is usually involuntary

A. it can be altered through hard work and motivation

As de jure segregation formed and solidified in the South ______. A. levels of prejudice and racism increased B. lynching virtually ceased C. levels of residential separation between the races decreased D. African Americans began moving from the North back to the South

A. levels of prejudice and racism increased

Some historical accounts misrepresent the rape of slave women when describing them as ______. A. mistresses B. girlfriends C. sisterwives D. prostitutes

A. mistresses

Transcendent identity is a category regarding ______. A. mixed race individuals B. transgender individuals C. LGBT African Americans D. minority women

A. mixed race individuals

When two groups who are in contact with one another each feel that their culture and way of life is superior, judging the other culture by their own standards, this is called ______. A. mutual ethnocentrism B. selective perception C. racism D. prejudice

A. mutual ethnocentrism

Up to a third of all young Black men are either incarcerated in the corrections system or on probation or parole. What most accounts for this over-representation? A. national "get tough" policies on drug users B. racial profiling that targets Blacks in inner cities C. Black men's lack of father figures during adolescence D. Black men's use of guns during crime sprees

A. national "get tough" policies on drug users

As societies industrialize, dominant-minority relations move from ______. A. paternalistic to competitive forms B. peaceful to conflict-oriented C. equal to unequal D. segregation to slavery

A. paternalistic to competitive forms

Societies where men have more control than women over the economy and hold leadership positions in religion, politics, and other institutions are ______. A. patriarchal B. patrilineal C. paternalistic D. patrifocal

A. patriarchal

Germany lost World War I and experienced severe problems with economic recession, unemployment, and horrific inflation during the 1920s. Which theory/theories best explains the rise of the Nazi party in Germany in the 1930s? A. scapegoat theories B. culture-based theories C. Marxist analysis D. social distance theories

A. scapegoat theories

A non-Hispanic White woman sees a Mexican American male and assumes he is undocumented. This is an example of ______. A. stereotyping B. individual discrimination C. probable logic D. legal discrimination

A. stereotyping

Which of the following best exemplifies racial profiling? The police ______. A. stopping a Black man for suspicion when he is driving in a White neighborhood subdivision B. increasing patrols in crime-heavy areas C. pulling over a vehicle for speeding D. pulling over vehicles that fit a specific description

A. stopping a Black man for suspicion when he is driving in a White neighborhood subdivision

Institutional discrimination is often difficult to identify and measure because ______. A. the individuals who implement it may be non-prejudiced and unaware of what they are doing B. it ended decades ago, and we have to rely on historical accounts to conduct research C. it usually is masked by overt racism D. it affects only the most outspoken and angry members of minority groups

A. the individuals who implement it may be non-prejudiced and unaware of what they are doing

Stratification is another term for ______. A. the unequal distribution of valued resource B. prejudice C. status symbol D. discrimination

A. the unequal distribution of valued resource

Women can be viewed as a minority group because ______. A. they are physically identifiable as different from men B. there are fewer women than men in the United States C. they are less intelligent than men D. they are not as physically fit as men

A. they are physically identifiable as different from men

Max Weber argued that there are ______ separate stratification systems in society. A. three B. four C. two D. one

A. three

The one common factor that seems to account for the origin of all prejudice is ______. A. selective perception B. the affective dimension of prejudice C. stereotypes D. competition between groups

C. stereotypes

Service jobs are also referred to as ______. A. secondary labor occupations WRONG B. tertiary occupations C. extractive occupations D. primary occupations WRONG

B or C

The ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870 extended the right to vote to ______. A. African American men and women B. African American men C. European immigrants D. Women

B. African American men

By the eearly 1600s, the ______ had conquered much of Central and South America. A. Spanish B. British C. Native Americans D. Anglos

B. British

The largest minority group in the United States is ______. A. non-Hispanic Whites B. Hispanics C. African Americans D. Asian and Pacific Islanders

B. Hispanics

______ conflict produces vicious, even lethal, prejudice and discrimination. A. Modernized B. Intergroup C. External group D. Traditional

B. Intergroup

Which of the following leaders is most closely associated with the Black Power movement? A. A. Philip Randolph B. Malcolm X C. Thurgood Marshal D. Martin Luther King

B. Malcolm X

Which of the following laws did not restrict African Americans in the South from voting? A. literacy tests B. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution C. poll taxes D. "Grandfather clauses"

B. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution

In Milton Gordon's theory of assimilation, the crucial step is from ______. A. integration to acculturation B. acculturation to integration C. assimilation to pluralism D. anglo-conformity to the melting pot

B. acculturation to integration

One of the first results of industrialization was ______. A. a decrease in occupational specialization B. an increase in occupational specialization C. a simplified labor market D. a competitive labor market

B. an increase in occupational specialization

Slavery was a ______ system, or a closed stratification system. A. chattel B. caste C. differential D. paternalistic

B. caste

The term ______ means "by law." A. Jim Crow B. de jure C. de facto D. sharecropping

B. de jure

Racial etiquette was enforced under ______. A. de facto segregation B. de jure segregation C. Reconstruction D. The Black Power movement

B. de jure segregation

The increasing interconnectedness of people, groups, and nations is referred to as ______. A. institutionalization B. globalization C. friendship D. nationalism

B. globalization

Unlike the urban uprisings of the 1960s, those following the acquittals of police officers in the Rodney King case ______. A. focused on directly attacking the White community B. included attacks directly on Whites and on other minority groups C. involved mostly peaceful, nonviolent demonstrations D. included attacks only on police officers

B. included attacks directly on Whites and on other minority groups

Unlike the urban uprisings of the 1960s, those following the acquittals of police officers in the Rodney King case ______. A. involved mostly peaceful, nonviolent demonstrations B. included attacks directly on Whites and on other minority groups C. included attacks only on police officers D. focused on directly attacking the White community

B. included attacks directly on Whites and on other minority groups

Herbert Blumer says prejudice ______. A. occurs normally in all societies B. is activated when groups feel that they are threatened by groups they see as beneath them C. is a result of the government benefits D. is a reaction to progress of the dominant group

B. is activated when groups feel that they are threatened by groups they see as beneath them

The culture of poverty theory states that poverty ______. A. does not exist for older Americans because of Social Security B. is perpetuated by particular characteristics of the poor C. those born outside poverty are unable to escape it D. is a result of job loss

B. is perpetuated by particular characteristics of the poor

Ethclass is defined by the intersection of ______. A. gender, religion, and ethnicity B. religion, ethnicity, and class C. ethnicity and class D. gender, class, and breadwinners

B. religion, ethnicity, and class

The right to vote is referred to as ______. A. industrialization B. suffrage C. integration D. acculturation

B. suffrage

Robert Blauner presents a theory of dominant-minority relations that stresses the importance of ______. A. prejudice and racist ideology B. the initial contact situation C. education D. people's attitudes and willingness to get along

B. the initial contact situation

Emory Bogardus specified a total of seven degrees of social distance. Which of the following is not one of them? A. to citizenship in my country B. to my church as fellow parishioners C. to close kinship by marriage D. to employment in my occupation

B. to my church as fellow parishioners

Of hate crimes involving LGBT+ people, the majority are against ______. A. gay men of color B. transpeople of color C. gay women of color D. bisexual women

B. transpeople of color

Immigrants experiencing segmented assimilation will ______. A. some will stay in the and US and some will return to their home country B.some will be upwardly mobile and some will be poor C. all will live in ethnic enclaves D. all be upwardly mobile

B.some will be upwardly mobile and some will be poor

The movement to abolish slavery in the United States was called ______. A. Humanitarianism B. Quakerism C. Abolitionism D. Mutual ethnocentrism

C. Abolitionism

Which of the following is false regarding slave women's experiences? A. Women tended to work in sex-segregated groups more often than males B. Women induced abortions rather than bring more children into bondage. C. Women tended to work fewer hours than male slaves. D. Women experienced more subordination due to their gender.

C. Women tended to work fewer hours than male slaves.

De Bois ______ Washington's accommodationist stance. A. rejected B. protested C. accepted D. helped author

C. accepted

The "feeling" aspect of prejudice is called the ______ dimension. A. emotional B. behavioral C. affective D. cognitive

C. affective

Working-class and lower class White men ______. WRONG A. are the victims of most hate crimes B. commit the bulk of hate crimes C. are least likely to commit a hate crime D. disproportionately combat hate crimes together

C. are least likely to commit a hate crime WRONG

One problem with the scapegoat hypothesis is that it ______. A. fails to take the emotional state of the individual into account B. ignores the process of displacement C. deemphasizes the economic, political, and social forces that shape behavior D. explains discrimination but not prejudice

C. deemphasizes the economic, political, and social forces that shape behavior

Paternalistic systems of group relations are characterized by ______. A. group cooperation B. social institutions C. extreme inequalities between groups D. similarities between groups

C. extreme inequalities between groups

The romanticized conception of ______ that elite white women were expected to fulfill was inconsistent with the roles women slaves had to play. A. manners B. maternalism C. femininity D. masculinity

C. femininity

The contact situation for Native Americans very nearly approached ______. A. homicide B. warfare C. genocide D. assimilation

C. genocide

Industrial technology ______. A. began the capitalist economy B. increased racial segregation C. increased the efficiency of the U.S. economy D. decreased the efficiency of the U.S. economy

C. increased the efficiency of the U.S. economy

Washington and Du Bois agreed that the only acceptable goal for African Americans was a(n) ______ United States. A. working B. separatist C. integrated D. capitalist

C. integrated

Lieberson argues that the great migration of Blacks to the North had which of the following effects on White immigrants? A. it created unbearable tension between immigrant groups and newly arriving Blacks B. according to Lieberson, all of these are correct C. it improved the status of White immigrants by providing a comparison that made immigrant Whites seem less undesirable D. it created a multicultural community of immigrant Whites and newly arriving Blacks--who struggled together against the dominant group

C. it improved the status of White immigrants by providing a comparison that made immigrant Whites seem less undesirable

Lieberson argues that the great migration of Blacks to the North had which of the following effects on White immigrants? A. it created unbearable tension between immigrant groups and newly arriving Blacks B. it created a multicultural community of immigrant Whites and newly arriving Blacks--who struggled together against the dominant group C. it improved the status of White immigrants by providing a comparison that made immigrant Whites seem less undesirable D. according to Lieberson, all of these are correct

C. it improved the status of White immigrants by providing a comparison that made immigrant Whites seem less undesirable

Anti-miscegenation laws prevented ______. A. people of different races from eating together in public restaurants B. people from passing as members of another race C. members of different races from intermarrying D. members of different races from going to the same schools

C. members of different races from intermarrying

Racial residential segregation is an example of ______. A. industrialization B. modern prejudice C. modern institutional discrimination D. traditional institutional discrimination

C. modern institutional discrimination

Compared to White women at the turn of the twentieth century, African American women were ______. A. more likely to be employed in white-collar jobs B. less likely to work outside the home C. more likely to work outside the home D. better educated

C. more likely to work outside the home

Theories of modern racism seem to confound prejudice with ______. A. anarchy B. capitalism C. political conservatism D. political liberalism

C. political conservatism

The distinction between prejudice and discrimination is ______. A. prejudice is a behavior; discrimination is an attitude B. prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an ideology C. prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is a behavior D. prejudice is an ideology; discrimination is an attitude

C. prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is a behavior

Germany lost World War I and experienced severe problems with economic recession, unemployment, and horrific inflation during the 1920s. Which theory/theories best explains the rise of the Nazi party in Germany in the 1930s? A. social distance theories B. culture-based theories C. scapegoat theories D. Marxist analysis

C. scapegoat theories

Mary and her brother, Patrick, are immigrants. They both speak English and have many American friends but Mary does well in school and gets a good job that pays a lot. Patrick does poorly in school and does not have a consistent job, making only minimum wage when he works. The two of them together are an example of ______. A. cultural assimilation B. traditional assimilation C. segmented assimilation D. structural assimilationist

C. segmented assimilation

Some social scientists believe that the "traditional" perspective on ______ does not apply and that the experiences of contemporary immigrant groups will differ greatly from those of historical European immigrants. A. cultural identity B. immigration C. segmented assimilation WRONG D. assimilation

C. segmented assimilation WRONG

When the goal of a minority group is to sever all ties with the larger society, it is called ______. A. expulsion B. revolution C. separatism D. pluralism

C. separatism

Although some enslaved people adopted some Christian ideas, scholars believe slaves merged these components with their original beliefs about the universe. This process of cultural transformation is called ______. A. essentialism B. universalism C. syncretism D. unitarianism

C. syncretism

Robert Blauner presents a theory of dominant-minority relations that stresses the importance of ______. A. prejudice and racist ideology B. people's attitudes and willingness to get along C. the initial contact situation D. education

C. the initial contact situation

Black men in the South took advantage of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution which allowed them to ______. A. marry B. get jobs C. vote D. adopt children

C. vote

The ______ hypothesis states that the culture of groups created by colonization will be attacked. A. Marx B. acculturation C. contact D. Blauner

D. Blauner

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 required all tribes in the ______ to move to lands west of the Mississippi. A. South B. North C. West D. East

D. East

Which of the following is true about gender? A. Gender is an entirely biological phenomenon. B. Patriarchy is a universal norm. C. Women do not experience patterns of disadvantage. D. Gender is a social construction.

D. Gender is a social construction.

The women of the ______ tribe were traditionally responsible for the care of herd animals and livestock. A. Lakota B. Puyallup C. Cherokee D. Navajo

D. Navajo

Which factors are interlinked with European immigration to the United States? A. U.S. industrialization B. capital intensive production in the United States C. American global prominence and militarization D. U.S. industrialization and the country's rise to global prominence

D. U.S. industrialization and the country's rise to global prominence

Which example of intermarriage best illustrates Kennedy's concept of the triple melting pot? A. a marriage between an Irish Catholic woman and a Russian Jewish man B. none of these choices C. a marriage between an Irish Catholic man and Irish Protestant woman D. a marriage between a Polish Jewish man and a Russian Jewish woman

D. a marriage between a Polish Jewish man and a Russian Jewish woman

Minority group status affects access to different "life chances," health, wealth, and success including ______. A. quality of friendships B. romantic relationships C. physical fitness D. access to education

D. access to education

Most scholars agree that ______. A. anti-Black prejudice was an important cause of American slavery B. intense anti-Black prejudice and racism existed in England before the start of the slave trade C. anti-Black prejudice actually declined as slavery began to take shape in colonial times D. anti-Black prejudice was basically a result of American slavery

D. anti-Black prejudice was basically a result of American slavery

Although it is a popular idea, the melting pot is not an accurate description of how ______ occurred for American minority groups. A. ethnicity B. Americanization C. immigration D. assimilation

D. assimilation

Human capital theorists believe that the greater investment in ______, the higher the person's chances of success. A. stocks, personal values, and being on time B. values, skills, and skill sets C. developing talent, communication tools, and technology D. education, personal values, and skills

D. education, personal values, and skills

Paternalistic systems of group relations are characterized by ______. A. similarities between groups B. group cooperation C. social institutions D. extreme inequalities between groups

D. extreme inequalities between groups

Many years ago, a European American storeowner in a racist town succumbed to pressures from others and agreed to ban African Americans from his shop, even though he himself was not prejudiced at all. This merchant was an example of Merton's ______. A. all-weather bigot B. timid bigot C. all-weather liberal D. fair-weather liberal

D. fair-weather liberal

Strong norms of patriarchy determined the appropriate work for female Italian immigrants. They tended to work ______. A. with older men in factory settings B. with younger men in factory settings C. in jobs that cannot be done at home D. in single-sex settings among other immigrant women

D. in single-sex settings among other immigrant women

According to human capital theory, upward mobility is a direct result of ______. A. reputation B. religious ideology C. gender D. investment in education

D. investment in education

Affirmative action ______. A. applies only to racial minorities, not women B. has helped Black males more than any other program in history C. has limited the number of Asian Americans hired to work in upper management D. is a group of programs that attempt to reduce the effects of past discrimination or increase diversity in the workplace or in schools

D. is a group of programs that attempt to reduce the effects of past discrimination or increase diversity in the workplace or in schools

During the nineteenth century, an anti-elitist movement attempted to unite poor Whites and Blacks in the rural South against the traditional elite classes. This movement was called ______. A. poor people's movement B. maquiladoras movement C. paternalism (or the paternalistic movement) D. populism (or the populist movement)

D. populism (or the populist movement)

Most reported hate crimes are______. A. motivated by gender, with women as the target B. religiously motivated, with Muslims as the target C. sexually motivated, with gays, bisexuals, and lesbians as the target group D. racially motivated, with blacks as the target

D. racially motivated, with blacks as the target

Which of the following is not one of the defining characteristics of a minority group? A. visible identifying traits or characteristics B. a pattern of disadvantage or inequality C. inequality D. small group size

D. small group size

Of hate crimes involving LGBT+ people, the majority are against ______. A. bisexual women B. gay women of color C. gay men of color D. transpeople of color

D. transpeople of color

Under the sharecropping system of farming, the sharecropper ______. A. worked the land and split the profits with other workers B. worked the land and gave the profits to a landowner C. worked the land and kept the profits D. worked the land and split the profits with a landowner

D. worked the land and split the profits with a landowner

Which of the following is true about gender?

Gender is a social construction.

In Western Europe, scientific and philosophical interest in the concept of race began ______.

during the age of European conquest and colonization

Anti-miscegenation laws prevented ______.

members of different races from intermarrying

Race/ethnic labels suggest groups are largely ______.

similar

According to Lenski, inequality in a postindustrial society would center on control of______.

technologies