A&P 1 Exam 3

In the hyaline cartilage, the cells that produce new matrix are called

chondrocytes

Which affects osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels, blood calcium levels, mechanical stress

____________ is the most numerous sweat gland.

2

What is the composition of the subcutaneous layer?

Areolar connective tissue and adipose connective tissue

What is the greatest risk factor for skin cancer?

Exposure to UV light rays

Which is not true about bone remodeling?

It occurs only at articular surfaces.

Which is an accurate description of appositional bone growth?

Osteoblasts build bone at the circumferential lamellae while osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of "bone remodeling"

Removal of old bone by osteoclasts and making of new bone by osteoblasts

The hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include

The hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include

Chose all the components of the dermis a. sweat glands b. hair follicles c. collagen fibers d. sensory nerve endings e. arrector pili muscles

a - b - c - d - e

Which of these are functions of hair? a. sensory reception b. heat retention c. pheromone dispersal d. protection e. visual identification

a - b - c - d - e

The type of gland that secretes sweat into a hair follicle that is found in the axillary, anal, and genital regions is the ________ sweat gland

apocrine

The diagram above represents -

appositional osseous growth

Smooth muscles that produce "goosebumps" when they contract are the

arrector pili

What is the most common type of skin cancer and originates in the stratum basale?

basal cell carcinoma

In order to retain heat, what occurs in the skin on a cold day?

blood vessels of the dermis constrict

Place in the correct order the following steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage

c - d - a - b

Which skin markings usually disappear during childhood?

capillary hemangiomas

Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ________ of the epidermis.

corneum

Which is an alternate term for compact bone

cortical bone

Another name for the skin is the ________ membrane

cutaneous

One of the main dangers of burns is

dehydration, as water can escape from the body

The reticular layer of the dermis consists primarily of

dense irregular connective tissue

What type of stimulus is detected by the sensory receptors of the skin? a. vibration b. heat c. cold d. pressure e. all the above

e. all the above

Another name for the cuticle is the

eponychium

Bone is considered part of the skeletal system, but ligaments are not.

false

In general, the mechanical stresses on bones that result from exercise tend to weaken them and lead to more frequent fractures

false

Most of the bones of the upper and lower limbs are formed by intramembranous ossification

false

Once we reach adulthood and our bones are fully formed and hardened, they cannot be remodeled

false

Once we reach adulthood and our bones are fully formed and hardened, they cannot be remodeled.

false

The reason for the reddish tint seen in lightly pigmented skin is the molecule formed by the combination of oxygen and melanin

false

The subcutaneous layer, or hypodermis, is one of the two parts of the integument.

false

When the body is cold and needs to conserve heat, the blood vessels in the dermis dilate to allow for more blood flow in that region

false

Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?

fibrocartilage

Endochondral ossification begins with a(n) ________ model

hayline cartilage

All of the following are functions of the skeletal system EXCEPT:

heat protection

Skin discoloration due to a benign blood vessel tumor is called

hemangomia

Hyaline cartilage contains a ________ percentage of water; cartilage cells reside in small spaces called ________.

high; lacunae

Bone matrix contains

hydroxyapatite and collagen

High blood calcium and exercise cause calcitonin release to

increase

Calcitonin ________ osteoclast activity, which will ________ blood calcium levels

inhabits; decrease

What helps bone resist compression?

inorganic salts

Which is not true about the periosteum?

it's composed of dense regular connective tissue

Osteocytes are located within spaces called ______. Cell processes extend from the osteocytes across the extracellular matrix within tiny canals called ______.

lancunae; canaliculi

Parathyroid hormone release is triggered by ________ levels of calcium in the blood

low

The pigment responsible for skin and hair color is

melanin

Skin cancer is the ________ type of cancer, and due to sun exposure it occurs most frequently on the ________

most comon; head and neck

Areas, where adult males tend to accumulate subcutaneous fat, include the

neck, abdomen, and buttocks

All of the following are true about the gland labeled 3 Except -

open sweat pore

Osteoid is the

organic part of the bone matrix that gives it tensile strength.

Mechanical stress of bones, such as that caused by weight lifting, is detected by

osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid

Which hormone inhibits bone growth?

parathyroid hormone

The periosteum is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers called ________ fibers

perforating

The periosteum is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers called ________ fibers.

perforating

This best describes the function of red bone marrow:

produce blood cells

Where on the human body is the hair thick enough to retain heat?

scalp

The part of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface is called the

shaft

This kind of tissue has many small spaces, is found mainly in the epiphyses, and is arranged into trabeculae:

spongy bone

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood

Which type of hair forms the beard on the faces of males?

terminal

While most of the cells in a hair are dead, the living epithelial cells are found in

the hair bulb

Lines of cleavage are a result of

the orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis.

An osteoclast has a ruffled border and multiple nuclei.

true

Carotene, a pigment that contributes to skin color, is acquired in the body by eating various yellow-orange vegetables

true

Deep cuts that occur perpendicular to cleavage lines tend to gape.

true

Endochondral ossification is a form of bone growth in which a cartilaginous model is replaced by bone

true

Fingernails are helpful in protecting the distal tips of fingers and in grasping small objects

true

Further lengthwise bone growth cannot occur once the epiphyseal lines have formed

true

Mature cartilage is avascular.

true

Melanocyte cytoplasmic processes transfer pigment granules into stratum basale keratinocytes; these pigment granules shield the nuclear DNA from UV radiation

true

Most of the nail body appears pink because of the blood in the underlying capillaries

true

One of the components of sweat is the nitrogenous waste urea.

true

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells; osteoclasts are bone-dissolving cells

true

The flat bones of the cranium form by intramembranous ossification

true

The thin epidermis, lacking the stratum lucidum, contains only four strata and covers most of the body

true

We need exposure to UV light from the sun to stimulate vitamin D production. Vitamin D is important because it promotes the _________ by the small intestine.

uptake calcium

Within the body, carotene is converted to

vitamin A, which is important for visual function.

Which vitamin is required for the normal synthesis of collagen?

vitamin C

Within which zone of the epiphyseal plate do cartilage cells undergo mitosis?

zone of perforating cartilage