AP EURO - CH. 15 - 30 Years War
Witchcraft craze
hysteria over witchcraft during 16th and 17th centuries, trials and persecutions of witches (predominately women), use of torture during trials
The Bohemian Phase
1618-1625, Calvin nobles of the Bohemian Estates unhappy with Catholic king Archduke Ferdinand, nobles rebel against Ferdinand and take control of Bohemia, Ferdinand allies with Catholic League and regains control of Bohemia
The Danish Phase
1625-1629, Lutheran Denmark intervenes on behalf of Protestant cause, leads army into northern Germany, Catholic League defeats Denmark
Edict of Restitution
1629 - end of Danish Phase of 30 Years' War, attempt to reverse Peace of Augsburg, prohibits Calvin worship, restores protestant lands to catholic, annulled at the end of the Swedish phase to make peace with German princes
The Swedish Phase
1630-1635, Sweden under the rule of Gustavus Adolphus invades Germany from the north and is eventually defeated by the HRE
The Franco-Swedish Phase
1635-1648, bigger focus on political issues than religious, Catholic French enter the war on the side of Protestant Sweden and defeat the Spanish and Bavarian armies, ends with Peace of Westphalia, France and Spain continue to fight
Four Phases of the 30 Years' War
Bohemian phase (1618-1625), Danish phase (1625-1629), Swedish phase (1630-1635), Franco-swedish phase (1635-1648)
Battle of White Mountain
Ferdinand and Catholic League defeat Frederick and Bohemian nobles, November 8 1620, Bohemian phase of 30 Years' War, Spain returns some parts of empire to catholicism
Battle of Rocroi
Franco-Swedish Phase, 1643, French beat Spanish and bring end to Spanish military greatness
Defenestration of Prague
May 1618, during Bohemian Phase of 30 Years' War, 2 Habsburg representatives in Bohemia thrown out of 3rd story window (survive)
Gustavus Adolphus
Swedish king, military genius -> organized and well equipped army, devout Lutheran, invades Germany from north but killed in Battle of Lutzen
Battle of Nordlingen
Swedish phase, imperial army victory, 1634, guaranteed that south Germany would remain Catholic
Battle of Lutzen
Swedish phase, major Protestant victory, Gustavus Adolphus (king of Sweden) killed
Albrecht von Wallenstein
brilliant commander, commander for Ferdinand's imperial army during 30 Years' War, Bohemian nobleman, extremely cruel, dismissed by Ferdinand under influence of German princes
Duke Maximilian of Bavaria
catholic prince in South Germany, leader of Catholic league, allied with Ferdinand during Bohemian phase of 30 Years' War
Archduke Ferdinand
catholic, Habsburg ruler, made king of Bohemia but deposed by Protestant nobles, allied with Catholic League to regain control of Bohemia, elected HRE
Economic conditions in 1640s
economic contraction especially in Italy and Spain, population begin to decline (war, famine, little ice age)
Peace of Pyrenees
ends fighting between France and Spain in 1659, Spain second-class power, France dominant power
"Military Revolution"
growth of standing armies, introduction of new weapons and strategies, war becomes expensive and takes more heavy taxation, many military techniques revolutionized by Gustavus Adolphus
King Christian IV
king of Denmark during 30 Years' War, Lutheran, made anti-Habsburg and anti-Catholic alliances with United Provinces and England, wanted possession of Catholic territory in northern Germany, suffered huge losses during 30 Years' War
Peace of Westphalia
officially ended the war in Germany in 1648, weakens Habsburgs, recognizes independence of German princes and allows them to choose to be Calvin, Sweden and France gain some territory, confirms independence of the Calvin Netherlands, religion and politics separate
Catholic League
political and religious union of catholic German princes at the beginning of the 17th century, organized by Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, active against the Protestant Union during the 30 Years' War
Protestant Union
political and religious union of protestant German princes at the beginning of the 17th century, organized by calvanist Elector Palatine Frederick IV, active against the Catholic League during the 30 Years' War
Factors that led to the 30 Years' War
religious struggle between militaristic Calvinism and militaristic Catholicism, tension between Bourbon dynasty and Habsburg dynasty, Peace of Augsburg didn't account for Calvinism, resistance of German emperors to the Habsburg rulers, alliances throughout Europe (German princes with France, Habsburgs with Spain)
Factors of the witchcraft craze
religious uncertainty (ie Protestantism vs Catholicism), social turmoil, fear of the growing number of poor by property owners, scapegoats for problems
Elector Frederick V
replaces Ferdinand as king of Bohemia during Bohemian phase of 30 Years' War, head of the Protestant Union
Economic and social affects on Germany
villages and peasants were victims, economic damages, 15-20% population decline
