1.6 developments in Europe

What helped the population recover from the Black Plague?

Agriculture, which improved a great deal at this time

Who were employed by the church to help create images to help the illiterate understand?

Artists

Why is 1200-1450 known as the high Middle Ages?

Because it was seen as a revival of trade and learning

Why did the Orthodox support what the church did?

Because news of Seljuk Turks persecuting Christians spread

Why were knights eager for battle?

Because there was mostly peace throughout Europe

Who temporarily controlled parts of both England and France?

French Norman (a Viking group) naked William the conqueror

Who will begin to raise private armies and bureaucracies that would eventually overpower the other neighboring kingdoms?

French and British monarchs

What are the Crusades?

Holy wars

What also became interested in the renaissance?

Humanism-when People became less interested in heavenly issues and become interested in human emptions and accomplishments of the individual

Where else did Muslims and Jews face discrimination?

In Europe

What is the cause of the crusades?

Jews and Christians were fighting to take back Jerusalem from Muslim rule

What parliament was set up in 1265?

The House of Lords and House of Commons. (Continuity-still In Tact today)

Because of all the discrimination where did the Muslims flee back to?

The Middle East, North Africa or the Balkan area (which will get take over by the ottomans in 1453)

Who grew in power as a way in replacing the Roman government?

the Roman Catholic Church

What happened to the church during this time?

the church began to brew with corruption and greed. They would steadily lose power and influence during the Reformation

Explain the connection between church and state.

the church could punish kings and lords with excommunication or interdicts, and the knights and serfs would express displeasure for the lord to give in. *The church itself had a bureaucracy

What did the church provide and do?

the church provided services for many people, including education as the church helped to open many in Europe. First universities, monasteries as well would help people read in their vernacular as Latin began to fade out (monasticism)

What is the Hundred Years' War?

when French and English fought over English Channel because of trade

Describe the role of women during feudalism.

women didn't have much rights-although some could work in shops or join the church

What is a vassal?

A noble who served a lord of higher rank (one who's owned of another of a higher status)

Despite the great schism of 1054 what did the church still have?

A significant amount of power

What was each person considered as?

A vassal

What is the English Channel?

A water way in between France and England

What slowed down during this time?

intellectual life and trade slowed significantly

What countries will emerge as the most stable/powerful nation states?

France and England

Describe the HRE government.

-had a complex bureaucracy and elected their emperors; princes from noble families as well as bishops would vote -Representatives would mint coins, collect taxes and would set up parliaments in each principality (province or duchy), so there was a bit of autonomy

What are the advancements in agriculture?

-new plows, better tilled the soil and sped up planting and windmills helped to grind wheat, barely and rye -the 3-field system

What was gathered from the Hundred Years' War?

-people were unified against the common enemy, further cementing their identities as French or English (loyalty to the nation as a whole not the individual fields kingdom) -weapons: the English used 6-foot longbows -both groups used canons, using gunpowder brought over from the east

What did feudalism provide and do?

-provided law and order because there was no central government -provided protection from invaders and neighboring kingdoms

What happened after the Muslims won the crusades?

-soured political relations between the involved groups -increases in trade and cultural diffusion between the Middle East and Western Europe

When were the Crusades?

1096-1204

What is feudalism?

A decentralized System in which land was exchanged for loyalty and protection (mutual obligation)

What is the Holy Roman Empire (962-1806)?

A feudal monarchy that encompassed present day Germany and Central Europe, including parts of France and Italy. They were an exception to the 'loose kingdoms of Europe' that defined feudalism.

What was the Renaissance known as?

A golden age, characterized by great achievements in art and literature

Where did the Jews flee to?

Central Europe (HRE) and Kiev

What two things were connected?

Church and state

As Europe recovered from the plague, what did the revival of trade help?

Cities and towns grow

As the Roman Empire declined from the 5th and 6th centuries, who entered the Middle Ages (approx. 476-1450)?

Europe

What does interdict and excommunication mean?

Excommunication-one person is cut off from the church interdict- one person is cut off from the manor

What is another name for manor?

Fief

Who will develop a rivalry over the English Channel?

France and British monarchs

Define guilds

Groups of craftsmen and artisans that do different things

Because the pope wanted to maintain the power/authority of the church what did he promise?

He promised atonement (forgiveness and heaven) to those who joined the war

Explain the situation with the England king John I.

He was abusing his power. The nobles forced him to sign the Magna Carta, which was a document that limits the power of an England king, Ensuring the rights of nobles to keep the king in check (limited monarchy/continuity)

What happened to feudalism?

It began to fade

What did agricultural improvements help with?

It helped the population grow and helped to revive trade

What did the end of the crusades do?

It relaxed the atmosphere, so people left the manors.

What happened to the Roman government?

It was reduced to smaller decentralized feuding kingdoms

What was the Reconquista?

It was the movement to gain back Christian lands from Muslim and to make the population mostly Christian again (two examples are Spain and Sicily)

What was chivalry?

Knights code of honor

What was wealth based on in fuedalism?

Land NOT cash

How did power finally become centralized?

People became more secular and royals became more wealthy

Who wanted access to luxury goods?

Merchants

Who maintains control of the holy land after 4 crusades?

Muslims

What happened to the Muslims and Jews during the inquisition?

Muslims and Jews were forced to convert and were sometimes questioned or tortured. Many were expelled, which hurt academic institutions since many of the universities had Muslim and Jewish scholars.

Why didn't people want to leave the Manors?

People did not want to leave due to conflicts with neighboring manors and the semi-nomadic northern invaders still assimilating into Europe

What happened during the times of the plague?

Population decrease and prices rose (supply and demand/inflation). Workers this had bargaining power

What is antisemitism?

Prejudice against Jews

Describe the serfs.

Serfs were bound to the land and could not leave or marry without the permission of the lord. Their children would also be serfs. However, they were not slaves (they were not bought and sold)

Because feudalism declined what emerged?

Shops and guilds in port cities, especially in Italy by the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas

What family would often politically maneuver their way to gain votes and win in the HRE?

The Habsburg

What was happening prior to the crusades?

The Reconquista (although associated with Isabella and Ferdinand of Spanish from the 1490s to early 1500s)

What did Isabella and Ferdinand launch in 1492?

The inquisition and Reconquista of Spain

What did the revival of wealth and life considered as?

The renaissance (rebirth)

What became popular?

Theology became popular and many authors would revisit Greek philosophy and blend with modern Christian thought (scholasticism)

Who won?

There was no clear victor

Because each kingdom had several manors, what did that mean?

There was no political unity but feudalism does provide some stability, law and order

Where do craftsmen and merchants fit into the feudalism system?

They are slightly above the peasants (they had a portion of the land designated for their shops)

Describe chivalry

They had to act with integrity, loyalty and treat women properly

Because power became centralized what did kings want to do?

They would want to run autonomously from the church

What were the jobs of peasants (aka serfs)?

They would work on the land and provide crops, livestock (animals), and services to the lord, knights and king in exchange for protection and shelter

What are the jobs of the lords?

To give a portion of land to the knights and they would pledge to fight and protect the land

What is the local kings job?

To grant land (fief) to lord (nobles)

What did Isabelle and Ferdinand do for Spain?

United and ended feudalism in spain

What Italian city-states grew incredibly wealthy from trade and cultural diffusion?

Venice, Genoa and Florence

Who was characterized by feudalism in the Middle Ages?

Western Europe

In Islam what is the term some scholars use to explain any king of spiritual struggle?

jhad

Who are the Medici family?

a family of bankers that contribute to modern banking practices, but they also sponsored the arts and had a strong, yet inappropriate, relationship with the Vatican. *(this will lead to the Reformation in unit 2)

Describe art during the Renaissance

art took on a three dimensional appearance, with exquisite attention to detail. Much art reflected the Church (because they paid for it) or a call back to Greece and Rome. *however, many artists and writers were also secular: non- religious, writing about this world, not the "other world".

What was manorialism meant as?

as a economic self-sufficiency everything needed was available and produced on the manor.

What did France king Philip IV do?

developed a bureaucracy and a council of advisors called the Estates General representing different social classes of France. However, this group had little power and didn't really check the king, unlike the English parliament

What is the 3 field system?

farmers would rotate the crops across three fields, giving the lands time to recover their nutrients in between harvesting and thus being able to yield better harvests