AP Euro Chapter 13
How was the legal procedure of witchcraft changed from before?
Before it was an accusatorial legal procedure, then it became an inquisitorial procedure
When did Luther side for German peasants?
Before rebellion broke out.
When was the idea of purgatory increasingly emphasized?
Beginning of the twelfth century.
What is modern day Spanish Netherlands?
Belgium
What book did Thomas Cranmer prepare?
Book of Common Prayer
What is the most famous architectural Baroque piece by?
Brnini
How could earthly penance and tie in purgatory be shortened?
By drawing on what is termed "treasury of merits".
In response to the spread of religious division, what did Charles V do?
Called for an Imperial Diet in 1530 to meet at Augsburg
Why did the French hav eno need to revolt against Rome?
French had a vested financial interest in Catholicism, with the Concordat of Bologna
Who was Argula von Grumbach
German noblewomen who supported Protestant ideas and believed she should be part of clergy. This supported Luther's belief about a spiritual priesthood of all believers.
Martin Luther
German university and priest who propelled the wave of movements we now call the Reformation. He wrote the 95 Theses.
What did city governments and urban leaders want regarding the clergy?
Governments wanted to integrate the clergy into civic life by reducing their privileges and giving them public responsibilities. Urban leaders wanted some say in who would be appointed to high church offices.
Who was Charle's Italan Adviser?
Grand chanceller Gattinara
What are religious orders
Groups whose members took vows and followed a particular set of rules
Why could Elizabeth I and Mary Tudor come to power?
Henry passed ability for female to take throne
Beliefs in the Institutes of the Christian Religion
His belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and total weakness of humanity. He said that men and women cannot actively work to achieve salvation; rather God in his infinite wisdom decided at the beginning of time who would be saved and damned, called predestination.
How was Luther's incredible skill with language shown?
His two catechisms and hymns that he wrote for congregations to sing.
How did Henry IV save France?
His willingness to sacrifice religious principles to political necessity saved France.
Who had jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition?
Holy Office
Who was Frederick III
Holy Roman emperor and Habsburg who was the ruler of most of Austria, acquiring only a small amount of territory, but lots of money. He married Princess Eleonore of Portugal.
What are French Calvinists called?
Huguenots
What did Calvin think about humanity?
Humanity is weak
What did the Holy Roman Empire consist of?
Hundreds of largely independent states
What eventually happened to Christianity in Hungary?
Hungarian nobles recognized Habsburg and Ottoman Turkish withdrawal in 1699 led to Catholic Restoration.
How was Lutheranism spread in Hungary?
Hungarian students who had studied at Wittenberg
What is Bloody Mary termed as?
Hysterical
Who founded the Jesuits?
Ignatius Loyola
What was the mission of Jesuits?
Improve people's spiritual condition
What is the Edict of Nantes?
It granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to Huguenots in 150 fortified towns.
What did Protestants say about a doctrine or issue to be valid?
It had to have scriptural basis.
What did the Council of Trent require for marriage to be valid?
Marriage vows had to made publicly before a priest and witnesses.
When Charles V was losing his war with the Protestants (mostly germans), what did he agree to?
Peace of Augsburg
How pious were people in the sixteenth century?
People were deeply pious, likely causing them to be highly critical of the Roman Catholic Church and its clergy
What did clergy and officials do when opposing Hnery?
Pilgrimage of Grace
If there were female monarchs, what were they allowed to do in terms of religion?
Place religious policies
What did Luther recognize, in order for reforms to be permanent?
Political authorities and concerned individuals and religious leaders would have to accept ideas.
Why did Luther not go to Rome, when ordered to?
Political situation in the empire.
Who saved France from destruction, due to religious civil war?
Politiques
Who authorized indulgences? Why?
Pope Leo X. For building plans in Rome.
What did Luther believe about popes and church councils and secular leaders.
Popes and church councils could make errors. Secular leaders should reform the church.
What did Calivnist teachings question in terms of Church art? What did they do?
Power of sacred images. There were mobs in many cities who took down and smashed statues, stained-glass windows, and paintings, viewing this as a way to purify the church.
When did doubts of witches begin?
Seventeenth century, when there was new ideas bout science and reason.
What did Albert of Mainz receive for promoting indulgence sale? What was he in debt to?
Share of the profits to pay off a debt he had incurred in order to purchase a papal dispensation allowing hi to become the bishop of several other territories as well.
Why is Elizabeth a virgin Queen?
She cannot marry. If she married, the king would be come ruler instead. There were no eligible suitors.
How did Elizabeth appease Puritans and Catholics?
She chose a middle course between Catholic and Puritan extremes.
Why did Henry VIII want to annul the marriage with Catherine?
She did not give a son
What happened to Jane Seymour?
She died in childbirth
What happened to Anne Boleyn?
She failed twice to produce a male child. Her daughter was Elizabeth. She was charged with adulterous incest and in 1536 had her beheaded
Why was Mary, Queen of Scots, assasinated?
She had a plot to assassinate Elizabeth
Why was Teresa of Avila criticized?
She was too strict for women and at one point was investigated by the Spanish Inquisition in an effort to make sure her inspiration came from God, not the Devil.
How many people secured papal approval of the new Society of Jesus?
Six companions
What religious order did Ignatius Loyola find?
Society of Jesus, or Jesuits
What territories did Ferdinand and Isabella rule?
Spain, much of southern Italy, and eventually the Spanish New World empire
Who was the victor of the Habsburg-Valois Wars?
Spain. France acknowledged Spanish dominance in Italy.
Why did riot ensue in Netherlands under Philip II's rule?
Spanish authorities attempted to suppress Calvinist worship and raised taxes
Michael Servetus
Spanish humanist and refugee who was burned at the stake for denying the scriptural basis fro the Trinity, rejecting child baptism, and insisting that a person under twenty cannot commit a mortal sin
Who was Carmelite nun Teresa of Avila?
Spanish nun who found new convents and reformed her Carmelite order to bring it back to stricter standards of asceticism and poverty. Set by mystical visions.
What did Ignatius Loyola write?
Spiritual Exercises
Where was the Protestant Reformation accepted earliest?
States within Holy Roman Empire
What was ordinary Polish sentiment toward Germans?
Strong anti-German feeling
Who inflicted a crushing defeat on the Hungarians? Who did he kill?
Suleiman the Magnificent. King Louis II
What did Pope Paul III establish to combat Protestantism and to reform Church? AKA?
Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition. Holy Office.
What is accusatorial legal procedure?
Suspect knew the accusers and the charges they had brought, and an accuser could in turn be liable for trial if the chargers were not proven.
Gustavus Vasa
Swedish king who came to the throne during a civil war with Denmark and took over control of church personnel and income
What was the last large area to accept Protestant beliefs after 1540?
Switzerland
Where was the first religious war?
Switzerland
Where and when did witch trials begin in?
Switzerland and southern Germany in fifteenth century
How many provinces eventually came under the control of the Spanish Habsburg forces? Where were they?
Ten. Southern, the Spanish Netherlands.
What was summoned to unite Protestnats and resolve differences in beliefs?
The Colloquy of Marburg
What was one theory demonological theorists had about witches?
They plotted to overthrow Christianity.
How did Council of Trent tackle the disciplinary matters that had disillusioned the faithful?
They required bishops to reside in their own dioceses, suppressed pluralism and simony, and forbid the sale of false indulgences. It forced clerics to give up concubines and bishopes were given greater authority
What did Calvinists think about hard work, thrift, and proper moral conduct?
They served as signs that one was among the "elect" chosen for salvation
What did the treaty order about dissidents?
They shall neither be hindered in the sale of their estates after due payment of the local taxes nor inured in their honor
What did Luther say about secular rulers
They should be obeyed and that they were divinely ordained to maintain order.
Before the Reformation began, what did people do to regrading criticism of Church?
They suggested measures to reform institutions, improve clerical education and behavior, alter basic doctrines.
Puritans
They wanted to purify the church and wanted all Catholic elements of the Chruch of England eliminated
In the end, what was Poland's religion?
They were mainly Catholic
What happened to monasteries and convents?
They were reformed so that they followed more rigorous standards
What was Poland-Lithuania's government like?
They were two territories that retained separate officials, judicial systems, armies, and forms of citizenship
How did papacy respond to Luther's ideas.
They wrote a letter, ordering that his books e burned, and gave him two months to recant or be excommunicated.
What are politiques?
Those who believed that only the restoration of strong monarchy could reverse the trend toward collapse.
Why was French monarchy weak?
Three weak sons of Henry II occupied the throne and could not provide the necessary leadership. Catherine de'Medici often dominated.
What was the focus of the Ursuline Order?
To conentrate exclusively on teaching young girls wiht the goal of re-Christianizing society by training future wives and mothers
What was the intent of the marriage between Henry of Navarre and Margaret of Valois?
To help reconcile Catholics and Huguenots
What was Charle's convinced his duty was?
To maintain the political and religious unity of Western Christendom
What were the goals of the Council of Trent?
To reform the Catholic Church, secure reconciliation with the protestants, lay a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church, reaffirmed the seven sacraments and traditional Catholic teaching on transubstantiation, suppressed pluralism and simony, and forbid sale of false indulgences.
Why did Henry IV convert to Catholicism?
To represent the people. "Paris is worth a mass"
How did the cities of the Netherlands make a living by?
Trade and industry
What was Catholic's belief about the Eucharist?
Transubstantiation
How did Switzerland become very neutral after religious war?
Treaty called for giving up of foreign alliances
What happened to religion in Hungary after Turkish invasion?
Turks were indifferent to the religious conflicts and Chrsitians of all types paid extra taxes to the sultan, but kept their faith
When was Charles V chosen as emperor?
Two years after Luther published the "Ninety-five Theses", the Habsburg prince was chosen
Who did England support in Netherlands?
Union of Utrecht/United Provinces
What did the Union of Utrecht form?
United Provinces
Where did Luther receive a master's degree with distinction?
University of Erfurt
What was Charles V's inheritance? Did he have full control over his terrotries
Vast and incredibly diverse collection of states and peoples. Each of the states were governed differently and held together by Charles V.
What was Jesuit schools like?
Very rigorous. Adopted modern humanism curricula and methods. Educated sons of the nobility as well as the poor.
What was Ireland's tie to Catholic Church?
Very strong. They remained Catholic
Did Zwingli participate in religious war in Switzerland?
Yes
Was Switzerland part of the Holy Roman Empire?
Yes
Were Belgium and the Netherlands part of the provinces that Charles V controlled?
Yes
Did brothels still exist after closing of them?
Yes, there were smaller illegal ones or women sold sex moved to areas right outside city walls
Was Henry IV a politique? In what way?
Yes.
Did Ursuline Order receive papal approval?
Yes
What was one slogan for indulences?
"As soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"
What did Gattinara say to Charles?
"God has set you on the path toward world monarchy"
In response to indulgences, what did he write? Who was it for?
"Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences". Archbishop Albert
What was Luther's new understanding of Christian doctrine?
"faith alone, grace alone, Scripture alone"
How much of Catholic land in England was confiscated?
1/4
Under Bloody Mary, how many Protestants burned at stake?
100,000
How many people were approximately tried for witchcraft in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
100,000 and 200,000
How many vessels were in Spanish armada?
130
when was the diet of worms?
1521
When was the German Peasants' War?
1525
When did the Council of Trent meet?
1545-1563
When was the Peace of Augsburg?
1555
When was La Feliccisima Armada launched?
1588
How many provinces did Charles V inherit? How were they governed? What was Charle's V role?
17. They were self-governing and enjoyed the right to make its own laws and collect its own taxes. Charles V politically untied the provinces.
When was HRE's last execution for witchcraft?
1775
How many parts were Hungary divided into?
3
What satisfies everybody in England defines beliefs of the Anglican Church? Who do they not satisfy?
39 Articles. Puritans
How many ships managed to reach home ports?
65
How many died in German Peasants' War?
75,000
How many people were banished from Geneva and how many were executed between 1542-1546?
76, 58
What is the treasury of merits?
A collection of all the virtuous acts that Christ, the apostles, and the saints had done during their lives. It was thought of a strongbox, which merchants carried coins.
What is a diocese?
A district under the control of bishop in the Catholic Church
What did Luther believe faith came from?
A free gift of God's grace
Who believed that would was coming to end and that a site of a New Jerusalem would survive God's final judgment?
A group that took over the German city of Munster
Pilgramage of Grace
A massive rebellion that proved the largest in English history. Leaders were arrested, tired, and executed.
Anna Jansz
A person who accepted Anabaptism. She was executed in the Netherlands, while having a young son.
What is an indulgence?
A piece of parchment signed by the pope or another church official, that substituted a virtuous act from the treasury of merits for penance or time in purgatory.
What is purgatory?
A place wheres souls on their way to Heaven went to make further amends for their earthly sins.
What is the Roman Inquisition?
A powerful instrument of the Catholic Reformation. It was a committee of six cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics and the power to arrest, imprison, and execute suspected heretics.
What did Pope Leo X authorize to finance his building plans in Rome?
A sale of a special Saint Peter's indulgence
In terms of education, what did the Council of Trent require each diocese to have?
A seminary for the education and training of the clergy
What is an indulgence in terms of Cathlic theology?
A sin could be reconciled to God by confessing their sins to a priest and by doing an assigned penance, such as praying or fasting.
What did Luther say man was composed of?
A spiritual and a bodily nature.
What did the reformation of the church in Netherlands evolve to?
A struggle for Dutch independence.
Who was Walpurga Hausmannin?
A supposed witch who was burned at stake after confessing
What is the "Council of Blood"
A tribunal (court) that aimed at exterminating religious and political dissidents
John Calvin
A young man who studied in law and was born in France. He converted to Protestantism and assisted in the reformation of the city of Geneva. He made a society in which church and state acted together
What is regacide? When was it used?
Act of killing a queen. Queen Eliabeth killed Mary, Queen of Scots.
Why were women often accused?
Actions witches were charged with, like harming children or curdling milk, were part of women's sphere
What did Luther write in response to the German Peasants' War?
Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes fo the Peasants
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
An important early reformer. He was a Swiss humanist and priest. He relied on Erasmus's New Testament, rather than the Church's prescribed readings.
Who founded the Ursuline order of nuns?
Angela Merici
What is the Statue of the Six Articles? Under who?
Anglican church maintains most of the Catholic doctrines. Under Henry viii.
Who was Zurich's wife?
Anna Reinhart
Thomas Cranmer
Archbishop of Canterbury who simplified the liturgy
Who was Hnery's older brother?
Arthur
Why did French nobles adopt protestantism?
As a religious cloak for their independence.
What statement did Lutherans develop at Augsburg?
Augsburg Confession (statement of faith)
What religious order did Luther join?
Augustinian friars
What was inheritance of Charles V?
Austria, Portugal, Burgundy, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Spanish New World, Spain, Sardinia, Southern Italy
What was the style of art that came out of the Catholic Reformation?
Baroque
What was Calvin's religious community like?
Based on his religious principles
What Reformed religion were many of those ruled attracted to?
Calvinism
What was the main religion of Protestants in the Netherlands?
Calvinism
Why was Calvinism popular in Polish nobility?
Came from france, not germany
What is the Index of Prohibited Books?
Catalogue of forbidden reading that included works by Christian humanists such as Erasmus as well as by Protestants.
Who often dominated when three weak sons of Henry II controlled France?
Catherine de'Medici
How did Catholic people respond to iconoclasm?
Catholic mobs responded by defending images, and crowds on both sides killed their opponents, often in gruesome ways.
Who clashed in France, in terms of religion and social class?
Catholic royalist lords and Calvinist antimonarchical lords.
What did Protestants and Catholics, respectively believe about each other.
Catholics believed that Catholics and Lutherans could be reconverted and Protestants persisted in thinking that the Roman Church should be destroyed.
Who is Maximilian's grandson?
Charles V
Why did Protestant ideas spread in Netherlands after Charles V's abdication of the throne?
Charles V grew up there and transferred power over the Netherlands to his son Philip II who grew up in Spain
What did Charles V first order, in regards to Luther?
Charles V held his first diet in the German city of Worms
Thomas Cromwell
Chief minister. He influenced Henry to place an English bible in every church, dissovled the English monasteries, ending monastic life
What was Luther's view on the Eucharist?
Christ is really present in the consecrated bread and wine, but this is the result of God's mystery, not the actions of a priest.
What did Luther argue about Christian Liberty?
Christians were freed from sin and death through Christ, not through their own actions.
What did Charles V realize he was defending?
Church and empire. Religious unity and unified state
What was Christian society like under Calvin?
Church and state acted together
Who did Luther debate with about his ideas? Where?
Church representative, Johann Eck. At Leipzig.
Who handled crimes and heresy under Calvin's community?
Civil authorities
What was one cause of witch panics?
Climatic disaster
What happened to the radical group who took over Munster?
Combined armies of Catholics and Protestants besieged the city and executed its leaders.
What did the group that took over the German city of Muster call for?
Communal ownership of property and expelled those who refused to be rebaptized.
What are catechisms?
Compendiums of basic religious knowledge.
What was the most powerful organizaion in Geneva's community?
Consistory
How did the Protestant Reformation affect women?
Convents and monasteries were closed, making marriage the only occupation for upper-class Protestant women.
What provoked pressure for reform in Low Countries?
Corruption of the roman Church and the critical spirit of the Renaissance
What council did Pope Paul III call?
Council of Trent
Who are presbyterians?
Councils of ministers. Replaced papal authority and rule by bishops
What expressed widespread anticlericlaism
Court records, bishops' visitations of parishes, and popular songs and printed images
How did Lutheran ideas spread to Denmark?
Danish scholars studied at the University of Wittenberg
What did England contrive the victory against Spanish Armada to
David and Goliath legend that enhanceed English national sentiment
Since the Holy Roman Empire was so fragmented, what did this lead to?
Decentralizaiton and strong local power
What were the civic responsibilities that priests, monks, and nuns were exempt from?
Defending the city and paying the taxes.
What did German peasants justify their rebellion for?
Demands that they believed conformed to the Scriptures, and they cited radical thinkers as well as Luther as proof that they did.
What is iconoclasm?
Destruction of religious images
What is the important question that we don't know about witches?
Did people really practice witchcraft and think they were witches?
Why couldn't Population-Lithuania oppose Catholicism?
Doctrinal differences among groups and liking of certain groups prevented untied opposition to Catholicism
What caused an explosive situation in German peasants in 16th century?
Economic condition of peasantry and crop failures in 1523 and 1528. Also nobles aggrieved peasants by seizing village common lands, imposing new rents and requiring additional services, and taking peasants' animals.
Who called for reform in the Catholic Church?
Educated laypeople such as Christian humanists and urban residents, villagers and artisans, and church officials
Who chose Charles V as emperor? What age?
Electors of the Holy Roman Empire. 19
Mary, Queen of Scots
Elizabeth's cousin who was Catholic. She was next in line to throne. She was imprisoned and executed.
Why could Henry VIII not annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon
Emperor Charles V and his troops were in Rome and Pope Clement VII was a prisoner. Charles V was the nephew of Catherine of Aragon and opposed the annulment. The pope stalled.
In England, what language are services given under?
English
What happened to money from monasteries?
Enriched the royal treasury and hundreds of properties were sold to middle and upper classes, part of Parliament.
Where does Luther study theology at?
Erfert
What was the new understanding of witches? What were they have thought to done?
Essence of witchcraft was making a pact with the Devil. They were thought to have engaged in wild secual orgies with the Devil, fly the night to meetings called sabbats that parodied Christian services, and steal communion wafers and unbaptized babies to use in their rituals
What factor mainly decided Reformation in eastern Euroep?
Ethnic
What is the Mass?
Eucharist AKA Lord's supper
What two sacraments were supported by Protestants?
Eucharist and baptism
What did Protestants say in response to medieval church's stressing of the superiority of the monastic and religious life over the secular?
Every person should serve god in his or her individual calling.
What happened if a suspected witch confesses?
Exectuion
What were the Roman Inquisition allowed to do?
Execute, arrest, imprison heretics
What caused iconoclasm?
Fiery Protestant sermons
What happened on March 3, 1568?
Fifteen hundred men were executed under the "Council of Blood"
Catherine of Aragon
First wife of Henry VIII. Her child was Mary Tudor. She was the daughter of Frerdinanad and Isabella and widow of Henry's older brother, Arthur
What formed the Jesuit tradition that proved attractive to young men?
Flexibility and the willingness to respond to the needs of time and circumstance
Why were English monasteries closed down?
For their wealth
Why did France work against reconciliation?
France wanted the Catholics and Lutherans to remain divided in order to keep Germany decentralized and weak.
How did marriage play in the development of Habsburg in the beginning?
Frederick III married Princess Eleanor of Portugal
Which king came to throne during a civil war with Denmark in Sweden? What did he do?
Gustavus Vasa. Took control of church personnel and income.
How many executions in Inquisition in Spain? rome? Portugese?
Handful. none. one
Eventually, when there was no religious war in Germany and Charles V failed to unite his empire under a single church, what did he do?
He abdicated and moved to a monastery, transferring power over his holdings and the Netherlands to his son Philip II and his imperial power to his brother Ferdinand.
What did Luther do after becoming a friar?
He became a priest and after additional study earned a doctorate of theology
Why was Luther troubled about indulgences?
He believed that indulgences led to people believing they had no further need for repentance.
What did King Christian III do?
He broke with the Catholic Church, and most clergy followed.
How was Luther a revolutionary? conservative?
He contradicted the Church, the hierarchy, and their beliefs. Denied indulgences. Salvation through faith not good works. Didn't support violence against political rulers, didn't want a separate church, typical view of woman, wanted return to ancient Christianity. Only reform, not revolution.
What did Henry do when Rome thwarted his matrimonial plans?
He decided to remove the English Church from papal jurisdiction
Why could Charles V limit impact of reform in Netherlands?
He grew up in the Netherlands
Why were Luther's ideas appealing to German rulers, besides sincere attraction?
He invoked national feeling influencing rulers. Also, here was material considerations, when there is a rejection of Roman Catholicism
What did Maximilian do with children, in terms of marriage?
He married his son and daughter to the children of Ferdinand and Isabella
What did the Duke of Alva do to pacify Netherlands.
He opened his won tribunal called the Council of Trent and had Inquisition.
King James V
He opposed reform in Scotland
What happened to Thomas More
He oppposed the king and was beheaded. He was the king's chancellor
Who is Johann Tetzel?
He ran Archbishop Albert's indulgence sale. He mounted an advertising blitz, promising that the purchase of indulgences would bring full forgiveness for one's own sins or release from purgatory for a loved one.
What happened at the Diet of Worms?
He refused to recant his ideas.
Why did Luther not support the German Peasants' War?
He said that freedom meant independence from the Church's authority not opposition to legally established secular powers. He said Scripture had nothing to do with material gain.
In response to pacifying the Low Countries, what did Philip II do?
He sent twenty thousand Spanish troops under the duke of Alva
What did Luther do after getting a doctorate of theology?
He served as a professor of the Scriptures at the new University of Wittenberg
After Charles V realizes that he must defend the church and empire what did he do?
He started fighting Protestants and was successful at first.
Why did Charles V work against reconciliation with the Protestants?
He wanted to avoid alienating the Lutheran nobility in the empire
Who was Henry IV?
He was a politique who issued the Edict of Nantes. He married Margaret of Valois and saved France from internal destruction.
Who was Pope Paul III?
He was a pope who moved the papal court to the center of the reform movement.
How did King Henry II die?
He was accidentally shot at the face at a tournament celebrating the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
What event caused Luther to stop his law and legal career?
He was almost struck by lightning and said that if he survived, he would devote his life to God. So after surviving, he becomes a friar for the Augustinian friars.
In theological terms what was Henry's place?
He was conservative
Why couldn't Charles V immediately engage militarily with the Protestant military alliance?
He was in the midst of a series of wars with the French: the Habsburg-Valois wars. The Ottoman Turks had taken much of Hungary and were besieging Vienna
John Knox
He was responsible for the Presbyterian Chruch of Scotland and was based on Calvinist doctrines. It was a state church.
What idea of Reformation era influenced witch-hunts?
Heightened sense of God's power and divine
What are two important factors in the witch-hunts?
Heightened sense of God's power and divine wrath, change in the idea of witchcraft.
What did Pope Paul III and his successes support, in regards to the clergy and the Church
Improvements in education for the clergy, the end of simony, and strictor control of clerical life
What generally distinguished the early sixteenth-century experience of the Reformation in eastern Europe from that in northern Europe?
In eastern Europe, ethnic factors outweighed economic ones.
How did the kingdom of Denmark-Norway respond to the Reformation?
In northern Norway and Iceland there were violent reactions, while it went smoothly in Denmark.
How did the idea of witchcraft change?
In premodern societies, people believed that witches are those who use magical forces. Eventually, it became interpreted as those who made a pact with the devil.
What did the Holy Office publish?
Index of Prohibited Books
Where did Jesuits influence outside of Europe?
India, Japan, Brazil, North America, Congo
What did Zwingli attack?
Indulgences, the Mass, monasticism, and clerical celibacy
What did the reign of Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes lead to?
Internal peace, French absolutism
What eventually happened when Charles V had success in religious war?
It alarmed France and the pope, who did not want Charles to become even more powerful. The pope withdrew papal troops, and the Catholic king of France sent money and troops to the Lutheran princes.
How did the marriage of Maximilian and Mary affect the French?
It angered the French, who considered Burgundy French territory.
What was Jesuit influence in Europe?
It brought Southern Germany and much of eastern Europe back to Catholicism.
What did Calvinists believe about occupation?
It could be a God-given "calling" and should be done with diligence and dedication
How was marriage viewed as under the Reformation?
It denied that marriage was a sacrament and served as a remedy for the unavoidable sin of lust and provided the site of the pious rearing. It offered husbands and wives companionship and consolation
What was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis?
It ended the long conflict known as the Habsburg-Valois Wars. Spain was the victor.
How did Concordat of Bologna raise revenue?
It ensured a rich supplement of money and offices.
What was a cost of the Habsburg-Valois wars in France?
It forced the French to increase taxes and borrow heavily
What did the Concordat of Bologna do?
It gave the French crown the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots, ensuring a rich supplement of money and offices.
How did Luther's theological issues interwove with public controversies?
It interwove with church's wealth, power, and basic structure.
What si the Imitation of Christ?
It is a classic by Thomas a Kempis, that expressed spirituality of the Brethren and Sisters of the Common LIfe
What did Luther say about celibacy?
It is a fruitless attempt to control a natural human drive.
What happened at the Peace of Augsburg
It officially recognized Lutheranism. Political authority in each territory could decide whether or not the territory would be Catholic or Lutheran.
What is Spiritual Exercises about?
It provided daily exercises that build in intensity over the four weeks of the program. It was structured meditation, designed to develop spiritual discipline and allow one to meld one's will with that of God.
What is the Elizabethan Settlement?
It restores the Protestant Church after the death of Mary Tudor. Everybody must be conform to the Anglican Church. Elizabeth manipulates Parliament to pass it.
How did German Peasants' War affect lay rulers?
It strengthened the authority of lay rulers.
What were three arguments about indulgences?
It undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance, competed with the preaching of the Gospel, and downplayed the importance of charity in Christian life.
Why did rulers of small territories persecute witches?
It was a demonstration of ruler's piety and concern for order. Rulers wanted more authority
What was Zwingli's view of the Eucharist?
It was a memorial in which Christ was present in spirit among the faithful.
What did people think about predestination
It was a pessimistic view of nthe nature ofGod
Was the religious changes under Henry VIII popular?
It was mixed. Catholicism was still strong over people, but there was Protestant literature and there was dissatisfaction of previous measures
What was the population of Poland-Lithuania like?
It was very diverse
How does Baroque art reflect Catholic Reformation?
It was very spiritual and glorifies religious scenes. It showed unity. Church wanted religious unity. Also, there was a sense of power and respect, which represents the Church.
Who was Henry VIII's third wife?
Jane Seymour
Who had held eastern Hungary and Transylvania after Ottoman Turks took control?
Janos Zapolya
Who was the most important of the second-generation reformers?
John Calvin
Who was Luther's wife?
Katharina von Bora
Under which king, did the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway become protestant?
King Christian III
Whose royal court was there a sympathy towards Lutheranism in Hungary?
King Louis II in "Buda"
What was Poland the Grand Duchy of Lithuania governed by?
King, senate, and diet
What was the first area to accept the Reformation outside of the empire?
Kingdom of Denmark-Norway
What caused the high demands for revenue in Germany from Church?
Lack of a strong central government
What language was Luther's 95 Theses written in?
Latin. It was translated to german later.
What career did Luther proceed to have?
Law and legal career
What is inquistorial procedure?
Legal authorities themselves brought the case, making people more willing to accuse others.
What are the material benefits of breaking away from the Church?
Legal confiscation of lush farmlands, rich monasteries, and wealthy shrines. They could extend their financial and political power and enhance their independence from emepror.
Eventually what happened with prosectusion for witchraft?
Less common and gradually outlawed
What led to acceptance of Luther's dialect of German language as standard written version of the German language.
Linguistic skill and translation of the New Testament in to German in 1523
Why were Protestant ideas attractive?
Literate and city residents were attracted by idea of Scriptures. Townspeople who envied the church's wealth and resenting paying for it.
Besides clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and clerical pluralism, what was another criticism toward the Church?
Local resentment of clerical privileges and immunities.
What are rosary beads?
Loops of beads designed to help Catholics count a set of sequence of prayers that became more common during the Catholic Reformation
What was Switzerland consisted of?
Loose confederation of thirteen largely autonomous territories called cantons.
Under Elizabeth, whose ideas did anglican Church resemble?
Luther
Why were Luther's ideas attractive?
Luther's teachings were attracted because it advocated a simpler personal religion based on faith, a return to the spirit of the early church, the centrality of the Scriptures in the liturgy and in Christian life, and the abolition of elaborate ceremonies.
How did Bohemia's religion change?
Lutheranism appealed to Germans in Bohemia in the 1520s and 1530s and the nobility embraced Lutheranism in opposition to Catholic Habsburgs. The forces of the Catholic Reformation promoted Catholic spiritual revival in bohemia.
Who accepted Lutheranism in Hungary?
Magyar (Hungarian) nobles
Who did Henry of Navarre marry?
Margaret of Valois
Mary Tudor
Married Philip II of Spain, which was unpopular. She executed hundreds of Protestants. She moved back to Catholicism. Her death led to Elizabeth's reign
Who was Frederick III's son? Who was his marriage arranged to?
Maximilian. Mary of Burgundy, Europe's most prominent heiress.
What was the goal of Spiritual Exercises?
Meld one's will to Gods
What did the Augustinian friars do?
Members often preached to, taught, and assisted the poor
What Spanish humanist and refugee who was burned at the stake for denying the scriptural basis fro the Trinity, rejecting child baptism, and insisting that a person under twenty cannot commit a mortal sin?
Michael Servetus
With reform in the church, what did the lives of the pope (Paul III) and his reform-minded bishops, cardinals, and abbots represent?
Models of decorum and piety
What was the Anglican Church mooing towards?
Moderate Protestant cdirection
After the Peace of Augsburg, how was Germany split?
Most of northern and central Germany became Lutheran. The south remained Roman Catholic
Besides charges of absenteeism, what did the revenues from those countries that paid the Italian clerics' salaires?
National resentment aimed at the upper levels of the church hierarchy, which was increasingly viewed as foreign.
What did the nationalization of the church and dissution of the monastrieries lead to in the government administration. managing of properties
New bureaucratic machinery was developed. The king's household was reformed and centralized. Surplus funds from all departments went into a liquid fund to be applied where there were deficits. This balancing resulted in greater efficiency and economy.
What is the Ursulline order of nuns?
New religious order, which focused on educaiton
What are sabbats?
Night meetings parodying Christian services
Did the Colloquy of Marburg succeed?
No
Were women allowed to be members of the clergy in the sixteenth-century?
No
What was a restriction of the Peace of Augsburg? What did it lead to?
No freedom of religion within territories. Dissidents had to convert or leave. There were religious refugees.
Did Philip accept that norht was Protestant was north and south was Catholic?
No, he continued war.
Did Charles V accept the Augsburg Confession?
No. Ordered all Protestants to return to the Catholic Church
Where were most Protestant territories?
Northern German principalities and southern German cities
When did Luther nail his 95 theses to the door of the church at Wittenberg Castle?
October 31, 1517
Why was the sale of public offices a temporary source of money?
Once a man bought an office, he and his heirs were exempt from taxation.
What was a proper marriage?
One that reflected both the spiritual equality of men and women and the propers social hierarchy of husbandly authority and wifely obedience.
King Sigismund I
Opposed Luthernaims in Poland
What is anticlericalism?
Opposition to the clergy
Before Council of Trent, who determined religious career? After?
Parents. Seminary professors
Where did the Huguenots live?
Paris, Lyon, and Rouen
Where were witch panics common?
Parts of Europe that saw most witch accusations in general, including HRE, Switzerland, and parts of France
What was an emphasis, relating to the laypeople, that the Catholic Church focused on after the Council for the first teime?
Preaching and instructing the laity, especially the uneducated.
What was the belief where God decided at the beginning of time who would be saved?
Predestination
Book of Common Prayer
Prepared by Thomas Cranmer. It included the order for all services and prayers of the Church of England.
What was the church of Calvin the basis of for in other countries?
Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the Huguenot Church in France, and the Puritan churches in England and New England
What are the Presbyterian churches in Scotland, France, and England/New England?
Presbyterian, Huguenot, Puritan
What were examples of clerical immorality?
Priests were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy, gambled, or indulged in fancy dress
What are some examples of local resentment of clerical privileges and immunities?
Priests, monks, and nuns were exempt from civic responsibilities, such as defending the city and paying taxes. Religious orders held large amounts of urban property
Who did Frederick III marry?
Princess Eleonore of Portugal
What allowed Luther's ideas to spread quickly?
Printing press
What were two key factors in Luther's fame and success?
Printing press and language skill
What marriage practice did the Council of Trent end?
Private marriages in Catholic countries
What was the majority of Hungarian people's religion?
Protestant
How did Sweden respond to Reformation?
Protestant ideas spread, but did not accept Lutheran theology
Who presented the Augsburg Confession?
Protestant princes
What movements affected the develops within the Catholic Church?
Protestant reformation and a Counter-Reformation opposing Protestants intellectually, politically, militarily, and institutionally
What happened when Augsburg Confession was rejected?
Protestant territories formed a military alliance
Besides denial of marriage as a sacrament, how else did Protestant's marriage differ from Catholic's
Protestants allowed divorce (when they did not comfort each other and endangered community)
Why did witch trials become less common in early decades of Reformation?
Protestants and Catholics were busy fighting each other
Who treid and executed witches?
Protestants and Catholics, church officials and secular authorities
What did all Protestants agree on?
Protestants held that salvation comes by faith alone, irrespective of good works or the sacraments. Authority rested in the Bible alone. Protestants held that the church is a spiritual priesthood of all believers. Every person should serve God in his or her individual calling.
Why did the Council of Trent fail to reconcile with the Protestants?
Protestants insited that the Scriputres were the sole basis for discussion. Also, Charles V and France both worked against reonciliation.
What does the word Protestant derive from?
Protesting German princes at the Diet of Speyer.
How was Netherlands fighting politically, not religiously?
Seventeen provinces vs. Spain
Who are Anabaptists?
Radicals who adopted the baptism of adult believers.
Who did Calvinism attract?
Reform-minded members of the Catholic clergy, industrious city dwellers, and artisan groups
What was the church of Calvin often termed?
Reformed
Besides seminaries, what else provided education in Catholic Reformation?
Religious orders
What did Henry VIII have to do to marry Catherine?
Require to obtain a special papl dispensation to marry Catherine because marriage to a brother's widow went against canon law
What did Zwingli believe about Christian life?
Resides in sScriptures
What are sacraments?
Rituals that the church had defined as imparting God's benefits on the believer.
What did religious orders do?
Rose moral and intellectual level of the clergy and people
Who determined religious practice in state?
Ruler, who had territory in his or her jurisdiction
What did Calvinists do in riots?
Sacked thirty Catholic churches in Antwerp, went through a wave of iconoclasm.
When does predestination date back to?
Saint Augustine and Saint Paul
What was another occasion during Henry and Margaret's marriage? What happened.
Saint Bartholomew's Day. There was a savage Catholic attack on Calvinists in Paris. Huguenots, who were not wedding guests, and other Protestants were slaughtered.
What Scriptures led to Luther's new understanding of Christian doctrine?
Saint Paul's letters in the New Testament
What was King Francis I's devices to raise revenue?
Sale of public offices and Concordat of Bologna
What does "faith alone, grace alone, Scripture alone" mean?
Salvation and justification come through faith. Faith is a free gift of God's grace, not the result of human effort. God's word is revealed only in Scriptures, not in the traditions of the church.
Where was Luther born?
Saxony
What became the religious truth and authority as a result of the Council of Trent?
Scriptures and tradition
What did Luther do to temporarily relieve himself from anxieties about sin and his ability to meet God's demands?
Scrupulous observance of religious routine, frequent confessions, and fasting
Whoredom
Selling of sex or term that included premarital sex, adultery, and other unacceptable sexual activities
In response to execution of Mary, what did Philip do?
Sent a vast fleet to sail from Lisbon to Flanders, where a large army of Spanish troops was stationed. It was called la felicissima armada-- "the most fortunate fleet"
Why did Calvinism appeal to merchants, financiers, and artisans?
Seriousness, moral gravity, and emphasis on any form of labor well done. Also, it encouraged opposition to political authorities.
What did the doctrinal and disciplinary legislation do for Roman Catholocism
Served as a basis for Roman Catholic faith, organization, and practice through the middle of the twentieth century
How many provinces declared independence from Spain? What was it called?
Seven northern provinces. It was called the Union of Ultrecht
What edict did Henry issue?
The Edict of Nanates
Who took advantage of French monarchical weakness?
The French nobility
What book did Calvin write?
The Institutes of the Christian Religion
What territories did Mary of Burgundy inherit?
The Netherlands, Luxembourg, and the County of Burgundy in what is now eastern France
What is absenteeism and pluralism?
The act of clerics holding several benefices, or offices, simultaneously, but seldom visited the benefices. They collected revenues from all of the offices and hired a poor priest, who was paid a fraction of income.
Who was Albert of Mainz and what did he do?
The archbishop who controlled the area in which Wittenberg was located. He enthusiastically promoted the sale of indulgences.
Pale
The area which English had a firmc onctorl of, only area around Dublin
What is transubstantiaion
The consecrating words of the priest during the Mass turns the bread and wine into the actual body and blood of Christ.
How did Henry of Navarre become the king? What did he eventually become known as?
The death of Catherine de' Medici followed by the assassination of King Henry III led to Henry of Navarre becoming king. He eventually became known as Henry IV.
Did Spain agree to recognize United Provinces eventually?
Yes
Act of Supremacy
The first Act of Supremacy was legislation in 1534 that granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England.
What events contributed to the criticism of the Roman Catholic Church and its clergy?
The papal conflict with the German emperor Frederick II in the thirteenth century, followed by the Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism, which damaged the prestige of church leaders. Popes concentrated on artistic patronage and building up family power, leading to tax collection. Some criticized the institution of papacy and entire church hierarchy.
What is the papal curia?
The pope's court in Rome
What was an area of dispute that not all Protestants agreed on?
The ritual of the Eucharist
How did people have an understanding of being German?
They had similar language and traditions
What is simony?
The selling of church offices
Why dd English defeat Spanish?
Their ships had more fire power and were smaller, faster, and more maneuverable. Also, there were storms and poor conditions.
How else was "wh***" used?
Theological opponents, Protestants view of Babylon pope, symbol of the end of the world. Luther's wife
What was the complication in Hungary?
There was a military event where Ottomans came in and the kingdom was divided into the three parts. The Ottoman Turks control great plains , the Habsburgs ruled the north and west; and Ottoman-supported Janos Zapolya held eastern Hungary and Transylvania.
What was the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre?
There was a savage Catholic attack on Calvinists in Paris. Huguenots, who were not wedding guests, and other Protestants were slaughtered. The religious violence spread to other provinces and led to a civil war.
In the end, what happened in the religious war in Switzerland?
There was a treaty that allowed each canton to determine its own religion and ordered each side to give up its foreign alliances.
What did Luther believe about the distinction between clergy and laypeople?
There was no distinction
What were charges of clerical ignorance?
There were barely literate priests who mumbled Latin words of Mass by rote without understanding their meanings.
What did Protestants believe about prostitution?
They condemned it
How did radicals differ from Protestant and Catholic authorities?
They didn't accept as state church.
Why were inquisitors doubtful of witches?
They doubted people made pacts with the Devil that gave them special powers. Viewed them as superstitious and ignorant uneducated peasants.
What was the Holy Office's influence?
They effectively destroyed heresy in papal territories, but outside of papal territories, its influence was slight
What did politiques favor, regarding protestantism?
They favored accepting the Huguenots as an officially recognized and organized group
What ideas about women shaped the witch-hunts?
Virulent misogyny, women's powerful sexual desire, women thought as weak, women associated with nature, disorder, and the body.
What are "radicals"
Voluntary community of believers separate form the state. They had a more extensive break from prevailing ideas.
What were three ways that states increased their power in sixteenth-century Europe?
War, diplomacy, marriage
What was the cause of Scotland's conversion of Chruch?
Weak Monarchy and nobles competed for power
Why did civil violence begin in France?
Weakness of the French monarchy
When did Ignatius Loyola become a "soldier of Christ"
When he gave up his military career, after having severe battle wounds in legs
When did a territory become Protestant?
When its ruler, whether a noble or a city council, brought in a reformer or two to re-educate the territory's clergy, sponsored public sermons, and confiscated church property.
Who is Margaret of Valois?
Wife of Henry of Navarre. Her brother was the king.
What were wives of Protestant reformers expected to be models of?
Wifely obedience and Christian charity
What were the printed thing that people would sell based on actual witch trial proceedings or something they made up? It reflected stereotypes of what witches were and did.
Witch Pamphlet
What is a larger hunt known as?
Witch panic
What churhc did Luther nail his 95 Theses to?
Wittenberg Castle
Besides printed word, how else did printing press express Protestant ideas?
Woodcuts and other illustrations
How did Zwingli introduce reform?
Worked with city council of Zurich.
Did Catholic cities close brothels?
Yes
Did Protestants and Catholics believe in witches?
Yes
What is the Consistory?
a group of laymen and pastors charged with investigesting and disciplining deviations from proper doctrine and conduct
Why was legal procedure of witches more popular?
accuser did not have to face suspect
How much of those tried and executed were women?
between 75% and 85%
What does the the term "go to Hel*" literally mean?
calling on the powers of Satan
What did the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre eventually lead to?
civil war
What were the three problems associated with anticlericalism?
clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and clerical pluralism
What is Luther's belief of Eucharist called?
consubstantiation
What was it called when one might have been selected for salvation?
elect
What was Baroque art like?
evoked power and respect, inspires the spiritual, evokes emotion in scene, dynamic movement and power, road area of light vs. shadow. It was grandiose, it had unity, presentation, and space.
What term did Turks use to call Christians?
infidels
When was England's last execution for witchcraft?
late seventeenth century
Main factors of witch hunt?
legal change, heightened sense of God's power and divine wrath, view of women, change in idea about witchcraft
When did witch persecution become common?
mid sixteenth century
What are concubines?
mistresses
Did people believe in religious liberty?
no
Did use of inquisitorial procedure always lead to witch-hunts?
no
Was marriage a sacrament under Protestantism?
no
Were Germans a nation?
no
Were clerics allowed to have mistresses under Council of Trent?
no
Were executions of "witches" common?
no
Who crushed the German peasants in war?
nobility
What are benefices?
offices
What is a pontificate
officiate as bishop, especially at Mass.
By the time of King Henry II's death, how much of population had become Calvinist in France?
one-tenth
In a city, how much urban property could a religious order own?
one-third
Which pope was taken over by Charles V
pope clement vii
What are typical vows of those faithful to Church
poverty, chastity, obedience
What did teh duke of Alva interpret Philip II's pacification of Netherlands as?
ruthless extermination of religious and political dissidents
What did most Protestants rejects Catholic teachings about?
sacraments
What is consubstantiation
the doctrine, especially in Lutheran belief, that the substance of the bread and wine coexists with the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist.
what were Jesuits like in regards to pope
very faithful to pope
Who were considered to be witches in large-scale with panics?
wealthy, children, men
