Sport and Exercise Psych Exam 2
Which of these is a component of the model of understanding interpersonal conflict in sport?
ALL OF THESE consequences of conflict, nature of the conflict itself, determinants of conflict
Which of these is a way to improve active listening skills?
ALL OF THESE employ both verbal and nonverbal listening behaviors, use supportive behaviors as you listen, mentally prepare to listen
Which of these is a guideline for electronic and social media communication?
ALL OF THESE; obtain written permission before recording clients, never use personal accounts for professional business, when communicating with minors, you should copy the parent
It was obvious which line was the same height as the standard line, but everyone was consistently picking a different line. When it got to the participant, one-third conform; they would pick the wrong line in order to match everyone else's answer. These participants were part of _______ study of group effects. This research shows how strong an influence social ______ can have on individuals in a group.
Asch's, norms
emergent leaders
Leaders who simply emerge from the group and take charge
check each correct/true statement about cohesion
More sacrifices are made by players when cohesion is high, Team building strategies are associated with increased cohesiveness, Higher normative expectations are associated with higher levels of cohesion.
Which of these results from Smith and Smoll's studies on coaching behaviors is true?
Players for coaches who displayed high levels of general technical instruction evaluated their teammates and sport more positively.
The questionnaire used most often in the early research on cohesion in sport was called the
Sport Cohesiveness Questionnaire
Two classes went head to head for tug-o-war at field day. According to ______, the ______ the class, the ______ force each individual class member will pull.
The Ringelmann Effect, bigger, less
aware listening
Those who use effective ________________ are flexible and alert for barriers and breakdowns in communication.
According to Chelladurai's multidimensional model of sport leadership, which of these are categories of leader behavior?
a and b, required leader and preferred leader behavior
In a study comparing coaches and peer leaders, coaches tended to exhibit more
a and c, autocratic and training instruction behaviors
GROW Model
a communication tool that can be used to guide you when asking questions with the purpose of enabling another person to work through problems, formulate goals, express what they have tried, and clarify the options for moving forward
All of these are reasonable assumptions when dealing with a confrontation EXCEPT
a confrontation should be viewed as a competition
Which of these is NOT a reasonable assumption when dealing with a confrontation?
a confrontation should be viewed as a competition
pendular theory
a group development theory that holds that groups develop in a pendulum-like manner
Linear Theory
a group development theory that holds that groups develop in stages: forming, storming, norming, performing
contingency model
a model of leadership that contend the effectiveness of leadership depends equally on the leader's style of interacting with the group and on the favorableness of the situation
encodes
a person translates or ____________ thoughts into a message to send to others
supportive listening
a person using ___________ communicates that he or she values the other's message by using supportive, confirming, and verbal and nonverbal listening behaviors
active listening
a person who using ______________ attends to the main and supporting ideas, acknowledges and responds, and gives appropriate feedback
The "sandwich approach" consists of which of these elements?
a positive statement and then future-oriented instructions
Leadership
a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal
decodes
a receiver interprets or _______________ the message in order to understand it and respond
Team climate can be defined as
a representation of how an individual perceives the interrelationships among the team members
interpersonal conflict
a situation in which relationship partners perceive a disagreement about, for example, values, needs, opinions, or objectives that is manifested through negative cognitive, affective, and behavioral reactions
clique
a small, exclusive group of people
Female teams, compared to male teams, had higher perceptions of norms for
all of these
In a study by Spink and Carron on building cohesiveness in a fitness class, which of these strategies was employed?
all of these
In a study interviewing players about being injured or having a teammate injured, which of these were major themes that developed?
all of these
Research using the Group Environment Questionnaire has revealed that group cohesion is related to which of these?
all of these
Which of these is a guideline put forth based on 25 years of Smith and Smoll's research?
all of these
Which of these is part of the GROW Model?
all of these, goal reality option questions
sandwich approach
an effective technique to give constructive feedback in a sensitive yet effective manner that consists of starting with a positive statement, continuing with a future-oriented instruction, and then finishing with a compliment
nonverbal communication
an important part of interpersonal communication that consists of nonverbal cues such as body language, the tone and speed of voice, and facial expression
multidimensional model of sport leadership
an interactional model that posits leader effectiveness in sport will vary depending on the characteristics of the athletes and constraints of the situation
FIT training
an intervention program that attempts to prevent an athletic team from underperforming because of mental issues; it uses interventions based on focus, intensity, and tenacity
organizational stress
an ongoing transaction between an individual and the environmental demands associated primarily and directly with the organization within which he or she is operating
Two ice dancing partners became increasingly frustrated with the differences in their styles of learning. They rather than dealing with the conflict, they avoided it and continued in frustration, leading to a fight during practice, storming off the ice, an escalation of negative feelings, and an interruption in training. The problem persisted the entire season, and for the first time, they did not end up qualifying for the championships. The frustration over learning styles was the _______ of the conflict. The fight, storming away, and negative feelings was the _______ of the conflict. The failure to qualify for the championships was the _____ of the conflict.
antecedents, nature, consequence
team
any group of people who must interact with each other to accomplish shared objectives
"The driver works harder than anyone. He is the first to show up and last to leave," the coach said, looking intently at his pick for that position, "He is not only responsible for every of the course, but also responsible for the lives of the others on his team." The driver is a(n) ________ leadership position.
appointed
In most organized sport teams, leaders and coaches
are appointed
The three critical aspects of communication are conveying information, listening, and
asking questions
When coaches obtain the necessary information from relevant players and then come to a decision, what type of decision style are they using?
autocratic-consultative
Check every correct answer: Role acceptance depends on
autonomy, feedback and role recognition, competence, role significance
Check each correct answer: Which of these tips can build team cohesion?
avoid excessive turnover, develop pride within subunits
One way athletes interpret whether they are being treated fairly is based on
b and c, the amount of time reserved for social activities and special privileges, the coach's manner in communicating her views to the athletes
spontaneous behaviors
behaviors initiated by the coach
Proxemics is the study of how we communicate
by the way we use space
Leadership Traits
characteristics or dispositions that are common to great leaders and tend to be relatively stable over time
A swimming relay team is made up of 4 swimmers. The Moore high school relay team needed one more swimmer to be complete. Using the top 4 fastest times, the roster was clear. However, the 4th fastest swimmer was also one who missed a lot of practices and when he did show up to practice, he did not put in much effort. The 5th fastest swimmer (a mere 2/10ths slower than the 4th) was a consistently hard worker. The coach called a meeting with the top 5 swimmers to discuss whether the 4th or 5th fastest swimmer should get the last spot on the relay team. He was utilizing a _____ strategy to solve the problem. If the coach knew the upcoming race would be close and 2/10ths of second could really make a difference, he might decide to choose the top 4 swimmers in spite of the 4th swimmer's practice efforts, regardless of the other swimmers' opinions or his own frustration with the 4th fastest swimmer. In this case, he would be utilizing a ________ strategy to make his decision. Let's say the coach wants to choose the 5th fastest swimmer, but the top 3 swimmers argue for the 4th fastest. They fear taking a slower swimmer means they may lose the race. If they beg for the coach to give the 4th fastest swimmer another consequence for his poor practice habits instead, and the coach agrees, then the coach and swimmers engaged in a _________ communication style. Perhaps the coach has a policy to simply choose the top 4 swimmers by time regardless of behavior, opinions of others, or his own feelings. The swimmers express their opinion that the 4th swimmer should have some consequences, and the coach reiterates that times are black and white. In this case, the coach would be using a _______ style.
collaboration, competing, accommodating, avoiding
The Enhancement of Leadership Interpersonal Teamwork and Excellence (ELITE) program resulted in the improvement in what type of skills?
communication
interpersonal communication
communication that involves at least two people and a meaningful exchange
The two major categories of behavior found with the use of the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire are
consideration and initiating structure
Which type of exercise leader was associated with cohesive exercise groups?
democratic
LSS
developed to measure leadership behaviors, including athletes' preferences for specific behaviors, athletes' perceptions of their coaches' behaviors, and coaches' perceptions of their own behavior
Intramural powder puff football season is about to commence. The rosters have been posted. One team decided to name themselves the "Ninja Puff Masters" and designed shirts that feature powder puffs dirtied with dark make-up foundation, wearing with ninja masks, and carrying footballs. They made up a slogan, song/ditty, and secret handshake. They were using a ___________ strategy to increase their group cohesiveness.
distinctiveness
According to Fiedler's contingency model, a task-oriented leader would be most effective in which type of situation?
either favorable or unfavorable
Marsha is sitting on the bench in the locker room before practice crying. Aleia walks over, sits down next to her, and says, "I'm here if you want to talk." Then she is silent. Finally Marsha tells Aleia between sobs that she and Alex just broke up. Aleia leans over and puts her arm around Marsha. "That's tough," she says quietly. Aleia is using _______ listening.
emotional support
When Amanda fell backward on the soccer field and broke her wrist, her teammates gave her ______ support when they took a knee and patiently waited for her to be assisted off the field. During her recovery she she started to doubt her ability to get all her skills back with comments such as, "I'm so out of shape, now" and "The season will be nearly over when I can play again; why try?" Her best friend and teammate countered with "It's not like you're just sitting around; I think you'll find you get back in shape quickly, and even if it's just for a game or two, I want you there!" Her friend is offering _________ support. Amanda is having difficultly keeping up with notes in class with her cast on. Another teammate who is in the same class offers to let her photocopy her notes. She is giving her ____ support. Amanda is very appreciative of the help and support her friends are giving her while she is sidelined. She texts them a message to let them know. This is an example of __________ support.
emotional, emotional-challenge, personal-assistance, task-appreciation
Which of these are good suggestions for enhancing peer relationships in sport?
enable athletes to engage in shared decision making, select peer leaders on criteria (such as leadership skills) other than athletic ability
Both eligibility requirements and the number of athletes holding scholarships are examples of which antecedent of cohesion?
environmental factors
A study by Millar and colleagues examining the feedback rowing coaches provided their rowers concluded the coaches did NOT use which two types of feedback?
evaluative, affective
Research by Gano-Overway and colleagues on underserved youth participating in a summer camp found that with increased caring from the coaches and counselors, underserved youth
exhibited a decrease in antisocial behavior
The driver, first middle man, second middle man, and brake man on a bobsled team are examples of _______
formal roles
"The driver works harder than anyone. He is the first to show up and last to leave," the coach said, looking intently at his pick for that _____ role, "He is not only responsible for every of the course, but also responsible for the lives of the others on his team." This coach provided a description of the position in order to quell an argument, inspire leadership, and provide ________ According to Carron's conceptual model, by picking the right person for the leadership role, he helped build ______ among the team members as well as improve individual and group outcomes.
formal, role clarity, cohesion
The members of a new bobsled team are meeting each other for the first time. When the second person shows up, the first remarks, "Look Baldies here!" Later on when the bald-headed team member threatens, "I'll beat your butt," the first retorts, "I'll draw a line down the middle of your head so it looks like a butt." The other two team members also bicker incessantly. According to the linear perspective, the team is in the ______ stage. According to the cyclical perspective, the team is in the ________ stage.
forming, orientation
The members of a new bobsled team are meeting each other for the first time. When the second person shows up, the first remarks, "Look Baldies here!" Later on when the bald-headed team member threatens, "I'll beat your butt," the first retorts, "I'll draw a line down the middle of your head so it looks like a butt." The other two team members also bicker incessantly. According to the linear perspective, the team is in the ________ stage. According to the pendular perspective, the team is in the ______ stage.
forming, orientation
Consideration
friendship, mutual trust, respect, and warmth between the leaders and subordinates
Check each correct answer: From an athlete's perspective, to help build team cohesion you should
give teammates positive reinforcement, be responsible for yourself
If a rookie tried to take charge and exert leadership in critical games despite the fact that there was a veteran leader on the team, this would be considered a violation of
group norms
All of these statements are true concerning findings from studies of the consequences of leadership behaviors EXCEPT
high levels of cohesion are related to autocratic coaching behaviors
Which of these statements is FALSE concerning findings from studies of the consequences of leadership behaviors?
high levels of cohesion are related to autocratic coaching behaviors
Personal Factors
individual characteristics of group members
According to Carron and Dennis, the most important personal factor regarding the development of social and task cohesion is
individual satisfaction
prescribed leaders
leaders and coaches appointed by someone in authority
relationship-oriented leaders
leaders who develop interpersonal relationships, keep lines of communication open, maintain positive social interactions, and ensure that everyone is involved and feeling good
task-oriented leaders
leaders who primarily work to get the task done and meet their objectives
leadership factors
leadership style and behaviors that professionals exhibit and the relationships they establish with their groups
Transactional Leadership
leadership that focuses on reinforcing and punishing followers relative to team tasks and monitoring follower performance
servant leadership
leadership that focuses on service to others
Transformational Leadership
leadership that occurs when the leader takes a visionary position and inspires people to follow that vision and supportively work with each other to excel
You could suggest all of the following for communicating with empathy EXCEPT
make sure the other person understands your point of view
Ryan missed a spike on the volleyball court. His coach yelled, "It's alright! You've got the next one. Let's go!" Her response is an example of ________ on the CBAS.
mistake-contingent encouragement
"Hold on, guys!" the coach called a time-out after Ryan made a mistake on the volleyball court. She spoke directly to him, "So you're going in quick, good. You gotta keep your elbow up. You're keeping in low. Keep going in quick and just get it high. Okay?" Her response is an example of ______ on the CBAS.
mistake-contingent technical instruction
Susie was the last swimmer in a neck-in-neck relay race. Unfortunately, she was slow off the block, and then her team ended up losing by less than a tenth of a second. Her coach used _______ when he said, "That's okay, Susie. Even with a slow start, you still put in your best split ever. Next time track the racer coming into the wall, dip your head down lower, and start your arm swing earlier. That's a small change I know you can easily do." His use of the ______ , allowed Susie to accept the instruction easier, but she still felt guilty. She broke down crying. Her teammates sat with her and then responded, "It seems as if you are blaming yourself entirely for the close second!" Susie nodded. Mary added, "I did not swim my fastest time, so it could also be my fault." Her teammates are using _______.
mistake-contingent technical instruction, the sandwich approach, active listening
Research by Feltz and colleagues on exercising with virtual partners found the most motivation gains when the discrepancy between the partners' abilities was
moderate
According to Fiedler's contingency model, a relationship-oriented leader would be most effective under which type of situation?
moderately favorable
According to the latest definition provided by Carron, Brawley, and Widmeyer, cohesion is seen to be
multidimensional
Which of these is NOT a principle of energy management developed by Loehr?
never push beyond the comfort zone
"Awful. Awful. I don't even know why I have you in the gym right now, Ryan! Are you incapable of getting your feet there? Come on!" The coach has a nonconfrontational body posture and is smiling in jest, even though she is serious. Her _______ communication ensures the athlete interprets her message as motivational rather than demeaning; a process explained by the ________ .
nonverbal, the cognitive-mediational model
The team has now been working together for nearly 3 months. There is definitely a sense of teamwork among the group. There are few arguments and disagreements that can't be resolved among the team. They support each other on the project - problem solving issues, making decisions as a team, sharing information and ensuring that the ground rules put in place for the team are followed. Additionally, the team members are helping each other to grow and develop their skills. For example, Ameya has worked closely with Sarah to teach her many of the skills he has learned in database design and development and she has been able to take the lead on accomplishing some of the components of their aspect of the project. Overall, the team members are becoming friends. They enjoy each other's company - both while working on the project and after hours via communicating on email, via instant messaging, on Twitter, or over the telephone. According to the linear perspective, this team appears to be in the ___________ stage.
norming
motivation losses
occur when team members do not give 100% effort
Francis got in an argument with Paula about hogging the ball, and then the argument spilled over into ongoing animosity between the players even off the field. The team captain called Francis over and asked her what she thought she could do to make the situation better. According to the GROW model, the team captain was using ________ questions. After Francis has offered three possible suggestions, the team captain asked her what she thought might be the best strategy and when she was going to implement it. According to the GROW model, this is an example of using ________ questions.
options, will
Check every correct answer: Which of these is a key concept within the organizational psychology of sport discussed by Wagstaff?
organizational stress, organizational resilience
Role clarity is a multidimensional concept including all of these EXCEPT
perceived locus of causality
Task and affiliation motivation are examples of which antecedent of cohesion?
personal factors
Female teams, compared to male teams, had higher perceptions of norms for
practice, competition, social setting
Check every correct answer: According to Chelladurai's multidimensional model of sport leadership, which of these are categories of leader behavior?
preferred leader behavior, actual behavior, required leader behavior
Having athletes eat together or live together is an example of which factor that is important in developing an effective team climate?
proximity
What are the two major categories of behavior from the Coaching Behavior Assessment System?
reactive and spontaneous
In a study by Lorimer (2013), each of these were given as a way to improve the accuracy of coaches' empathy EXCEPT
reflective listening
The volleyball coach called out at various times throughout the practice, "Good serve, Leah!" "Good swing, Dave!" "Good hustle, Ash!" According the CBAS, this coach is using [type].
reinforcement
Fiedler's research has identified which two types of leadership styles?
relationship-oriented and task-oriented
interactive sports
require team members to work together and coordinate their actions
reactive behavior
responses to a specific player behavior after the behavior occurs
All of these are purposes of communication EXCEPT
retrospection
Check every correct answer: In setting up a team goal-setting program, which of these guidelines should be followed?
reward progress toward team goals, involve all team members in establishing goals
intrapersonal communication
self-talk
Servant leadership focuses on
service to and growth and development of followers
initiating structure
setting up rules and regulations, channels of communications, procedural methods, and well-defined patterns of organization to achieve goals and objectives
When the bobsled members first meet they constantly argue about petty, and often personal, things. They have low _________ . One member, though, does try to increase ___________ by remarking, "as long as you're here to bobsled."
social cohesion, task cohesion
Although increasing group size often leads to less effort by individuals, sometimes it can lead to greater effort. This special case is called
social laboring
coactive sports
sports that require relatively little interaction between team members, such as golf, wrestling, and skiing
Team members have gone back to their home offices and are beginning work on their project. They are interacting via the SharePoint site and the project is off to a good start. And then the arguments begin. Peter has put up the project schedule based on conversations with only Mohammed and Ameya on the team. Donna and Sarah feel as if their input to the schedule was not considered. They believe because they are more junior on the team, Peter has completely disregarded their concerns about the timeline for the project. They challenged Peter's schedule, stating that it was impossible to achieve and was setting up the team for failure. At the same time, Sarah was arguing with Ameya over who should lead the database design and development effort for this project. While Sarah acknowledges that Ameya has a few years more experience than she does in database development, she only agreed to be on this project in order to take a lead role and develop her skills further so she could advance at the company. If she knew Ameya was going to be the lead she wouldn't have bothered joining this project team. Additionally, Mohammed appears to be off and running on his own, not keeping the others apprised of progress nor keeping his information up to date on the SharePoint site. No one really knows what he has been working on or how much progress is being made. According to the linear perspective, this team appears to be in the ________ stage.
storming
Developing knowledge to perform a specific task is known as
taskwork knowledge
empathy
the ability of a person to perceive, recognize, and understand the feelings, behaviors, intentions, and attitudes of others
Performing
the final stage of group development when team members band together to channel their energies for team success
Forming
the first stage of team development, in which team members meet each other, form initial impressions, and begin to establish team norms
The effectiveness of social support (as noted by Rees) depends on all of these EXCEPT
the gender of the provider of social support
attractiveness of the group
the individual's desire for interpersonal interactions with other group members and a desire to be involved in the group's activities
The key ingredient in Steiner's model of productivity is
the losses due to faulty group processes and their impact on actual productivity
the key ingredient in Steiner's model of productivity is
the losses due to faulty group processes and their impact on actual productivity
Ringelmann Effect
the phenomenon by which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases
social laboring
the phenomenon that can occur under transformational leadership for an increase in group size to increase effort and performance
Check every correct answer: Breakdowns in communication can occur because
the receiver fails to listen, the receiver is fatigued or overwhelmed, the messages are inconsistent, the receiver misinterprets the message
Storming
the second stage of development, characterized by conflict and disagreement, in which team members disagree over what the team should do and how it should do it
role
the set of behaviors required or expected of a person occupying a certain position in a group
Proxemics
the study of how people communicate by the way they use space
Norming
the third stage of team development, in which team members begin to settle into their roles, group cohesion grows, and positive team norms develop
stability
the turnover rate for group membership and the length of time group members have been together
Which of these statements best represents the relationship between cohesion and performance?
this relationship is circular
According to the multidimensional model of sport leadership, performance and satisfaction are a function of the degree of congruence among
three types of leader behavior
Group
two or more people who interact to accomplish individual or mutual goals
confrontation
usually a face-to-face discussion among people in conflict
In their classic study of the coaching (leadership) behaviors of legendary basketball coach John Wooden, Tharp and Gallimore found that his most often-used coaching behavior was
verbal instruction on what to do and how to do it
decision-making styles
whether or not a coach makes decisions autonomously, autocratically, democratically, and so on
Intrapersonal communication is communication with
yourself