A&P - Genitourinary Tract

vagina function

accommodate the penis during intercourse (coitus) blood flow from the uterus during menstruation birth canal during childbirth

Hilus

Notch or indentation near the center of the kidney's medial border. Where renal vein artery enters and the renal vein and the ureter exit the kidney

Secretion

Of certain ions, nitrogenous waste products, and drugs occurs primarily in the distal convoluted tubule. This process is the reverse of reabsorption; the substances move from the blood to the filtrate

Male Reproductive System

Organs that produce and release mature sperm into the female reproductive tract, where fertilization can occur Includes the penis, scrotum, testes, duct system, accessory glands & reproductive glands

Renal Capsule

Outer covering of the kidney is a strong layer of connective tissue

Function of Female Reproductive System

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, and accessory glands 1. produces ovum 2. houses the fertilized egg 3. maintains the embryo 4. nurtures the newborn infant

Seminal Vesicles

Paired structures that lie at the base of the bladder and produce 60% of the volume of semen. The fluid is released into the ejaculatory ducts to meet with the sperm

Renal

Pertaining to the kidneys

Functions of Urinary System

Probably most important system in maintaining homeostasis Plays an important role in I/O 1. Maintaining the proper balance of water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance in the body by filtering the blood as it flows through the kidneys 2. Constantly filtering the blood to remove urea, creatinine, uric acid, and other waste materials from the bloodstream 3. Converting these waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys and excrete them from the body via the urinary bladder

Spermatogenesis

Process of developing spermatozoa

Homeostasis

Process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

Male Accessory Glands

Produce seminal fluid Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Cowper's glands

Nitrogenous Waste

Produced as proteins break down 1. Urea 2. Ammonia 3. Creatinine

Function of Henle's Loop

Reabsorption Sodium and chloride ions

Function of Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Reabsorption Water and solutes

Function of Distal Convoluted and Collecting Tubules

Reabsorption Water, sodium, and other chloride ions. Secretion Ammonia, potassium ions, urea, uric acid, creatinine, hydrogen ions, and some drugs.

Renin

Release causes the activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism, which ultimately leads to an increased blood pressure

Testosterone

Responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics

Reabsorption

Return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration. Begins as soon as the filtrate reaches the tubule system Water, glucose, and necessary ions back into the blood occurs primarily in the proximal convoluted tubules, Henle's loop, and the distal convoluted tubules. this process reclaims important substances needed by the body.

Renal Artery

Right and left branch of abdominal aorta and enter the kidney at the hilus. Continue branching until blood is delivered to the glomerulus y the afferent arteriole.

Scrotum

Saclike structure that lies suspended from the exterior abdominal wall

Adrenal Glands (part of endocrine Sys)

Secretes a hormone that help control blood pressure and heart rate, among other functions.

Prostate Gland

Single, doughnut-shaped prostate gland surrounds the neck of the bladder and urethra. Firm structure, about the size of a chestnut, composed of muscular and glandular tissue. Secretes alkaline fluid that contributes to motility of sperm Smooth muscle contracts during ejaculation, expelling semen from the urethra

Sexual Stimulation

Sinuses fill with blood, causing the penis to become erect. Concludes with ejaculation, which is brought about by peristalsis of the reproductive ducts and contraction or the prostate gland. After ejaculation, the penis returns to a flaccid state

Cervix

Smaller, narrower lower portion of the uterus, part of which actually descends into the vaginal vault

Macula Densa Cells

Specialized cells of the distal convoluted tubule at the point of contact with the afferent arteriole. Function as chemoreceptors to sense changes in the solute concentration and flow rate of the filtrate

Gametes

Sperm and ova, unite to form a fertilized egg

Fimbriae

Sweep the ovum into the fallopian tube

Ovaries

almond shaped (gonads) lies under fallopian tubes 1. releases estrogen & progesterone (female sex hormone) 2. releases one mature egg during the menstrual cycle (alternating r & l ovary) 3. main function: produce & mature eggs 4. each ovary contains 30,000 to 40,000 eggs

perineum

area enclosing the region containing the reproductive structures. diamond shaped and starts at the symphysis pubis and extends to the anus

clitoris

comparable to the male penis and is composed of erectile tissue that becomes engorged with blood during sexual stimulation

External Sphincter

composed of skeletal or voluntary muscle at the terminus of the urethra

Ductal System

consist of: epididymis, vas deferens, and the urethra. Transports sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory ducts (2)

Corpus Albicans

corpus luteum shrinks and is replaced by scar tissue

postovulatory

developing corpus luteum releases estrogen and progesterone. if pregnant, continue to release estrogen and progesterone to maintain uterine lining until placenta is formed (takes over hormonal release). not pregnant, corpus luteum lasts 8 days and then disintegrates

Menstrual Cycle

each month, for the next 30 - 40 years, an ovum matures and is released about 14 days before the next menstrual flow, which occurs on average every 28 days 3 phases 1. menstrual - days 1 - 5 2. preovulatory - days 6 - 13 3. postovulatory - days 15-28

Preovulatory

estrogen is released from the maturing graafian follicle. causes vascularization of the uterine lining. day 14 LH released by anterior pituitary gland, which causes rupture of graafian follicle and release of mature ovum

labia majora

extending from the mons pubis to the perineal floor are two large folds - protect the inner structures and contain sensory nerve ending and an assortment of sebaceous and sudoriferous glands

Blood Pressure Drops

When body has suffered increased fluid loss through hemorrhage, diaphoresis, vomiting, diarrhea, or other means. Decrease the amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys.

Seminiferous Tubules

Where sperm produced

menarche

first menstrual cycle begins around age 12

labia minora

lies directly under the labia major smaller folds of tissue, devoid of hair, that merge anteriorly to form the prepuce of the clitoris

external genetalia

located outside the body, aka the vulva consist of the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, urinary meatus, hymen and vaginal opening

mons pubis

located superior to the symphysis pubis is a mound of fatty tissue, cored with coarse hair

normal aging on the reproductive system

men don't have a menopausal period sperm production decreases but not cease in later years, testosterone production decreases, but not dramatically as long as the older individual is healthy there is nothing in the aging process that prohibits normal sexual function

hymen

mucous membrane covering the entrance of the vagina ruptures during intercourse

menopause

occurs b/w age 35 & 60, average 51 menstrual flow ceases and hormonal levels decrease woman may experience "hot flashes" sudden warm feeling caused by decrease in estrogen production vagina loses some of its elasticity breast and vulva lose some adipose tissue bone may become brittle and prone to osteoporosis

Filtration

of water and blood products occurs in the glomerulus of Bowman's capsule.

Corpus luteum

once mature ovum has been expelled, the follicle is transformed into a glandular mass

Female Reproductive System

ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes and vagina hormones-effects the menstrual cycle, fertility, pregnancy and the ability to experience sexual pleasures

Urine Values

pH 4.6-8.0 - slightly acidic specific gravity of 1.003 - 1.030 sterile, but at room temperature it rapidly decomposes and smells like ammonia as a result of the breakdown of urea

fallopian tubes

pair of ducts 1. one end is attached ot the uterus at the fundus (top of uterus) and at 2. other end floats in the peritoneal cavity, over the ovary 3. 4 inches long with the fimbriae at distal ends 4. Lined with cilia 5. Capable of enlarging up to 500 times

Female Accessory Glands

paraurethral/Skene's glands - secrete mucus and are similar to the male prostate gland Bartholin's glands/vestibular - lubricate vagina for secual intercourse

Graafian Follicle

pocket or envelop-shaped structure where teh ovaries prepare the ovum

menstrual cycle

prepares the uterus and causes ovulation to occur each month

Renin

protein produces by kidney helps to regulate BP higher renin, higher htn

Filtration Process

1. Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery and flows into the nephrons 2. After passing through the filtration system of the glomerulus, the filtered blood containing protein and blood cells leaves the kidney and returns to the bloodstream through the renal vein 3. The remaining filtrate flows into the renal tubules, where elements, including some water, sugar, and salts, are returned to the bloodstream via a nearby capillary 4. Remaining waste products are continuously converted into urine, which is transported to the renal pelvis and collected in preparation for entry into the ureters 5. If waste products are not efficiently removed from the bloodstream, the body cannot maintain homeostasis, with a stable balance of salts and other substances

Functions of Nephron

1. Controlling body fluid levels by selectively removing or retaining water 2. Assisting with the regulation of the pH of the blood 3. Removing toxic waste from the blood

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

1. Microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron 2. Named for its proximity to the glomerulus; it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron 3. Location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate 4. Where afferent arterioles come into direct contact with the distal convoluted tubule 5. Works to regulate systemic blood pressure and filtrate formation

Penis

1. Organ of copulation. Consists of a shaft and an enlarged tip, called the "glans penis" 2. Excess, thin, loose, skin covers the tip of the penile shaft, called the "prepuce or foreskin" 3. Circumcision-surgical removal of the foreskin in order to prevent "phimosis" (a tightness of the foreskin that prevents retraction of the foreskin)

Urinary System Facts

1. Over 180 L (50 gallons) of blood pass through the kidneys every day 2. Each renal capsule has about 1.25 million renal tubules 3. Approximately .07% are born with more than two kidneys 4. About .02% are born with only one kidney 5. Together, the two kidneys contain about 160 km of blood vessels 6. Cost of kidney transplant is about $100,000 for the first year plus anti-rejection drug is $2,000 a month 7. Kidney dialysis averages about $44,000 per year 8. About 200 quarts of blood are processed every day, producing an average of 2 quarts or urine 9. Approximately 60 times a day, the body's entire volume of blood is filtered through the kidneys

Renal Tubules

1. Proximal convoluted tubules-absorption of nutrients from filtrate 2. Loop of Henle-reabsorption of ions & water from urine 3. Distal convoluted tubules-regulates Na, K+ & pH 4. Collecting tubules-final Na+ regulation, urine excreted into bladder, urethrea

Testes

1. Two oval structures in the scrotal sac-called the male gonads 2. Each testis measures about 2" long by 1" wide and weighs about 0.5oz. each testis contains 1-3 coiled seminiferous tubules producing sperm cells 3. Produces testosterone & millions of sperm cells daily, after puberty 4. testosterone-responsible for secondary sex characteristics

Functions of Kidney

1. Urine formation - Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and secretion; 1000 to 2000 mL or urine formed each day 2. Fluid and electrolyte control - Maintain correct balance of fluid and electrolytes within a normal range by excretion, secretion, and reabsorption 3. Acid-base balance - Maintain pH of blood at normal range (7.35 - 7.45) at normal range by directly excreting hydrogen ions and forming bicarbonate for buffering 4. Excretion of waste products - Direct removal of metabolic waste products contained in the glomerular filtrate 5. Blood pressure regulation - Regulation of blood pressure by controlling the circulating volume and renin secretion 6. RBS production - Secretion of erythropoietin, which stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs 7. Regulation of calcium-phosphate metabolism - Regulation of vitamin D activation

Function of Male Reproductive System

testes, ductal system, accessory glands, and penis 1. produces and stores sperm 2. depositing sperm for fertilization 3. developing the male secondary sex characteristics (e.g. low voice, facial hair)

Aldosterone

the primary mineralocoticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex, and the plasma potassium concentration is the primary regulator of these.....

vagina

thin-walled, muscular, tubelike structure approx 3" long located between bladder and rectum mucous membrane lining - responsible for lubrication during sexual activity walls called rugae - enables it to stretch to receive

Vans Deferens

1. a tube, approx. 18" long, leading from the testes and up around the bladder to form the urethra 2. It's enlarged portion merges with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the short ejaculatory duct 3. After passing through the prostate gland, the vas deferens joins with the urethra

mammary gland

1. attached to pectoral specialized accessory glands that secrete milk normally functions only in the female 2. each gland contains 15 to 20 lobes that are separated by adipose tissue 3. each lobe has many lobules containing milk producing cells 4. lobules lead directly to lactiferous ducts that empty into nipple

sperm

1. development, starts at puberty and continues through life 2. mature sperm consist of three parts, head (acrosome), body (DNA), and tail (flagellum) 3. mature sperm live approx. 48 hrs, 24 to 72 hour at body temp 4. when sperms comes in contact with a mature egg, it bombards the egg in an attempt to break down its coating 5. only one sperm is allowed to enter the egg, causing fertilization; the remaining disintegrate 6. after puberty, millions of sperm cells are produced daily

nipple

1. smooth muscle that allows it to become erect 2. dark pink or brown tissue surrounding the nipple called the areola 3. milk production starts when a woman gives birth under the influence of prolactin, the milk is formed hormone oxytocin allows milk to be released

Ejaculation

2 - 5 mL of fluid Approximately 200 - 500 million sperm are released

Structure of Nephron

2 main structures 1. renal corpuscle 2. renal tubule

Urine Composition

95% water 5% nitrogenous waste and salts Color is influenced by urochrome (destroyed hemoglobin) Urea which gives ammonia odor after it breaks down

Urine

95% water and 5% urea and other body waters.

Epididymis

A coiled tube above an along the posterior border of the testes. Turns upward to become the vas deferens. During ejaculation, the smooth muscles of the epididymis contract, allowing sperm to eject through the vas deferens and urethra

Urinalysis

A routine test for detection of abnormal elements in urine

Urine Substance Abnormalities

Albumin-renal disease, increased blood pressure, toxicity Glucose-high blood glucose level Erythrocytes-(hematuria) infection, tumors, renal disease, sometimes renal calculus (kidney stone), irritation Leukocytes-UTI Ketone bodies-(ketoaciduria or ketonuria) too many fatty acids are oxidized. DM, starvation, any other metabolic condition in which fats are rapidly catabolized

Urine Output

Amount excreted varies according to: 1. fluid intake 2. blood pressure 3. physical and mental health 4. medications 720mL minimum/day Average 1000 - 2000 mL/day First urge to void: 250cc start to feel the urge to pee Moderately full: 450mL (1 pint)

ADH

Antidiuretic hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland. Causes the cells of the distal convoluted tubules to increase their rate of water reabsorption. This action returns the water to the bloodstream, which raises the blood pressure to a more normal level and causes the urine to become concentrated

Ductus Deferens

Approximately 18 inches long and rises along the posterior wall of the testes

Male Urethra

Approximately 8 inches long Passes through the prostate gland and extending the length of the glans penis Serves two functions: 1. passageway for urine 2. passageway for semen

Consequences of Aging Changes

At 70, filtering mechanism is only 50% as efficient as at 40 - decreased blood supply and loss of nephrons Woman - bladder loses tone and the perineal muscles may relax, resulting in stress incontinence Man - prostate gland may become enlarged, leading to constriction of the urethra Increased possibility of UTI

Stretch Receptors

Become activated and a message is sent to the spinal cord. Cause contractions as the bladder becomes full, pushing the urine past the internal sphincter

Retroperitoneal

Behind the peritoneum, which is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

Renal Vein

Blood leaves the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole to the peritubular capillary. Blood finally reached the renal veins and flows into the inferior vena cava

Efferent Arteriole

Blood leaves the glomerulus through these

Corpus

Body Larger midsection

Urethra (Reproduction)

Carries both sperm and urine, but, because of the urethral sphincter, it does not do so at the same time

Bladder Sphincters

Circular muscles help keep urine from leaking. The muscles close tightly like a rubber band around the opening of the bladder into the urethra known as "ureterovesical" sphincter that prevents reflux of urine from the bladder to the ureter internal and external located in bladder neck composed of involuntary muscle

Glomerulus

Cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman's capsule, and a renal tubule

Renal Corpuscle

Composed of a tightly bound network of capillaries called the gomeruli that are held inside a cuplike structure, Bowman's capsule.

Spermatic Cord

Connective tissue sheath encloses ductus deferens, the nerves, and the blood vessels

Ejaculatory Duct

Connects with the ductus deferens. 1 inch long. Unites with the urethra to pass through the prostate gland. Each of the two ejaculatory ducts empties into the prostate urethra

Filtrate

Contains important products needed by the body: water, glucose and ions may be absorbed. 99% of the filtrate is returned to the body

Calyces

Cuplike extensions of the renal pelvis that guide urine into the renal pelvis

Bowman's Capsule

Cuplike structure that holds the glomeruli

Afferent Arteriole

Delivers blood to the glomerulus from the renal arteries

Renal Cortex

Directly beneath the renal capsule. Outer region of the kidney. This layer of tissue contains 1.25 million renal tubules, what are part of the microscopic filtration system

Ureter

Drains the finished product urine, into the bladder

Female Urethra

Embedded in the anterior wall of the vagina vestibule and exits between the clitoris and the vaginal opening Approximately 1/4 inch diameter and 1 1/2 inches long

Menstrual

Endometrium sloughs off, accompanied by 1 - 2 ounces blood loss. FSH released by anterior pituitary gland

Glans Penis

Enlarged tip at end of the shaft of the penis

Primary Function of Kidney

Excretion of waste products from the body metabolizing ingested nutrients

Renal Pelvis

Expansion of the upper end of the ureter

Urinary Meatus

External opening of the urethra

Zygote

Fertilized egg, the beginning of a new life

Function of Glomerulus

Filtration Water and solutes (sodium and other ions, nitrogen waster, urea, uric acid, creatinine, glucose, and other nutrients) filter through the glomeruli into Bowman's capsule

FSH

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Prepuce

Foreskin Lies in folds around the glans

Bladder

Function -temporary storage pouch for urine Location -anterior to small intestine and posterior to the symphysis pubis Hollow organ -composed of collapsible muscle Is is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra

Ureters

Function -transfer urine to bladder Locations -extension of renal pelvis, retroperitoneal and pass under the urinary bladder before entering it Shape -narrow tubes shorter on the right Length -10-12 inches in adults Function -transfer urine to bladder Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys (peristalsis)

Nephrons

Functional unit of the kidney, resembling a microscopic funnel with a long stem and two convoluted sections. Responsible for filtering the blood and processing the urine. It is here that urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption and secretion

Testes

Gonads Enclosed in the scrotum to keep the temperature in the testes below normal body temperature, which is necessary for viable sperm production and storage Contains one to three coiled seminiferous tubules that produce the sperm cells Produce the hormone testosterone

Medulla

Immediately beneath the cortex and is a darker color. Contains the triangular pyramids. Inner region of the kidney, and it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules.

Kidney Circulation

Inferior vena cava brings 100% oxygenated blood to kidneys and gives them 25% of the blood

Kidney

Located in the retroperitoneal (parietal peritoneum) space, with one on each side of the vertebral column below the diaphragm and lower edge of the rib cage Shape: bean Color: dark red Size: length 4-5 in, width 2-3 in, depth 1 in Right kidney is lower than left, because of the liver Surrounded and anchored in place by a layer of adipose tissue

LH

Luteinizing hormone

Gonads

Male and female sex glands, produce the gametes

Papillae

Narrow points of the pyramids. Empty urine into the calyces

Nocturia

Need to urinate at night

Rete Testis

Network of ducts that sperm travel through Contain cilia that sweep sperm out of the testes into the epididymis

Urethra Functions

The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit the bladder through the urethra When all the signals occur in the correct order, normal urination "micturition" occurs

Genitourinary Tract

The urinary tract is located in close proximity to the reproductive organs, so these two body systems are sometimes referred to together as this

Juxtaglomerular Cells

These cells contains the enzyme renin and function as mechanoreceptors to sense blood pressure. When systemic blood pressure decreases, these cells have a decreased stretch, which leads to their release of renin

Erectile Tissue

Three masses, the corpus spongiosum and two copora cavernosa, contain numberous sinuses that fill the shaft of the penis.

Epididymis

Tightly coiled tube structure that lies superior to teh testes and extends posteriorly With sexual stimulation smooth muscle within the walls contract, forcing the sperm along the seminiferous tubules of the testes to the vas deferens

Urethra

Tube that allows urine to pass outside the body. Terminal portion of urinary system Has two sphincters to control urine flow

Cowper's Gland

Two pea-sized glands under the male urethra. they correspond to the Bartholin's glands in women and provide lubrication during sexual intercourse

Fundus

Upper, rounded portion Insertion site of the fallopian tubes

UV Junction

Ureterovesical Junction Ureters enter the bladder

Structures of Urinary System

Urinary Tract 1. Kidneys (2) - produce urine by removing waste, excess water and electrolytes from the blood 2. Ureters (2) - transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder 3. Bladder (1) - collects and stores urine 4. Urethra (1) - transports urine from the bladder to teh outside of the body for elimination

Creatinine

Waste product of muscle metabolism A nitrogenous compound produced by metabolic processes in the body Normal values: 0.6-1.6

Urea

Waste removed by the urinary system from the blood Major waste product of protein metabolism 1. Produced when foods containing protein broken down in the body, such as: meat, poultry, and certain vegetables 2. Carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys 3. Gives urine pungent odor

uterus

small, firm, pear shaped, muscular organ lies between the bladder and the rectum consists of three layers 1. endometrium (inner) 2. myometrium (middle) 3. perimetrium (outer)

vestibule

space enclosing the structure located beneath the labia minora contains - clitoris, urinary meatus, hymen and vaginal opening