Abnormal Psych Exam 4

A friend is experiencing severe depression and asks you for advice about treatment options. The BEST response is:

"Ask your therapist about combining cognitive-behavioral therapy with drug therapy."

What is the average length of time for the treatment of major depressive disorder using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

2 to 4 weeks

About what percentage of clients with unipolar depression receive treatment from a mental health professional each year?

50 percent

Which explanation of depression has connected mood to the rewards in a person's life?

Behaviorism

Which perspective assumes that the likelihood of depression is increased by the presence of several factors and the sequence in which they unfold?

Developmental psychopathology

Which method of killing oneself is used in more than half of all male suicides?

Guns

Based on survey data, most Americans DISAGREE with which of the following statements?

People diagnosed with depression would recover if they could just "snap out of it."

Which individual is MOST at risk for suicide?

Someone who was diagnosed with a terminal pancreatic cancer

_____ times as many women attempt suicide as men, yet men succeed at more than _____ times the rate of women.

Three; three

Structural abnormalities noted in people with bipolar depression include:

a smaller-than-normal hippocampus.

The top two leading causes of death among teenagers are:

accidents and suicide.

The most commonly recommended types of exercises for depression are:

aerobic.

In research on suicide, abnormal serotonin levels and a dysfunctional depression-related brain circuit seem MOST related to:

aggression.

An _____ suicide is when a person commits suicide to defend his or her family or country.

altruistic

The category of major depressive disorder in which the person experiences excessive activity or immobility is:

catatonic.

The age group LEAST likely to commit suicide in the United States is:

children.

If the focus of your therapist is primarily on how communication and problem-solving difficulties with your partner are contributing to your depression, your therapist is using:

couple therapy.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been found to be most helpful in alleviating the symptoms of depression when administered:

daily for 4 to 6 weeks.

According to Shneidman, people who are ambivalent about their intent to die and whose actions leading to death do not guarantee death (e.g., swimming in shark-infested waters) are called:

death darers.

Kareem is miserable. He sees himself in a negative way and has no desire to participate in his usual activities. He has headaches, insomnia, and indigestion. Kareem is MOST likely suffering from:

depression.

Viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/or terms is called:

dichotomous thinking.

Among biological treatments, _____ appears to be most effective for reducing depression.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Vagus nerve stimulation was proposed as an alternative to:

electroconvulsive therapy.

When answering the telephone of a suicide hotline, the first step for the counselor is to:

establish a positive relationship.

Psychodynamic approaches to the treatment of depression may be helpful for individuals who:

experience mild or modest symptoms of depression.

When talking with a potentially suicidal individual on a suicide hotline, the final step for the counselor is to:

formulate a plan.

When interacting with their children, depressed parents are more likely than nondepressed parents to:

get frustrated with them.

The key to effective suicide prevention is:

having available accurate risk assessment tools.

Compared with married or cohabitating couples, never-married individuals have a _____ suicide rate.

higher

A pessimistic belief that one's present circumstances, problems, or mood will not change is called:

hopelessness.

Studies have shown that lithium use _____ the size of the hippocampus and _____ the amount of gray matter in patients with bipolar disorder.

increases; increases

The perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over the reinforcements in one's life defines:

learned helplessness.

Studies have shown that the more _____ a person has, the more depressed he or she tends to be.

maladaptive attitudes

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power, is characteristic of:

mania

Individuals who take _____ must avoid foods containing tyramine.

monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

The mental disorders found to contribute to the greatest number of suicides are:

mood disorders.

For teenagers, the highest suicide rates are found among:

non-Hispanic white Americans and American Indians.

Unipolar depression is depression that:

occurs without periods of mania.

An unsuccessful attempt at suicide is called a:

parasuicide.

The LEAST common predictor of suicide is:

physical illness.

The ____ theoretical perspective suggests that suicide is caused by the loss of loved ones and self-directed aggression.

psychodynamic

The oldest of all psychotherapies used to treat unipolar depression is:

psychodynamic therapy.

Most brain serotonin is released from locations at the base of the brain called the:

raphe nuclei.

How effective is psychotherapy alone as a treatment for bipolar disorder?

rarely effective

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of unipolar depression may include:

reinforcing nondepressed behavior.

Ruminative responses are defined as:

repeatedly mentally dwelling on one's mood without acting to change it.

According to the developmental psychopathology perspective, moderate and manageable adversities that occur during childhood may make a person more _____ when faced with stressful events during adulthood.

resilient

An increase in _____ is MOST often linked to suicide.

sadness

Most second-generation antidepressants are:

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

MAO inhibitors result in increases in the levels of:

serotonin and norepinephrine.

The neurotransmitters associated with unipolar depression are:

serotonin and norepinephrine.

Some theorists believe that improper transport of _____ may cause neurons to fire too easily, resulting in mania.

sodium ions

The loss of a valued object that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one is referred to as:

symbolic loss.

Among the top ten causes of death in the United States, suicide ranks:

tenth.

Having a negative view of one's experiences, self, and the future is what Beck referred to as:

the cognitive triad.

The age group MOST likely to commit suicide in the United States is:

the elderly.

Suicide rates in the weeks after Kurt Cobain's suicide held steady, contrary to the modeling effect seen with other celebrity suicides. The text notes that a possible reason for this was:

the media coverage, which included a "Don't do it!" message.

The two most influential cognitive explanations for unipolar depression are:

the theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness.

Research shows that clients who receive adjunctive therapy for bipolar disorder are _____ to continue taking their medications.

twice as likely

Women are at least _____ times as likely as men to have episodes of severe unipolar depression.

two

To be classified as a major depressive episode, depression must last for at least:

two weeks.

To receive a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:

two years.

According to current estimates, the suicide rate is highest in the United States among:

American Indians.

According to a survey by NAMI, more than _____ percent of Americans believe that depression is a serious condition that requires treatment.

80

Which description BEST defines self-injury?

A behavioral pattern of mutilating oneself or causing oneself pain

Which approach helps people with depression identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and negative thoughts that contribute to their psychological disorder?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Which statement is TRUE about the research on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating unipolar depression?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy significantly improves depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of clients.

Which statement is TRUE about the research on the effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy in treating unipolar depression?

Interpersonal psychotherapy nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of clients.

Which statement about lithium as a treatment for bipolar disorder is FALSE?

It interferes with the effectiveness of antidepressant medications.

_____ and brain-circuit dysfunction seem to play a role in suicide separate from depression.

Low serotonin

Which statement about suicide is TRUE?

Many apparent accidents are probably suicides.

_____ is credited with developing the learned helplessness theory of depression.

Martin Seligman

Which of the following is referred to as the "Dracula hormone"?

Melatonin

Which is a well-known side effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

Memory loss

Antidepressant drugs that target only one neurotransmitter are called:

SSRIs.

Cluster suicides may involve high suicide rates among teenagers who:

live on certain American Indian reservations.