AP Euro - Chapter 14: Sem 1, Term 1

Bartholomew Diaz

(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488.

Sultan Mohammed II

(r. 1451-1481) led Muslim Ottoman Turks to recapture Constantinople in 1453 & renamed it Istanbul

In _______, The Portuguese founded their first African commercial ______________ at Arguin in North Africa

1443 settlement

Hernan Cortes

1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico for Spain

John Cabot

1497 claimed Canada for England

The Travels of John Mandeville

14th century book that told of realms filled with precious stones and gold

From 1250 until it's defeat by the Ottomans in _______, the Mamluk Egyptian empire was one of the most powerful in the continent. It's capital, Cairo, was the center of ________ learning and religious authority as well as a hub for Indian Ocean trade goods.

1517 Islamic

In the late summer of ________, Spanish claimed victory over the Aztecs. It was hardwon and greatly aided by ________

1521 smallpox

In the 14____0's, under Henry's direction, the Portuguese begin to settle the _________ islands of Madeira

2 Atlantic

Christopher Columbus and his small fleet left Spain on August 3, 14__2

9

Conquistador

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas

The Travels of Marco Polo

A book describing what many Europeans thought the West was like

Inca Empire

A major empire in South American, easily defeated by a small number of Spanish

Amerigo Vespucci

A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him.

Caravel

A small, easily steerable, three mast ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in their explorations

Glyphs

A symbolic picture-especially one used as part of a writing system for carving messages in stone, used by the Aztecs

Italian experience in colonial ___________, slaving, and international ___________ served as a model for the Iberian state as they pushed European expansion to new heights.

Administration trade

In the 1520s Portuguese settlers brought sugarcane production to Brazil. A rapid decline in the indigenous population soon led to the use of forcibly transported ____________ slaves. This would serve as a model in the Americas: large _____________ worked by enslaved people.

African plantations

Ptolemy's Geography

An atlas documenting the knowledge of the geography of the 2nd century of the Roman Empire

Astrolabe

An instrument for determining the positions and movements of heavenly bodies, helped pin point location at sea

Genoa dominated the northern route to _________ through the black sea. expansion in the 13th and 14th centuries took the Genoese as far as ___________ and the far east. In 1291 they sponsored an expedition into the Atlantic in search of _________.

Asia Persia India

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

The ________ were a civilization with an understanding of mathematics, astronomy , engineering, and oral poetry and historical tradition

Aztecs

From 1500 to 1515 the Portuguese used a combination of ______________ and diplomatic __________ to establish trading forts at Goa, Malacca, and Calicut

Bombardment treaties

Pedro Alvares Cabral was a Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in _________. Cabral claimed this area for Portugal under the terms of the Treaty of _________.

Brazil Tordesillas

The Inca Empire's strength lay largely in their __________________ efficiency. They divided their empire into ________ major regions containing 80 provinces and twice as many districts. Officials at each level used an extensive network of ___________ to transmit information and orders back-and-forth through the empire.

Bureaucratic four roads

In 1304 Venice established formal relations with the sultan of Mamluk, Egypt which opened operations in ____________, a gateway to _________ trade.

Cairo Asian

Merchants provided the ___________ for many early voyages and had a ______ in their course.

Capital say

Ptomely's Geography Pros: - significant improvements over medieval ____________ - clearly depicting the world as _________ -introducing the idea of _________ and __________ to plot position accurately

Cartography round latitude longitude

Phillip II of Spain

Catholic King, enemy of England

French fisherman competed with Spanish and England ships for the cod they found in the Atlantic waters . There was a thriving market for fish that was created by the ___________ prohibition on eating meat on Fridays and during _________

Catholic lent

Legends about Africa played an important role in Europeans imagination of the outside world. They long cherished the believe in a powerful ____________ nation in Africa ruled by a mythical king, ________ ________, who was believed to be a descendent of one of the three kings who visited Jesus after his birth.

Christian Prester John

Christopher Columbus was a deeply religious man who understood ______________ as a missionary religion that should be carried to _______ places of earth

Christianity all

The ottoman empire had a lot of strength which helps explain some of the missionary fervor ___________ brought to new territories. It also raised ___________ concerns. With _________ __________ to the east dominated by the Ottomans, Europeans wished to find new ones free of ottoman control

Christians economic trade routes

By the time of its Spanish invasion, the Inca empire had been weakened by ________ __________ over succession and an epidemic of _________ which may have spread through _________ with groups in contact with Europeans.

Civil War disease trade

Conquistador is Spanish for ___________, Spanish soldier-explorers, such as __________ _____________, who sought to conquer the new world for the ____________ ___________

Conqueror Hernan Cortes Spanish crown

European expansion had multiple causes. One was the fact that The fall of _______________ and subsequent ottoman control of trade routes created obstacles to fulfilling the newfound demands. Europeans needed to find new sources of precious metal to __________ with the Ottomans or _______ ___________ that bypassed the Ottomans.

Constantinople trade trade routes

Much of the new technology that Europeans used on their voyages was borrowed from the _______. Gun powder, the compass, stern post rudder are a few examples.

East

European expansion had multiple causes. The first was ___________. By the middle of the 15th century, Europe was experiencing a __________ of population and economic activity after the lows of the black death. This revival created demand for ___________ from the east

Economic revival luxuries

China had the most advanced __________ in the world until at least the start of the 18th century

Economy

European expansion had multiple causes. One was religious __________ and the crusading spirit.

Fervor

In the 15th century, with Venice claiming victory in the spice trade, the Genoese shifted focus from trade to ________ and from the Black Sea to the Western __________

Finance Mediterranean

Ferdinand Magellan

First person to circumnavigate the globe

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1534-1541)

By the 1500s Portugal controlled the flow of African ______ to Europe because they established fortified trading posts, called factories on the Guinea coast and penetrated into the African continent all the way on to Timbuktu

Gold

In the 15th century most of the _________ that reached Europe came from the western part of the Sudan region in west Africa and from the Akan peoples living in the present day Ghana

Gold

_________ was one important object of trade, _________ were another. Slavery was practiced in Africa, as it was virtually everywhere else in the world, long before the arrival of Europeans.

Gold slaves

On his second voyage, Christopher Columbus forcibly subjugated the island of ______________ and __________ it's indigenous peoples

Hispaniola enslaved

Another center of trade in the Indian Ocean was ___(1)______. The subcontinent had ancient links with its neighbors to the northwest: trade between south Asia and Mesopotamia dates back to the origins of human civilization. The Roman empire acquired cotton textiles, exotic animals, and other luxury goods from ____(same as 1)_____. Arab merchants who circumnavigated _____(same as 1)_____on their way to trade in the South China Sea established trading posts along the southern coast of _____(same as 1)_____. This area was an important contributor of _________ to the world trading system. Most of the worlds ________ was grown in this area, and cotton and silk textiles were also highly prized

India goods pepper

The ___________ Ocean was the center of the Afro Eurasian trade world

Indian

The Incas had devised a complex system of colored and knotted chords, called __________, for administrative bookkeeping

Khipus

Magellan's Voyage where he circumnavigate the globe proved that: -The earth was clearly much _____________ than Ptolemy's map had shown -the westward passage to the Indies was too ________ and ____________ for the commercial purposes

Larger long dangerous

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.

In the 15th century the port of _____________ became a great commercial entepôt, A trading post to which goods were shipped for __________ while awaiting __________

Malacca storage redistribution

In the mid-13th century the kingdom of ________ emerged as an important player on the overland trade route, getting prestige from its ruler __________ ______'s fabulous pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 and 1325.

Mali Mansa Musa

The _________ _________ served as an intermediary for trade between Asia, Africa, and Europe and was also an important supplier of goods for foreign exchange, especially _________ and cotton

Middle East silk

The objectives of Portuguese exploration included ___________ glory, the conversion of ____________, a quest to find gold, slaves, and an overseas route to the spice markets of _________

Military Muslims India

After the Mongols fell to the ________ Dynasty in 1368, china entered a period of _________ expansion, population growth, and urbanization.

Ming economic

Compared to the riches and vibrancy of the east, Europe constituted a ________ part of the world trading system. European craftsman produced ______ products to rival the fine wares and coveted spices of Asia.

Minor few

The ___________ emperors open the doors of China to the west, encouraging Europeans to ____ _____________ there

Mongol do business

European expansion had multiple causes. One was that eagerness for expiration was heightened by a lack of _____________ at home

Opportunity

Magellan first impression of the ___________ was terribly mistaken. Terrible storms, _________, starvation, and violence devastated the expedition in which they circumnavigated the globe. It took ___________ years to complete.

Pacific disease three

Two great rival Muslim empires, the __________ ___________ and the ___________ _________ dominated the Middle East

Persian Safavids Turkish ottomans

In later centuries the diversion of gold away from the trans Sahara routes would a week in the inland states of Africa _________ and ___________

Politically economically

Ceuta is significant because

Portugal's conquest of Ceuta in 1415 marked the beginning of European overseas expansion

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil

Christopher Columbus's discoveries would revolutionize world ___________ and set in motion a new era of trade, empire, and human _____________

Power migration

The search for __________ determined the direction of Spanish exploration. Because the profits from Hispaniola and other Caribbean islands were insignificant compared to the enormous riches at the Portuguese were reaping in ________, Spain renewed the search for a ___________ passage to the area with the enormous riches in the 1500s

Process Asia western

Overseas exploration transferred the militarist religious fervor of the ______________ to new non-_________ territories

Reconquista Christian

On the east coast of Africa, Swahili-speaking City states engaged in the Indian Ocean trade, exchanging ivory, ____________ horn, ____________ shells, and ____________ for textiles, spices, cowrie shells, porcelain, and other goods

Rhinoceros tortoise slaves

On his voyages, Columbus brought with him _________ for the new Spanish territories, along with ___________ seed and livestock

Settlers agricultural

The Persians' _________ Muslim faith clashed with the Ottomans adherence to ________. Economically, the two competed for control over ___________ trade routes to the ______.

Shiite Sunnism western east

Persia was a major producer and exporter of ________

Silk

A major element of Italian trade was...

Slavery

Ptomely's Geography Cons: - showed the world is much ___________ than it is - Asia depicted not __________ from Europe to the west - unaware of the _________

Smaller distant Americas

The most developed area of the Indian Ocean commercial web was the _________ _____________ Sea

South China

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

The Iberian powers actively sought ______________ improvements in shipbuilding, weaponry, navigation in order to undertake successful voyages of exploration and trade

Technological

Tenochtitlan

The captial city of the Aztecs.

Ferdinand and Isabella

The king and queen of Spain who gave Columbus the funds that he needed to find a route to Asia.

Reconquista

The retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish forces from the Moors. It was completed in 1492, removed Muslims

Cartography

The science of making maps

Prince Henry the Navigator

This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators

To sail across the Indian ocean or across the Atlantic, larger and sturdier craft than galleys were necessary. In the course of the 15th century, the Portuguese developed the caravel, a _________ mast sailing ship. It's multiple sails and sternpost rudder made the caravel a more ____________ vessel that required fewer _________ to operate. It could carry more ____________ than a galley, which meant it could sail further without stopping for supplies and return with a larger cache of profitable goods. When fitted with a _________, it could terminate larger vessels and bombard port cities

Three maneuverable crew cargo canon

Within weeks of his arrival, Hernan Cortes acquired _________ who provided vital information on the empire and it's weaknesses. To legitimize his authority., Cortez founded the settlement ____________ and had himself named it's military commander. He then burned his _________ to prevent any disloyal or frightened followers from returning to Cuba

Translators Veracruz ships

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands between them. An imaginary line was drawn down the Atlantic Ocean and everything to the west of that line was given to Spain and everything to the east was given to Portugal

Around the 1500s, the territory of Brazil contained no __________ empires, but instead roughly 2.5 million _________ and settled people divided into small tribes and man different language groups.

Urban nomadic

___________ merchants specialized in goods like spices, socks, and carpets, which they obtained from the middleman in the eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor

Venetian

The Italian city states of _________ and _________ controlled the European luxury trade with the east.

Venice Genoa

The Aztec state practiced __________ against neighboring people to secure captives for religious _____________ and laborers for agricultural building projects. Once conquered, subject tributes paid continual ________ to the empire through the local chiefs.

Warfare sacrifices tribute

Christopher Columbus was rejected for funding by the Portuguese in 1483 and by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1486. But Columbus's project to find a ____________ passage to the Indies finally won the backing of the __________ monarchy in 1492.

Westward Spanish

China took the lead in exploration, sending admiral __________ ______'s fleet along the trade web as far west as Egypt. From 1405 to 1433 each of his seven expeditions involved hundreds of ships and tens of thousands of men. Although the ships brought back many wonders, such as giraffes and zebras, the purpose of the voyages was primarily ____________, to enhance Chinese ___________ and seek tribute paying ____________.

Zheng He diplomatic prestige alliances

Quetzalcoatl

an Aztec deity represented as a plumed serpent, The emperor Moctezuma saw Hernan Cortez as him

Tlaxcala

enemies of the Aztecs who allied with the Spanish. Together, they force occupied the city of Cholula , The second largest empire, and massacred thousands of inhabitants

What were some materials that came to the port of Malacca?

porcelain, silks, and camphor from China; pepper, cloves, nutmeg , and raw materials from the Moluccas; sugar from the Philippines; and Indian textiles, copper weapons, incense, dyes, and opium

Aztec Empire

powerful Indian empire founded on Lake Texcoco (Mexico)

Martin Frosbisher

sent by Elizabeth to scout Newfoundland for a likely place to plant a colony (1576-1578)

Charles V of Spain

struggled to suppress Protestant moment in German states as well as the Ottoman Empire

Vasco da Gama

the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa. (Portuguese)