ap euro chapter 23
Upon his election as president, why did Louis Napoleon sign conservative legislation increasing the power of the Catholic Church and depriving poor men of the right to vote?
Louis Napoleon hoped that the Assembly would vote funds to pay his personal debts and change the constitution so he could run for a second term.
What effect did the Dreyfus affair have on late nineteenth-century France?
The Dreyfus affair revived the Republican animosity toward the Catholic Church.
What event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs?
The military disaster and defeat of Russia in the Crimean War
What was crucial to the success of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour's plan to unify northern Italy in the nineteenth century?
The secret alliance held Napoleon III against the Austrians
In the early twentieth century, why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain?
because the House of Lords was trying to reassert its conservative policies
Who was Theodore Herzl?
a leading Zionist who advocated for the creation of a new Jewish state in Palestine, where the European Jews could live without oppression or prejudice.
What was the Russian zemstvo?
a new institution of local government founded by Alexander II that dealt with local problems.
The October Manifesto in the Russian Revolution of 1905 granted full civil rights and promised what?
a popularly elected Duma with real legislative power.
Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?
a radical Italian who became a powerful force among the politics of Italy, he helped in the liberation of the two kingdoms of Sicily.
Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864?
because Denmark attempted to bring two provinces under the possession of the German Confederation into a civilized Danish state.
How did Bismarck structure the North German Confederation in order to secure the authority of the Prussian emperor?
by allowing the emperor to control the army, male suffrage, and foreign affairs, which allowed the emperor to travel to the people directly if the middle class liberal went against his legislative bills
How did the Ottoman Empire's efforts at reform in the latter half of the nineteenth century undermine the empire's stability?
by failing at its attempt to diminish the appetite of Western imperialism, the growth of nationalism among Christian subjects in the Balkans, and by increasing the religious disputes.
How did Sardinia and its monarch, Victor Emmanuel, gain the reputation of a liberal, progressive state?
by retaining the constitution that granted many civil liberties which had been forced upon his father in 1848
When Hungary gained an independent status in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, how did it organize its domestic politics?
by the restoration of the constitution of 1848 by the Magyar nobility, which used the constitution to dominate both the Magyar peasantry and minority groups.
Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf refers to what?
his initiatives to subject the Catholic church to government control.
Why did Bismarck enact high tariffs on grain from the United States, Canada, and Russia in 1878?
in order to win over both the Catholic Center, Protestant Junkers, and nobles with large landholdings who all benefited from the tariffs.
Why did the conservative Bismarck pioneer the creation of an expansive system of social welfare?
in order to win support from the working-class SPD.
How did the expanding right to vote in the late nineteenth century affect national politics across Europe?
it broadened political support from beyond the wealthy landowning class
Who were the Young Turks?
passionate patriots who seized power in a 1908 takeover in the Ottoman Empire, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms.
What was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia?
the abolition of serfdom in 1861 by Alexander II.
How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government?
the people should be represented by special interest groups in government.
Why did the possibility of a federation of Italian states under the presidency of a progressive pope disappear after the Revolutions of 1848?
the pope had been expelled from Rome during the upheavals of 1848, which caused the Pope Pius IX's support to be replaced by hostility.
Louis Napoleon's great success with the economy included what?
the promotion of new investment banks and massive railway construction promoted by the government.
How did German Social Democrats recover their losses in the 1907 election and become the largest party in the Reichstag in 1912?
through the legalization of socialist political activity by William II.
What was the goal of the Prussian parliament in the 1850s and 1860s?
to establish that the parliament possessed political and financial authority as well as to state that the army was responsible to the Parliament.
What was the political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France?
to win over the hearts and minds of the next generation while creating a nation building tool.
How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy?
when the nationalist central Italian leaders overthrew their local princes and joined Sardinia's forces, despite the anger that it caused the Great Powers.