The Endocrine System

Unlike polypeptide hormones, steroid hormones: a) are more likely to have an associated receptor in the cytosol or nucleus b) are more rapidly degraded and therefore demonstrate more temporary effects c) more commonly function via specific second messangers d) demonstrate rapid onset of effect

a) are more likely to have an associated receptor in the cytosol or nucleus

Which of the following accurately describes thyroid hormone? a) binds to receptors on the inside of the cell b) released from the anterior pituitary c) derived from cholesterol d) binds to receptors on the outside of the cell

a) binds to receptors on the inside of the cell

Which of the following hormones would be expected to increase if you were studying all day for a test and skipped breakfast and lunch? a) glucagon b) calcitonin c) insulin d) growth hormone

a) glucagon GO EAT!

__________ is released in response to low blood sugar levels, while __________ is released in response to high blood sugar levels. a) glucagon, insulin b) thyroid hormones, glucagon c) insulin, glucagon d) insulin, thyroid hormones

a) glucagon, insulin

Which of the given elements is a component of thyroid hormone? a) iodine b) copper c) magnesium d) potassium

a) iodine

Each hormone's organ specificity is determine by: a) its ability to interact with a specific receptor b) the signal cascade it initiates c) whether it is lipophilic or lipophobic d) whether is is a corticosteroid or gonadotrophin hormone

a) its ability to interact with a specific receptor

Which of the following is a physiological function that is mediated by a hormone released by the posterior pituitary? a) water retention b) decrease in calcium levels c) maturation of the egg and sperm d) increase in thyroid hormone level

a) water retention

What zone of the adrenal cortex deals with aldosterone? a) zona glomerulosa b) zona fasiculata c) zona reticualris

a) zona glomerulosa

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are both released from the anterior pituitary. The hypothalamus regulates their release through release of __________. a) CRF b) GRH c) TSH d) GHRH

b) GRH

Through what process can the body form glucose from non carb precursors, such as fatty acids and amino acids? a) glycogenolysis b) gluconeogenisis

b) gluconeogenisis

After consuming a banana split, which hormones would you expect to increase? a) prolactin b) insulin c) glucagon d) parathyroid hormone

b) insulin

Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus would be classified as: a) intracrine b) paracrine c) endocrine d) autocrine

b) paracrine b/c the hormone is acting on a nearby organ

__________ is the hormone responsible for milk production in female mammals. It is released by the __________. a) prolactin, post pituitary b) prolactin, ant pituitary c) oxytocin, ant pituitary d) prolactin, mammary glands e) oxytocin, post pituitary

b) prolactin, ant pituitary

Steroid hormones include which of the following: a) thyroid and adrenal cortical hormones b) sex and adrenal cortical hormones c) sex and adrenal medullary hormones d) pancreatic and thyroid hormones

b) sex and adrenal cortical hormones

Which of the following is a target of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)? a) anterior pituitary b) testes c) adrenal gland d) mammary glands

b) testes

Which of the following hormones would bind to receptors located on the inside of a cell? a) prolactin b) testosterone c) growth hormone d) FSH

b) testosterone

All of the following are true of the posterior pituitary hormones EXCEPT: a) they include ADH and oxytocin b) they include direct and trophic hormones c) a nerve signal from the hypothalamus stimulates their release d) they are released from the posterior pituitary

b) they include direct and trophic hormones

Which hormone increases basal metabolic rate in the body? a) parathyroid hormone b) thyroid hormone c) secretin d) glucagon

b) thyroid hormone

The role of adenylate cyclase is: a) to degrade steroid hormones b) to cyclize AMP in order to generate second messengers c) to aid in signal amplification via conversion of GTP to GDP d) to activate G-protein-coupled receptors via phosphorylation

b) to cyclize AMP in order to generate second messengers

What zone of the adrenal cortex deals with cortisol? a) zona glomerulosa b) zona fasiculata c) zona reticualris

b) zona fasiculata

Which of the following provides the correct sequence of signaling for a hormone cascade pathway? a) Anterior pituitary, endocrine gland, hypothalamus, target cells b) Hypothalamus, endocrine gland, anterior pituitary, target cells c) Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, endocrine gland, target cells d) Anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, endocrine gland, target cells

c) Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, endocrine gland, target cells

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by stimulating which of the following processes? a) Stimulating the release of glucose from the liver b) Stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose c) Promoting the entry of glucose into cells d) Activating hormone production in the posterior pituitary gland

c) Promoting the entry of glucose into cells

How do steroid hormones elicit a response from their target cells? a) Steroid hormones enter the nucleus of the target cell and increase the creation of ribosomes by the nucleolus. This results in more proteins being made by the target cell. b) Steroid hormones attach to a membrane-bound receptor on the cell. This creates an intracellular second messenger which leads to a reaction cascade. c) Steroid hormones enter the target cell and alter the products of the cell at the transcription level. d) Steroid hormones move freely throughout the bloodstream and attach to their target cells. This interaction increases ion permeability in the cell.

c) Steroid hormones enter the target cell and alter the products of the cell at the transcription level.

After having a double bacon cheeseburger with a milkshake, which of the following hormones would NOT be expected to increase? a) insulin b) cholecystokinin c) glucagon d) secretin

c) glucagon

Antibodies directed against pancreatic cells results in these cells' destruction. What laboratory abnomality might be seen in this scenario? a) decreased (Ca2+)ex b) decreased (Na+)ex c) increased (glu)ex d) elevated (Ca2+)ex

c) increased (glucose)ex

Growth factors and histamine are chemical agents released in small amounts that act locally on neighboring cells. Which of the following best describes the function of growth factors and histamine? a) endocrine function b) autocrine function c) paracrine function d) none of the above

c) paracrine function

What zone of the adrenal cortex deals with testosterone and estrogen? a) zona glomerulosa b) zona fasiculata c) zona reticualris

c) zona reticualris

Which of the following is not true of hormones? a) Hormones affect a wider range of the body compared to neurotransmitters. b) Hormones are released directly into body fluids and tissues. c) Hormones are relatively slow acting compared to neurotransmitters. d) Hormones affect only one specific tissue at a time. e) All of these are true of hormones.

d) Hormones affect only one specific tissue at a time.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a peptide hormone responsible for increasing the concentration of calcium in the blood. This is accomplished by stimulating the activity of osteoclasts and removing calcium from the bones. If a person has low blood calcium levels, what would you expect the level of PTH to be in the body? a) Parathyroid levels will fluctuate until normal calcium levels are restored. b) Parathyroid hormone would be lower than normal in the blood. c) Normal levels of parathyroid hormone would be seen as a different hormone works to restore normal calcium levels. d) Parathyroid hormone would be higher than normal in the blood.

d) Parathyroid hormone would be higher than normal in the blood.

Hormones travel through the blood stream and bind to receptors located on target cells. Which of the following would NOT bind to transmembrane proteins on the target cells? a) prolactin b) antidiuretic hormone c) insulin d) estrogen

d) estrogen

Most hormone regulatory signaling is based on negative feedback control mechanisms. What hormone operates through a positive feedback mechanism? a) insulin b) calcitonin c) vasopressin d) oxytocin

d) oxytocin

The concentration of hormones in the bloodstream is regulated by: a) nutritional signals to the endocrine gland b) indirect growth-promoting effects c) production of receptor antagonists d) positive and negative feedback loops

d) positive and negative feedback loops

Which of the following hormones is released from the anterior pituitary? a) cortisol b) epi c) insulin d) prolactin e) glucagon

d) prolactin

The primary role of the parathyroid gland is: a) to send hormonal signals to other endocrine organs b) to receive hormonal signals from the hypothalamus c) to maintain metabolic homeostasis d) to regulate serum calcium levels

d) to regulate serum calcium levels

Amy has osteoporosis, which is a disease that affects the bone. It occurs in individuals with low calcium levels in their bones. The bones become weak, brittle and may break. Which of the following hormones would she need to produce to help reduce the problems associated with osteoporosis? a) calcitriol b) calmodulin c) parathyroid hormone d) GH e) calcitonin

e) calcitonin