Western Civilization Final
Capetian Dynasty
Also known as the House of France, is a dynasty of Frankish origin, founded by Hugh Capet. It is among the largest and oldest royal houses in Europe and the world, and consists of Hugh Capet's male-line descendants.
Witenagemot
An assembly of the ruling class whose primary function was to advise the king and whose membership was composed of the most important noblemen in England, both ecclesiastic and secular.
Interdict
An authoritative prohibition.
Clovis
Clovis was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of royal chieftains to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.
Urban Commune
City states whose political life is largely dominated in the merchant class. They are very powerful, making the money, have lots of power in the government.
Clerical Celibacy
Clerical celibacy is the requirement in certain religions that some or all members of the clergy be unmarried.
Saladin
Led the Muslim military campaign against the Crusader states in the Levant. Saladin climbed the ranks of the Fatimid government by virtue of his military successes against Crusader assaults against its territory.
Peter the Hermit
Led the peoples crusade before the actual crusade came to be.
Unam Sanctum
Papal bull, Church's claim to absolute authority over all people reached its climax, written by Pope Boniface VIII in 1302. Pope has authority over all people, temporal as well as spiritual authority. Every human creature is to be subject to the Roman Pontiff
The People's Crusade
peter the hermit gathered europeans who were impatient to invade the holy land and claim it as their own. it failed and they all died.
Black Death/Bubonic Plague
Plague that spread over Europe in the 14th century and killed an estimated quarter of the population.
Merovingian Dynasty
A Frankish dynasty founded by Clovis I that reigned in Gaul and Germany from about 500 to 750
Charles Martel
A Frankish statesman and military leader who as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death.
Pope Zachary
A Greek from Santa Severina, Calabria, he was the last pope of the Byzantine Papacy.
Longbow
A bow that fired arrows that could pierce armor.
Jaquerie
A communal uprising or revolt.
Domesday Book
A comprehensive record of the extent, value, ownership, and liabilities of land in England, made in 1086 by order of William I.
Curia
A curia, plural curiae, is an assembly, council, or court, in which public, official, or religious issues are discussed and decided.
The Medici
A family of bankers that started out as middle class & then loaned money to a guy that became the pope & then they became the wealthiest family in Florence. They sponsored many artists/architects like Brunesllshci & made lots of money off them.
King Philip IV
A king of France who tried to claim the right to tax clergy, which was met with struggle from Pope Boniface VIII; the king sent forces to Italy to take the pope to trial, but he escaped, and died afterwords; He then elected a new French pope (Clement V), in 1305.
Brigands
A member of a gang that ambushes and robs people in forests and mountains. Gurella warfare of the french
William the Conqueror
A monarch from Normandy who was jealous of his cousin Harold from England's throne; killed Harold to gain the throne of England. when he took the throne, he also brought feudalism to England.
Pope Boniface VIII
A notoriously corrupt pope who reigned from 1294 to 1303. He made a concerted attempt to increase the political might of the Catholic Church and was thus a political enemy of Dante, who advocated a separation of church and state
Anglo-Saxons
A people who inhabited Great Britain from the 5th century. They comprise people from Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe, their descendants, and indigenous British groups who adopted some aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture and language.
Alcuin of York
A respected scholar who hired other scholars (usually monks) to teach at Charlemagne's schools. He also established a curriculum. Became one of Charlemagne's chief advisers on religious and educational matters
Hundred Years' War
A series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, over the succession to the French throne.
Treaty of Verdun
After Charlemagne's son Louis died the empire was divided. This Treaty establishes the brothers borders (Louis the German, Charles the Bald and Lothair) all three sons try to plot against each other empire doesn't like this and makes them sign the treaty
Inquisition
An ecclesiastical tribunal established by Pope Gregory IX c. 1232 for the suppression of heresy. It was active chiefly in northern Italy and southern France, becoming notorious for the use of torture. In 1542 the papal Inquisition was re-established to combat Protestantism, eventually becoming an organ of papal government.
Merchant Guild
Association of merchants and workers created to protect their rights to trade and to help out members and their families. Interested in the quality and price of their items.
Magyars
Cavalry force, ongoing nuisance. Hungarians are descendants of these people Wreaked havoc at first, but then were absorbed into European population.
Magna Carta
Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy
Concordat of Worms
Compromise arranged in 1122 between Pope Calixtus II (1119-24) and the Holy Roman emperor Henry V (reigned 1106-25) settling the Investiture Controversy, a struggle between the empire and the papacy over the control of church offices.
Knights Templar
Considered the most famous of the Western Christian military orders. The organization existed for approximately two centuries in the Middle Ages. In 1307, many of the Order's members in France were arrested, tortured into giving false confessions, and then burned at the stake. Under pressure from King Philip, Pope Clement V disbanded the Order in 1312.
Pope Leo III
Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day. Put on trial for perjury and adultery and found guilty. Fled with the help of a friend
Battle of Crecy
Crushing defeat for the french since the english brought longbows and killed most of them before the battle could even start with them
Vikings
Danes, Swedes, Norwegians (great sailors) Would take young girls from villages. These wives would convert them to Christianity major threat to Europe.
Childeric the Stupid
During Pepin's rule, he was being recognized for all the power because he was the Merovingian king, but Pepin the short did not like this so he made up a plan that kicked him out. The pope wrote saying that the actual ruler (de facto = Pepin) had the real power
House of Plantagenet
English side of the hundred years war
Enrico Dandolo
Famous for his role in the Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople in which he, at age ninety and blind, led the Venetian contingent.
Battle of Hastings
Fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
Pope John VIII
He devoted much of his papacy attempting to halt and reverse the Muslim gains in southern Italy and their march northwards, which was "destroying the economy of papal patrimony."
Pope Urban II
He is best known for initiating the First Crusade (1096-99) and setting up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the Church. He promised those that would fight to get the Holy land back and free the eastern churches that they would be forgiven/pardon of all their sins.
Pope Clement V
He is infamous for suppressing the order of the Knights Templar and allowing the execution of many of its members, and as the Pope who moved the Curia from Rome to Avignon, ushering in the period known as the Avignon Papacy. Did everything king Phillip said.
Otto the Great
He organized a strong German state and expanded his authority over Burgundy and Italy. Was the son of King Henry I of Germany.
Bruno/Pope Leo IX
He was a German aristocrat and a powerful ruler of central Italy while holding the papacy. Widely considered the most historically significant German Pope of the Middle Ages.
Hildebrand/Pope Gregory VII
He was also at the forefront of developments in the relationship between the emperor and the papacy during the years before he became pope. He was the first pope in several centuries to rigorously enforce the Western Church's ancient policy of celibacy for the clergy and attacked the practice of simony.
Henry IV (King)
He was raised Reformed by his mother Jeanne III of Navarre. ... In 1593, in order to become King of France rather than by his own beliefs, he converted again to Roman Catholicism.
Florence
Italy's leading cultural center during Renaissance; important for trade and commerce;dominated by Medici's
Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc, nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans", is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint.
Hugh Capet
King of France from 987 to 996, and the first of a direct line of 14 Capetian kings of that country. The Capetian dynasty derived its name from his nickname (Latin capa, "cape").
Louis VI
King of the Franks from 1108 until his death. Chronicles called him "roi de Saint-Denis". Louis was the first member of the House of Capet to make a lasting contribution to the centralizing institutions of royal power.
Francesco Petrarch
Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. He lived from 1304-1374 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics. He resisted writing in the Italian vernacular except for his sonnets, which were composed to his "lady love" who spoke no Latin.
Alexios I
Reformed the Byzantine monetary system was an important basis for the financial recovery and therefore supported the restoration, as the new coinage restored financial confidence.
Richard the Lion-Hearted
Served as king of England from 1189 to 1199. By age 16, Richard was commanding his own army in a revolt against his father, and became a central Christian commander during the Third Crusade.
Charlemagne
Son of Pepin the short Pepin divides all land with his brother (who dies so he gets all the land takes the Frankish throne) then becomes King of Italy and is crowned head of the Holy Roman Empire united most of Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire encouraged the Carolingian Renaissance, a cultural and intellectual revival in Europe
Alfred the Great
Successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by the time of his death had become the dominant ruler in England.
Carolingian Dynasty
The Frankish dynasty founded by Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel, which ruled in France from 751-987 ad and in Germany until 911 ad.
Pepin the Short
The King of the Franks from 751 until his death. He was the first of the Carolingians to become king.
Shire-Reeve (Sheriff)
The Old English designated royal official responsible for keeping the peace
Sack of Constantinople
The Sack of Constantinople or Siege of Constantinople occurred in 1204 and marked the culmination of the Fourth Crusade. Mutinous Crusader armies captured, looted, and destroyed parts of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire.
Treaty of Ramla
The Treaty of Ramla was signed by Saladin and Richard the Lionheart in June 1192 after the Battle of Arsuf of September 1191. Under the terms of the agreement, Jerusalem would remain under Islamic control. However, the city would be open to Christian pilgrimages.
Simony
The buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.
Transubstantiation
The conversion of the substance of the Eucharistic elements into the body and blood of Christ at consecration, only the appearances of bread and wine still remaining.
Forth Lateran Council
The council marked an important stage in the development of papal legislative authority.
Feudalism
The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.
Philippe Augustus (Philip II)
The first French monarch to style himself king of France.member of the house of Capet
Mayor of the Palace
The manager of the household of the Frankish king.
Lay Investiture
The most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII.
Louis the Pious
The one legitimate heir to Charlemagne
Duchy
The territory of a duke or duchess; a dukedom
Normans
They descended from the Vikings from the Scandinavian area, led by Rollo the Viking Chief. Rollo then became Robert, the Duke of Normandy
House of Valois
They succeeded the House of Capet (or "Direct Capetians") to the French throne, and were the royal house of France from 1328 to 1589. French side of the hundred years war.
Lothair
Which brother received the South eastern portion and marked the medieval founding of the Italian State?
Charles the Bald
Which brother received the Western portion and marked the medieval founding of the French State?
Louis the German
Which brother received the north eastern portion and marked the medieval founding of the German State?
Claricis Laicos
Written by Pope Boniface VIII to King Philip the Fair in 1296 saying that kings did not have the right to tax the laity without getting special permission from the Pope
King John
Youngest son of Henry II; King of England from 1199 to 1216; succeeded to the throne on the death of his brother Richard I. Forced to sign the Magna Carta
Lombard League
alliance of the Italian merchants and pope against Frederick I; foot soldiers faced Frederick's mounted knights; foot soldiers with crossbows defeated knights
Phillip Augustus
important king of france had issues whith his wife at some point divorced married another and was forced to bring his old wife back because of an interdict on him from the church
Ingeborg
the original wife of Phillip Augustus after divorced went to the pope and asked him to force Philip to keep her as queen
Avignon Papacy
the period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome Lombard