Substance Abuse
Milton Friedman
"Addicts are driven to associate with criminals to get the drugs, become criminals themselves to finance the habit, and risk constant danger of death and disease." Legalization would dramatically decrease crime and raise the quality of law enforcement
1980's
- Crack-Vilified inner-city racial groups•Murder of innocent middle-class (white) bystanders-Crack baby syndrome
Judgmental Heuristics
- How we know what we know. Make assumptions regarding substance abuse based on incorrect inferences and distorted reasoning
1960's
- LSD-LSD causing birth defects, mental illness. Recreational drug use becomes fashionable among young, white, middle class Americans-Less social stigmatization as drug use becomes more mainstream-Drug use becomes representative of protest and social rebellion in the era's atmosphere of political unrest•Counter-culture
1930's
- Marijuana -Linked to violence•
2000's
- Opioids-Media coverage was different than previous decades-Medical validity to the problem•Innocent Americans were becoming addicted-Legal industry is to blame•Doctors are over-prescribing•Drug manufactures lied about additive qualities-Media coverage evokes empathy & compassion•Addicts are portrayed as victims who need help•Ordinary people are being affected
1970's
- Phencyclidine (PCP) -Exaggerated the most bizarre effects•Self-mutilation•Murder and cannibalism (one reported case)•
Tolerance
A state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a drug, needing more. Cross tolerance.
Sociological theories
parents, peers, school ,media. does not view addiction as either a medical condition or a moral failure-No pathological transformation of the brain, the will, or unconscious •Addiction is a way of adapting to increasingly dominant and onerous aspects of the modern world -social fragmentation-individual dislocation
Dependence
physical- compulsive physiological need for and use of a habit-forming substance with tolerance and withdrawl. Behavioral- Persistent compulsive use of a substance known by the user to be physically, psychologically, or socially harmful. Threat to relationships.
What was Harry Anslinger's first role in the war against drugs?
prohibition agent in the Bahamas
NSDUH
2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health-Sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) -On-going questionnaire study on a representative sample of the American population ages 12 and older •Door to door, and phone interviews•Provides national estimates of the rates of. cigarette smoking declined, some of this decline may reflect a rise in the use of electronic vaporizing devices
Medical utility of drug
A substance that is used to treat or heal the body or mind. Not all are medical.
David Courtwright argues the decrease in the number of medical addicts others attribute to the passing of the Harrison Act actually comes from which of the following events?
A wider range of effective therapies became available, Improved sanitation, Improved medication education
Goode reports which of the following to be a paradox that is central to any examination of drug use as a form of deviance?
Americans being more concerned about illegal drug abuse than about legal drugs
Which of the following is not a psychological theory of addiction?
Addictive personality
The findings of this study indicate that for each traumatic event children suffer they are 2 - 4 times more likely to become addicted as adults.
Adverse Childhood Experiences Study
What is LEAP?
An organization of law enforcement professionals fighting to end the drug war and bankrupt drug gangs
When Harry Anslinger took charge of the bureau he had long dismissed cannabis as a nuisance that would only distract him from the drugs he really wanted to fight; but almost overnight he began to argue to opposite position. Why?
Anslinger believed Mexican immigrants and African-Americans were using cannabis more than Whites in the United states.
What is a drug?-psychoactivity
Any substance, regardless of it's legal or medical status, that significantly and pharmacologically alters the working of the brain is a drug. Crosses blood brain barrier, CNS, effects brain function, altering perception, mood, cognition.... All substances taken recreationally. Taken for effect. Like alc, cocaine, mj. Not- BC, aspirin, antacids.
Biological theory
Argues that addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease of the brain, she also stresses the brain's enormous capacity to recover with the right comprehensive treatments
Who was the first person to really see the potential of drug dealing in America and is credited in Chasing the Scream as inventing the modern drug gang?
Arnold Rothstein
ADAM
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program-Federal program established in 1987-Originally called Drug Use Forecasting -Name changed to ADAM in 1997-Name changed to ADAM II in 2007-Program ended 2014•Data-collection program -Drug tests and interviews a sample of persons arrested in jails located in metropolitan areas•High response rate. TELLS US, Arrestees are more likely to use psychoactive drugs. MJ most common. Cocaine decline.
criteria of Moral Panics
CONCERN that is measurable through public opinion polls, media attention, proposed legislation-HOSTILITY toward the category of people seen as engaging in threatening behavior-CONSENSUS as evidenced by minimal measure of agreement that the threat is real-Concern DISPROPORTION to the nature of the threat-Moral panics are VOLATILE •Appear suddenly and subside•Not sustainable over time
According to Goode a definition of a drug based on criminality is woefully inadequate if we wish to examine the use of psychoactive substances. Why is this so?
Because the illegality definition excludes alcohol.
How we measure drug use- Consumption rates
Consumption Levels-The quantity or volume of a drug consumed •Not a measure of how many people use it•A drug may be widely used but not necessarily heavily used-Alcohol VS Tobacco•Which has the greatest consumption level?
Professional Subculture
Content according to established norms of the profession-Biased by education and experience•Journalists•Editors•Publishers-Norms and values of professional journalism •Verification of sources•Accuracy-Conflict between objectivity and selling the news
Grassroots
Content is a product of the interests and beliefs of the target population-Bias of audience - pandering-Community based•Advocacy and social justice-Greater social media presence-Culture of celebrity
How we measure drug use
Different drugs attract users at substantially variable rates Overall prevalence rates-Continuance/loyalty rates-Consumption rates-Life cycle rates
Medical Model and Disease Theory
Disease are incurable, progressive and fatal if left untreated• Addiction is a brain disease characterized by altered brain structure and functioning
According to Bruce Alexander the key to understanding addiction can be found in this one idea above all others.
Dislocation
DAWN
Drug Abuse Warning Network -Federally sponsored data collection •Drug-related admissions to ER•Drug-related deaths •Drug-related admissions for medical or psychiatric treatment-Reported by metropolitan hospitals, clinics, and medical examiners-Designed and developed in 1974-Discontinued in 2011. TELLS US, Information from DAWN supports findings of ADAMII•Cocaine use declining•Methamphetamine and Marijuana use increasing
According to Hari the William's brothers watched as Anslinger's department created two crime waves. What were these waves?
Drug trafficking by organized crime, and users being forced into criminal activity to support their addiction
Ruling-elite
Institutional Dominance •Media distorts news in way that favors ruling class and helps maintain status quo-Corporate Conspiracy •Control and conscious operation of media outlets serve the interests of the existing power structure•More about ideology and politics than profit. Done through media. Blame drugs for problems people fear like crime and loss of innocence.
All but which of the following is true regarding Sedative-Hypnotics?
Intellectual performance becomes ineffective
Psychological Integration
Drug use is caused by the reinforcing effects of psychoactive drugs• Positive reinforcement •Motivation due to positive sensations and effects• Marijuana and Cocaine. Problem-Behavior Proneness Theory• Drug use is a manifestation of other behaviors
Theories of Media Bias
Elitist Theory-Money Machine Theory-Grass Roots Theory-Professional Subculture Theory. Not mutually exclusive, often contradicting
MTF
Monitoring the Future Survey-Federally sponsored-Conducted by University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research- Ongoing data collection conducted in classrooms via self-administered questionnaires•8th, 10th, and 12th grade students-Annual follow-up questionnaires mailed to a sample of each graduating class for a number of years after initial participation
Measuring Substance Use- Triangulation
Examining a phenomenon by using two or more independent data sources
As noted by Hari what "represents the beginning of systematic repression of intoxication impulse in the lives of Western citizens"?
Forcible repression by Christianity
According to Hari who came to suspect that nothing is addictive in itself; addiction is the combination of a substance and susceptible individual.
Gabor Mate
Which of the following do criminologists and epidemiologists mean when they say that alcohol and violence are related?
Intoxicated persons are more likely to be victimized by violence, Persons under the influence are more likely to commit violence , Drinkers have higher rates of criminal violence
What is bias?
Media sources require some degree of selectivity due to limited space or time for content to be published-Popular sources will be motivated to remain popular
How we measure drug use- Continuance/loyalty rates
Number off people who have used a given regularly-Drug loyalty varies with legal drugs having higher continuance rates than illegal drugs•Most illicit drugs are given up after a period of experimentation•Legal substances are used on a more regular, frequent basis-Hassle factor associated with illicit drugs•More expensive and difficult to obtain•Risk of arrest
Different eras - natural era
Prehistoric humans consumed ingested plants with psychoactive properties. Religious. Medicinal.
Tolerance- cellular adaptive
Receptors adapt to the presence of the drug, turn themselves off.
How errors arise in measuring
Respondents Lying(approx. truth if anonymous.)-Sampling (only using subset of population)-Statistical Analysis(descriptive stats, coding mistakes, outliers, skewedness, finding cause and effect between variables not relevant)
Factors that influence action
Route of Administration•Dose•Potency•Purity•Drug Mixing
How does sensationalism affect each type media bias?
Ruling-elite(divert attention from societal problems, maintains control)- Money machine theory•Attracts larger crowds and niche audiences because sensational stories- Grassroot theory•Everyone loves a good story, more important to feel true than to be true.- Professional subculture theory•Obligation to personalize & dramatize the news to have audience identify.
Different eras- synthetic
Scientists creating drugs from chemical compounds not found in nature. LSD, PCP, amphetamines. Recreational.
Celebrated drugs
Social consumption and integrated into major social rituals, promoted, alcohol. Few laws
Which sociological theory of addiction posits that individuals' lack of ties to conforming mainstream sectors of society will free them from the bonds keeps them from using drugs?
Social control theory
Sociological changes and effects on drug use
Sociocultural and economic changes have given more people access to more potent drugs
Which of the following is true about stimulants?
Speed up signals passing through CNS, increase overall behavioral activity, suppress fatigue, increase concentration and focus
This hypothesis regarding the relationship between alcohol and risky deviant behavior posits those who drink heavily are also anti-social people who engage in behavior that harms others.
Susceptibility
How we measure drug use- rates Overall prevalence rates
The % of people in the population who use a given drug during a designated period of time•Lifetime•Past year•Past month (last 30 days)-Alcohol highest legal drug-Marijuana highest illegal drug. MEASURE through Drug testing-Hospital visits-Coroner's records-Surveys & Data Collection
On December 14 1914 Congress passed the Harrison Narcotic Act making it illegal to sell or dispense opium or opium derivatives and cocaine without a medical license keeping a record of the drugs sold and prescriptions filled and paying a nominal tax. According to Goode how might Harrison Act made things worse?
The Harrison Act caused the population of medical addicts (white, middle class females) to shrink, while the number of predatory street criminals who were addicts increased.
drug effects def
The direct and indirect physical and mental consequences of taking a specific drug. Acute- short term, immediate. Chronic- long term, continued use, ex: cirrhosis.
Globalization of trade
The expansion of international economies has drawn markets into a single worldwide economywhich has transformed the drug trade
Moral Panic
The reactions of the media, law enforcement, politicians and general public are out of proportion to the real danger-Deviant stereotypes used to identify the evil wrongdoers responsible for the trouble-Deviance is attributed to behavior that is routinely ignored when the same consequences occur under more conventional conditions
What is a drug? Instrumental use
The use of a substance for the purpose not of achieving an intoxication but of achieving a goal. Like caffeine. Cocaine to work a shift. Can be legal/illegal. No intention of getting high
Ruling-elite. money machine. Grassroots. and professional subculture are all examples of what?
Theories of media bias
Generally which of the following is true about illegal drugs?
They have a lower loyalty/continuance rate than legal drugs
Why did Leigh Maddox become a state trooper?
To honor her friend who was killed in a gang rape
Measuring Substance Abuse- Multiple Confirmation
Verifying a proposition is true through the use of two or more data sources
What is a drug- legal status
Where the sale and or possession of a substance is legal or Illegal irrespective of the user's intent. Socially constructed. Vary by society. Schedule 1- no medical utility and completely illegal. 2- some medical. 3- medical utility, no illicit market value
Judgmental Heuristics- stereotypical preconceptions
a belief held before analysis based on a general belief
Recreational drugs and use
in societies where young people have no such income, they are less likely to use drugs recreationally. Shifted to young adults.
What is a drug? Recreational use
intentionally getting high. No medical need. Tripping on LSD at rave.
Moral theory
addiction is the result of moral weakness and a refusal to abide by an ethical or moral code •Alcohol and drug use is freely chosen behavior that is irresponsible and evil Philosophical foundation for drug control policy and the War on Drugs
According to Goode which of the following is true regarding those who consume alcohol?
all drinkers are drug users,people who drink are more likely to use controlled substances, the majority of drinkers do not use illicit drugs.
Abuse
any use of illegal drugs, intention to vilify consumption, use that is hamrful, puts at risk
Where are you most likely to suffer an alcohol-impaired injury?
bar
Tolerance-metabolic
body produces more enzymes to metabolize the drug
Use of drugs
legal enjoyment within socially acceptable norms, any substance
DSM 5 Criteria
defines a substance use disorder as the presence of at least 2 of 11 criteria. Impaired control (taking more longer than intended), social impairment(family obligations ignored), risky use(driving), pharmacologic dependence (tolerance to effects).
Two major changes over the years
disposable income of young people, globalization of drug trade
Tolerance- behavioral conditioning
environmental cues routinely paired with administration elicit a conditioned response that mitigates drug effects
Two types in media
factual and selection bias (Which and what sort of facts are being presented?)
According to Goode parents who use legal drugs are not any more likely to raise children who both drink hard liquor and use illegal drugs than parents who abstain from drugs completely.
false
War on Drugs
first used by Nixon in 1971.
How we measure drug use- Life cycle rates
life Cycle Rates-The age of the user is an important social factor •Influences the use of both legal and illegal drugs-Illegal use strongly related to position in life-cycle•"People grow in and out of drug use"
In 1905 who began attacking the bogus claims and misleading labels of patent medications?
media
What is a Drug
medical utility, legality, psychoactivity, type of use
Availability/Use Crosswalk - what does this tell you??
mj highest us, least danger.
Money-machine
motivated by profit, not politics. Large corps. Sell audiences to advertisers.
According to Goode which of the following properties make opiates of interest to any social scientist?
narrow safety margin, euphoria inducing
Different eras- transformative
new substances created from natural plants previously known for their psychoactive properties. Morphine, codeine.
Tolerated drugs
nicotine. Know its bad. Controls. Tax dollars are used to help those addicted and the prevention of addiction. Not prohibited but no recommended.
Judgmental Heuristics- anecdotal evidence
non-factual information based on personal experience or observation
NORML- national organ for the reform of MJ laws
obbing for decriminalization of marijuana. Consolidated previous drug laws and reduced penalties for marijuana possession
Threat DEA
risk of death due to overdose or illness, and the impact on health care and judicial systems. Summary: opiod epidemic, Meth still prevalent, rebounding cocaine threat, drug poisoning
What are they? Judgmental Heuristics
rules of thumb. used to infer frequency and meaning of other's behavior-Availability - what sticks in our mind is more common than something that takes time to recall-Vividness - tendency to recall what is vivid and dramatic
drug actions
specific reaction, chemical vs body, neurochemical system
Judgmental Heuristics-anchoring
tendency to accept initial information as fact; anchoring occurs when initial piece of information is used to make subsequent judgments
2009
under Obama. Abolished the use of the term War on Drugs-Counter-productive-"Addiction is a disease that can be successfully prevented and treated."
