Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 4

Essay Questions. What type of epithelium would you expect to find lining the urinary bladder? Explain your answer.

Since the urinary bladder changes size as a result of repetitive filling and emptying, one would expect it to be lined by a transitional epithelium. Transitional epithelia can withstand stretching much better than other types of epithelia.

Approximately 70-80 percent of cancers in the aging population are the result of

chemical exposure or environmental factors.

Epithelial cells that are adapted for moving material along their apical surface usually have

cilia.

Skeletal muscle is to muscle tissue as bone is to

connective tissue

The most diverse tissues of the body are

connective tissues

Damaged skin cells are usually shed in sheets because the cells are held together by

desmosomes

Durable intercellular connections that are abundant between cells in the superficial layers of the skin are called

desmosomes.

Secretions that are discharged directly into the blood are characteristic of ________ glands.

endocrine

The tissue type in the body that lines internal passageways is ________ tissue.

epithelial

Which of the following is one of the four main types of tissue? A) glandular B) cardiac C) serous D) epithelial E) skeletal

epithelial

Regions in which muscle cells are interconnected via specialized attachment sites, containing gap junctions and desmosomes, are called

intercalated discs.

Specialized gap junctions between muscle cells produce

intercalated discs.

The serous membrane that covers the exposed surfaces of enclosed organs such as the liver and stomach is called the

peritoneum.

Exocrine secretions are discharged onto some external or internal body surface through a

duct.

The type of epithelium with multiple cell shapes where the distance between cell nuclei and the exposed surface varies is

pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

The type of epithelium found lining the trachea is

pseudostratified columnar.

The cell that accounts for almost half of the volume of blood is the

red blood cell.

Identify the cellular junction labeled 1.

tight junction

A type of intercellular connection in which the outermost lipid portions of two plasma membranes is fused is termed a(n)

tight junction.

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a specific function are

tissues.

Identify the type of epithelial tissue shown in the figure.

transitional

In response to tissue injury, the process during which fibroblasts produce a dense network of collagen fibers that are known as fibrous tissue is the start of

regeneration.

The process of tissue repair where damaged tissue is replaced or repaired to restore normal function is called

regeneration.

Smoking damages the epithelial lining of the trachea, larynx, and airways of the respiratory system. Which problem would be related to this kind of damage?

respiratory infections

This connective tissue is found in organs with an open meshwork of thin collagen fibers-the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. It facilitates diffusion and cell movements.

reticular connective tissue

The spleen and liver consist of mainly which connective tissue type?

reticular tissue

During regeneration, fibroblasts produce a dense network of collagen fibers known as ________ tissue.

scar

Which secretion type, secreted by the parotid salivary glands, is comprised of a watery solution containing enzymes?

serous

Which type of epithelium lines the stomach and intestinal tract?

simple columnar

Which type of epithelium secretes enzymes and buffers in the pancreas and salivary glands?

simple cuboidal

The type of epithelium that is found in the exchange surfaces of the lungs is

simple squamous.

The muscle tissue without striations is ________ muscle.

smooth

The type(s) of muscle cell that has/have the ability to divide, and regenerate after injury, is/are ________ muscle(s).

smooth

Which muscle is involuntary?

smooth and cardiac

Which tissue is found in the walls of blood vessels, and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs?

smooth muscle

Identify the tissue in the image, which is comprised of short, spindle-shaped cells that are found in the walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs.

smooth muscle tissue

If you were looking at connective tissue in the microscope, you would notice

spaces between the cells.

Flattened cells on the surface of an epithelial tissue are characteristic of ________ epithelia.

squamous

Functions of connective tissue include

storage of energy reserves

Which of the following is a term used to describe the number of layers of epithelial cells?

stratified

Neuroglial cells are

supporting cells around neurons

Membranes that consist primarily of areolar tissue and an incomplete layer of epithelial tissue are called ________ membranes.

synovial

Connective tissue structures that attach muscles to bone are called

tendons.

This picture of epithelial tissue represents

the attachment of the epithelial cells to the basement membrane.

One of the key features of epithelial tissue that differentiates it from the other three types of tissue is

the density of the tissue, with cells connected very closely.

Which of the following is a connective tissue with a solid matrix?

cartilage

________ release during inflammation causes increased blood vessel permeability.

Histamine

Why does damaged cartilage heal slowly?

Cartilage is avascular, so nutrients and other molecules must diffuse to the site of injury

Your 75-year-old grandmother has a small dog that does not like to have its nails clipped. As a result, the nails stay long. Since the dog is constantly jumping up and down in your grandmother's lap, he tends to scrape and cut her skin in the process. These abrasions, caused by blood vessels being damaged, are seen all over her arms. What factor is related to this problem?

Her age is related to thinner tissues.

The type of connective tissue shown in the figure is the least specialized in adults. What is its primary function?

It cushions organs and provides support but permits independent movement.

Which of the following is a characteristic of ground substance in connective tissue proper?

It is similar in consistency to maple syrup.

What is the primary function of any serous membrane?

It minimizes friction between the opposing surfaces when an organ moves or changes shape.

Which feature is true for muscle tissue?

Muscle cells contain actin and myosin filaments.

________ are cells that support and protect the neurons.

Neuroglia

Neurons have

cell body, dendrites, and an axon

Which statement is true about nervous tissue?

Not all nervous tissue is located within the brain and spinal cord.

Essay Questions. During a lab practical, a student examines a tissue that is composed of a densely packed epithelium composed of square-shaped cells in a single layer. The epithelia are often cut into circles, and sometimes into parallel rows. What organ is the student most likely observing?

Simple cuboidal epithelia line the ducts of glands and also comprise most of the kidney. Depending on the other features of the slide, it is most likely a sweat gland or the kidney.

Why is smooth muscle called by that name?

The actin and myosin filaments are not organized.

Essay Questions. Analysis of a glandular secretion indicates that it contains some DNA, RNA, and membrane components such as phospholipids. What mechanism of secretion does this indicate, and why?

The presence of DNA, RNA, and membrane components suggests that the cell was destroyed during the process of secretion. This is consistent with a holocrine type of secretion.

Essay Questions. Jim and Pam are at the beach soaking up the sunlight when Pam notices that Jim's feet are very callused and hers are not. What would cause Jim's feet to be callused, while Pam's are not?

The stratified squamous epithelium of the skin (like many other tissues) responds to the stresses applied to it. The most likely scenario is that Jim puts more weight on his feet and is more active than Pam, resulting in more stress being applied to his feet. As a result, the stratified squamous epithelium of the soles of his feet has thickened.

You have damaged your knee playing soccer, specifically the cartilage structure between the bones called the meniscus, and no tissue other than the cartilage has been damaged. Your doctor tells you that it will be many months before you might be able to return to soccer after surgery. What is the best explanation for this?

There is slow healing because of a normal lack of blood supply to cartilage.

Which of the following is a correct statement about stratified epithelia?

They cover surfaces that are subjected to mechanical or chemical stress.

How could this tissue be described?

This tissue is for compression, which moves food through the organ.

If you had a genetic disorder resulting in a lack of functional mast cells, you would have a problem with

a response to tissue injury.

Which connective tissue type provides insulation?

adipose tissue

Milk production from mammary glands is an example of what type of secretion?

apocrine

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?

bone tissue

The skin is sometimes referred to as the

cutaneous membrane

Which of the following consists of stratified squamous epithelial tissue, areolar tissue, and dense irregular connective tissue?

cutaneous membrane

Identify the type of connective tissue that strengthens and supports areas subjected to stresses from many directions.

dense irregular connective tissue

Which of the following accounts for most of the volume of connective tissues? A) blood vessels B) lipid molecules C) carbohydrates D) cells E) extracellular matrix

extracellular matrix

Tendons and ligaments would have a high concentration of ________ cells.

fibroblast

Connective tissue fibers are formed from protein subunits secreted by

fibroblasts.

Which of the following cartilage types has little ground substance and has a matrix dominated by collagen fibers?

fibrocartilage

In which type of cell junction are two cells held together by embedded membrane proteins called connexons?

gap junction

The study of tissues is called

histology

Which of the following is a type of secretion in which cells become packed with secretions and then burst apart and die?

holocrine

The most common type of cartilage is

hyaline.

Simple squamous epithelium would be found

lining blood vessels.

A simple cuboidal epithelium would be found

lining kidney tubules.

Which cells of connective tissue proper release chemicals that mobilize the immune system?

macrophages

Cells that release histamine and heparin in response to tissue injury are called

mast cells.

The combination of extracellular fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as

matrix.

Which of the following may occur with aging?

more fragile connective tissue

Which membrane type lines cavities that communicate with the exterior and have moist surfaces?

mucous membranes

Tissue that contains large amounts of actin and myosin is ________ tissue.

muscle

Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.

muscle

A difference between mucous membranes and serous membranes is

whether the cavity is open to the exterior or not.