AP psychology exam
40
_____% of infants are considered an "easy child"
one
______ ounce(s) of alcohol per day leads to deficits in baby
10
______% if infants are considered a "difficult child"
35
______% of children do not fall into a temperament catagory
15
______% of infants are considered a "slow to warm up child"
80
_______% is considered acceptable inter-rater relatability
50
_______% of the variance in personality across family members is explained by unshared environment
only
__________ children are socially mature, but sometimes lack social interest and exaggerated feelings of superiority
verbal
_______________ tasks use left side of the brain
african
__________________ cultures value social skills such as being socially responsible, cooperative, and active in family and social life
western
___________________ cultures tend to focus on foreground objects
asian
____________________ cultures emphasize humility, awareness, doing the right thing, and mindfulness
fetal activity, heart rate
_______________________ and _____________________ reveal something about temperament differences over the first year of life
inductive, deductive
________________________ reasoning is more accurate than ________________________ reasoning
billingualism
_________________________ appears to enhance cognitive processing
conscientiousness
_______________________________ is the newest evolutionary adaptation
behavioral observation
________________________________ is direct and relatively objective form of personality assessment, but it can also be costly and time consuming
prosocial behaviors
_____________________________________ can teach children positive behaviors
cognitive behavioral
_____________________________________ therapy combined with drugs has been used most effectively to manage depression
antisocial behaviors
______________________________________ can have negative effects on children
lower
a __________ behavioral threshold means that a behavior will be more likely
flooding
a behavioral treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed to a situation where they face a fear at its worst under controlled conditions
convergence
a binocular cue for perceiving depth that occurs when eyes move inward as an object moves closer
retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth; images from each eye are slightly different
electroconvulsive therapy
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
psychoactive drugs
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
difficult child
a child whose temperament is characterized by irregular daily routines, slow acceptance of new experiences, and a tendency to react negatively and intensely
cochlea
a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the fluid trigger nerve impulses
bait and switch
a company advertises bargains that do not really exist to lure customers in, in hopes that they will buy more expensive merchandise
pain
a complex emotional and sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
display rule
a culturally specific rule that governs how, when, and to whom people express emotion
alcohol
a depressant that causes inhibitions, relaxation, and side effects such as brain shrinking
social learning theory
a description of the kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behavior of others
trait
a disposition to behave consistently in a particular way
marijuana
a drug, often smoked, whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration and occasionally hallucinations; rarely reported as addictive
just-world phenomenon
a fallacy that "people get what they deserve"; a person's actions result in fair consequences
placenta
a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant women, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord.
token economy
a form of behavior therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards
dialectical behavior therapy
a form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder that integrates elements of CBT with exercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation
mental rotation
a form of visual imagery
body mass index
a measure of body weight relative to height
recovered memory
a memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time until some later event brings it to sudden consciousness
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one's enviornment
light and shadow
a monocular cue for perceiving depth; a dimmer object seems farther away
relative height
a monocular cue for perceiving depth; objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away
linear perspective
a monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance
action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
resting potential
a neuron's stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive
conditioned
a neutral stimulus can be paired with a frightening event to become a _____________________ stimulus, eliciting anxiety
neuropsychoanalysis
a new scientific movement which started in the late 1990's that combined Freudian ideas with neuroscientific methods
doubles
a newborn babies weight _______________ in about 5 months
emerging adulthood
a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults
7
a person feels the hit of nicotine within ______ seconds
babbling
a person is no longer able to speak with different language nuances after the _____________________ phase
1
a person must be at least ____ year old for a cochlear implant
genotype
a person's genetic makeup
schizotypal personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by detachment from, and great discomfort in, social relationships; odd perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors
narcissistic personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance
histrionic personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior
dependent personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by helplessness; excessive need to be taken care of; submissive and clinging behavior; difficulty in making decisions
avoidant personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by inhibition in social situations; feelings of inadequacy; oversensitivity to criticism
borderline personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion
schizoid personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion
obsessive compulsive personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control
antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members
paranoid personality disorder
a personality disorder marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others
myers-briggs type indicator
a personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types; used to make hiring decisions in the workplace
projective test
a personality test where the participant is presented with a vague stimulus or situation and asked to interpret it or tell a story about what they see
sensation
a physical process, the stimulation of our sense organs by features of the outer world
physical dependence
a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
lsd
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)
strange situation technique
a procedure in which infants are observed with parents, separated from them briefly, and then reunited with them in order to access attachment patterns
alzheimers disease
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning
rorschach inkblot test
a projective technique in which respondents' inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots
free association
a psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant
psychological dependence
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
prefrontal lobotomy
a psychosurgery that is no longer used because it produced pronounced problems such as a vegetative state
effect size
a quantitative measure of the strength of a phenomenon
learning
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
regression
a reversion to immature manners of behavior
intelligence
a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and ability to acquire knowledge
role
a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
tardive dyskinesia
a side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue
critical period
a specific time in development when language is most easily developed, ends around age 12
caffeine
a stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over-the-counter medications
cocaine
a stimulant which depletes serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine and results in a 15 minute high
nicotine
a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
neutral stimulus (NS)
a stimulus that does not a elicit a response before conditioning is performed
unconditioned stimulus (US)
a stimulus that triggers a natural response
sample
a subset of the population studied in a research project
eureka insight
a sudden solution that comes to mind in a flash
survey
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group
interviewing
a technique of measuring personality that is natural and comfortable with open-ended questions, but scoring responses can be difficult
slow to warm up child
a temperament style in which the child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood
easy child
a temperament style in which the child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and adapts easily to new experiences
NEO personality inventory
a test that measures the Big Five traits: extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism
adolescence
a transition period between childhood and adulthood that brings challenges and excitement
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
a treatment for severe depression involving exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity
disorganized attachment
a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return. demonstrates possible fear of caregiver
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
amphetamine
a type of stimulant often used to stay awake or to reduce appetite; dopamine produced a high rate
heinz dilemma
a woman is dying and needs an expensive medication. husband cannot afford the medication, should he steal it or should she die?
metacognitive thinking
ability first to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking
critical thinking
ability to analyze, evaluate, and form ideas
cocktail party effect
ability to attend to only one voice among many
emotional competence
ability to control emotions and know when it is appropriate to express certain emotions
discrimination
ability to tell the difference between a CS and stimuli that do not signal a US
ultrasonic
above 20000 Hz frequency
night terrors
abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
greater
abuse and neglect during childhood are associated with (smaller/greater) risk of diagnosis of schizophrenia later in life
unconditional positive regard
acceptance of another person regardless of his or her behavior
representative sample
accurately represents population of interest
all or nothing principle
action potential must reach threshold to fire
melatonin
activated by light
occipital lobe
activated with spacial tasks
opens
activation of small fibers _______ gate
accommodation
adapting schemes to incorporate new info
higher-order conditioning
adding a new NS after classical conditioning is achieved
positive
adding a stimulus that usually isn't present
iris
adjusts pupil to control how much light enters the eye
imaginary audience
adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern
moods
affective states that operate in the background of consciousness
10
after ______ days, the zygote attaches to the uteran wall
increases, decreases
after a brain injury, neuroticism (increases/decreases) and agreeableness (increases/decreases)
instinctive drift
after a while, operant conditioning stops working because of animal's dispositions
sensitivity period for second language learning
after around age 7, learning a second language becomes more difficult
random assignment
after sampling
trichromatic color theory
afterimages are not explained by this theory
5 months
age that infants can discriminate facial expressions in terms of emotions
1 year
age where infants rely on faces for info about how to act
teenagers, 35 and older
ages when people have weak reproductive systems
teratogens
alcohol, drugs, and viral infections that effect the prenatal environment
genome
all of an organism's genetic material
personal unconscious
all of our repressed thoughts, feelings, and motives
depth perception
allows for distinction between what's near vs far; 3 dimensions
umbilical cord
allows nutrients to get to baby
sensory adaptation
allows us to be highly sensitive to changes in stimulation
timbre
allows us to determine what sound we're hearing
inferential statistics
allows us to make connections to populations
photoreceptors
also called transducers
somatization disorder
also known as "hysteria"
trichromatic color theory
also known as young and helmholtz theory
increase, decrease, decrease
alzheimer's disease causes a(n) (increase/decrease) in neuroticism, a(n) (increase/decrease) in conscientiousness, and a(n) (increase/decrease) in openness
meaningful
amount remembered depends on time spent learning material and if you make the learning ______________________
8
amphetamines result in a ____ hour high
decibels
amplitude is measured in ______________
reflex
an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought
phobic disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear of particular objects or situations
obsessive compulsive disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive obsessions and compulsions
phobic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by an intense and immediate fear, even panic, when confronted with very particular situations or objects
mindfulness based cognitive therapy
an approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns
7.5, 20
an average newborn weighs _______ lbs and is _______ in. long
cannon bard theory
an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers a physiological response and subjective experience of emotion
testing effect
an enhancement in the long-term retention of information as a result of taking a memory test
conjunction fallacy
an error that occurs when people believe that the combination of two events is more likely to occur than either of the events alone
long term potentiation
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
wakefulness
an individual's degree of alertness
language acquisition device
an innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
gestalt
an organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts
inferiority complex
an unhealthy need to dominate others as a way of compensating for our deficiencies
prejudice
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
left cerebral hemisphere
analytical and focused; language
feature detectors
analyze images on retina and respond to aspects of shapes
introspection
analyzing thoughts
basic hostility
anger that originates in childhood, stems from being rejected by parents
predictive validity
anticipate real world outcomes
generalized anxiety disorder
anxiety disorder characterized by a pervasive and excessive state of anxiety lasting at least six months
impulse control disorder
anxiety disorder in which a person feels an intense, repetitive desire to perform certain behaviors
panic disorder
anxiety disorder marked by attacks of overwhelming anxiety that occur suddenly and unexpectedly
post traumatic stress disorder
anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event that poses serious harm or threat
social phobia (social anxiety disorder)
anxiety disorder with pronounced fear of humiliation in the presence of others marked by severe self-consciousness about appearance or behavior or both
classical, operant
anxiety disorders can be acquired through ______________ conditioning and maintained through _______________ conditioning
stereotype threat
anxiety or concern in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their social group
GABA correlates with
anxiety, intoxication
avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
anxious-fearful personality disorders
incentive
any external object or event that motivates behavior
bystander effect
any individual is less likely to help someone when others are present
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
reinforcers
anything that strengthens the behavior it follows
mindfulness meditation
appears to enhance well being, reduce stress and depression, improve physical health, and reduce pain
social cognitive perspective
applies principles of learning, cognition, and social behavior to understanding personality
k-abc test
applies psychological and neuroscience theories to IQ test
esteem needs
appreciating self and gaining respect
basic tendencies
aptitudes, talents, and cognitive abilities that coordinate with the Big 5
prefrontal cortex
area 25 is located in this brain region
kinsey
argued that sexuality is a continuum, few are exclusively homosexual or heterosexual
reticular formation
arousal and wakefullness
facial action coding system
as often categorize people's emotions based on facial expression
trait
aspects that make up personality
test-retest reliability
assess consistency of a measure from one time to another
fluid intelligence
associated with how quickly a person learns
parallel distributive processing
associations between concepts activate many networks at the same time
projection
attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to someone else
metacognitive thinking
awareness of one's own thinking processes
consciousness
awareness of one's surroundings and of what's in one's mind at a given moment
contact comfort
babies are sensitive to touch
6-10
babies can perceive depth as they begin to crawl, at around ___________ months
motor cortex
back of the frontal lobes; controls voluntary movement
sedatives
barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and tranquilizers
young adulthood
begins when key tasks of emerging adulthood have been completed
reaction formation
behaving in a way that is the exact opposite of ones true feelings
systematic desensitization
behavioral treatment in which a client takes baby steps to recover from phobia
b.f. skinner and john watson
behaviorism
prosocial behavior
behaviors that benefit others
shared reaction range
being in the same household and having similar experiences
commitment
being there for someone
subsonic
below 20 Hz frequency
adrenal glands are located
below pancreas
lens
bending light rays focus light onto the retina
prototype
best fitting example of a category
genetics, neural, biochemical, social, ostracism, observation, frustration-aggression principle
causes of aggression
male, abusive home, another psychological disorder, head injury
causes of personality disorders (4)
soma
cell body with nucleus; brain of cell
neurons
cells that process and transmit information in the nervous system; building blocks of the nervous system
developmental
changes and stability across time
reappraisal
changing one's emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus
avoidant attachment
characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves
enzymatic degradation
chemical becomes unrecognizable to neuron
hormones
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
agonist
chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
antagonist
chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter
neurotransmitters
chemicals that transmit information between neurons
autism
childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inward focused behavior
asperger's syndrome
childhood disorder marked by impaired social interest/skills and restricted interests but no deficiency in language
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
childhood disorder marked by the inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes, to remain still and quiet, and to do careful work
biological
children who are adopted have IQ's similar to their _______________________ parents
moving towards others
clinging to people, wanting pity from others, belittling oneself, repressing anger
axis i
clinical syndromes
intimacy
closeness
lateral geniculate nucleus
cluster of cells in thalamus
regulation of emotion
cognitive and behavioral efforts people use to modify their emotions
formal operational stage
cognitive development stage from ages 12 and up
concrete operational stage
cognitive development stage from ages 6-11
cognition
cognitive map and latent learning prove that learning does involve _____________________
blue/yellow, red/green, black/white, afterimages
color pairs in opponent process theory
trichromatic color theory
color that we experience results from a mixing of 3 colors of light- red, green, blue
men
colorblindness occurs mostly in ________
iris
colored part of eye
computed tomography (CT)
combines a computer and x-ray; able to see brain from all angles; good for brain changes; only shows structure; radiation exposure
fatuous love
commitment and passion
MMPI, CPI
common personality questionnaires
universal expression
common to all human beings and can be seen in all cultures
interneurons
communicate only with other neurons (most common)
moving against others
competing with others at almost everything, being prone to anger, "puffing oneself up" in an obvious and public manner
type a personality
competitive, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger prone, time conscious
purity
complexity of wave
grammar
comprises the entire set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language
addiction
compulsive drug craving and use which results from physical or psychological dependence
category
concept that organizes other concepts around what they all share in common
schemas
concepts that organize and interpret info
fetal alcohol syndrome
condition that results in facial misproportions and brain abnormalities
anxiety, panic disorder
conditions which have responded favorably to electronic distribution (technological treatments)
opponent process theory
cones linked together in 3 color pairs that oppose one another, so that activation of one in each pair inhibits activity in the other
reality (accuracy)
confidence+detail+emotion does NOT equal
Solomon Asch
conformity studies (line study)
brain stem
connects hindbrain to spinal cord
umbilical cord
connects the placenta to the embryo
explicit memory
conscious recall of facts and events
state-dependent memory
consciousness (i.e. sober vs drunk)
reliability
consistency of measurement
collective unconscious
consists of the shared experiences of our ancestors that have been transmitted across generations
preconscious
contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved; information that's "in the back of your mind"
medulla
controls heart rate and breathing
hypothalamus
controls hunger, thirst, and body temperature
id
controls impulse and desire, according to freud
iris
controls pupil
testosterone
controls sex drive in males and females
photoreceptors
convert light energy to nerve energy
cerebellum
coordinates balance and voluntary movements
fine motor skills
coordination of smaller muscles
nadeen and alan kaufman
created K-ABC test
david wechsler
created WAIS and WISC
g. stanley hall
created apa
rosalind cartwright
created cognitive problem solving theory of dreams
john carroll
created fluid and crystallized intelligence tests
Skinner
created studies based on Thorndike's law of effect
rationalization
creating false but plausible excuses to justify behavior
balance
creative people show _________________ in left and right hemisphere during problem solving
consciousness
crucial for cognitive events
social clocks
culturally specific timetable outlining when certain events should occur
split brain research
cutting corpus callosum (to stop seizures)
left prefrontal cortex
damage to this area results in depression
shadow
dark and morally objectionable part of ourselves
thinking/feeling
decisions made based on logical principles and objective truth vs personal opinions and consideration of others' motives
punishment
decreases behavior
latent level
deeper, unconscious level of dreams where true meaning lies
preparation
defining the problem and attempting to solve it
pruning
degradation of synapses and dying off of neurons that are no strengthened by experience
associate deja vu
deja vu experienced by healthy people
biological deja vu
deja vu experienced by people with epilepsy
stroop effect
delay in reaction time when color of words on a test and their meaning differ
animals
delayed reinforcers do not work with _________________
attraction
desire to be with another person
false alarm
detecting stimulus that is not present
hit
detecting stimulus when present
carl rogers
developed "client-centered" therapy
alfred binet
developed a measure of children who would benefit from extra assistance in schools
mcrae and costa
developed big five personality traits
dissociative identity disorder
development of at least two personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts, behaviors, and emotions
subfields of psychology
developmental, cognitive, industrial/organizational, personality/social, counseling, clinical
size, shape, brightness
different types of perceptual constancy
insomnia
difficulty falling or staying asleep
egocentrism
difficulty taking a different point of view
ivan pavlov
discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell
hubel and wiesel
discovered feature detectors
dissociative identity disorder
disorder caused by living through a highly traumatic experience
autism
disorder marked by lack of interest in people and animals, with greater interest in inanimate objects
dissociative identity disorder
disorder that occurs when there are splits or gaps in memory, consciousness, or identity
psychotic disorders
disorders of thought and perception, characterized by the inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions
sexual orientation
disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes
retroactive interferance
disruption of new learning on recall of old information
proactive interferance
disruption of prior learning on recall of new information
concept hierarchies
distinguish between general and specific concepts
hallucinogens
distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
displacement
diverting emotional feelings from original state to substitute target
cerebrum
divided into two hemispheres that each have 4 lobes
leading questions
don't leave room for open-ended answers
histrionic, borderline, narcissistic, antisocial
dramatic-emotional personality disorders
pyschoanalytic theory of dreaming
dreams are "the royal road to the unconscious" - wish fulfillment
cognitive problem solving theory
dreams are not different from everyday thinking because standard processes are still used
binge drinking
drinking five or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting for men, and four drinks for women
unconscious
drives, urges, and instincts outside of awareness
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclics
drug therapies that are most effective for depression with fewer adverse side effects
atypical antipsychotics
drug therapy for schizophrenia that blocks a different type of dopamine receptors than traditional medications
biological
drug therapy is a ______________________ therapy
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
drug treatment for mood and anxiety disorder that increases norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
tricyclic antidepressants
drug treatment for mood and anxiety disorders that increases norepinephrine and serotonin and has fewer side effects than MAO
bupropione (wellbutrin)
drug treatment for mood and anxiety disorders that inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
drug treatment for mood and anxiety disorders that slows down serotonin reuptake
lithium
drug treatment prescribed for mania associated with bipolar disorder
traditional antipsychotics
drug treatment that gets rid of symptoms of schizophrenia but has many side effects
benzodiazepines and barbiturates
drug treatments that are prescribed for anxiety, but must be taken carefully
mood, anxiety
drugs and psychotherapy combination works best for ____________ and ________________ disorders
sedatives
drugs prescribed to induce sleep or reduce anxiety
stimulants
drugs that increase neural activity and speed up bodily functions
depressants
drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
decreases
during late adulthood, the brain mass (increases/decreases)
amygdala, hippocampus
during sex, parts of the ____________________ and __________________________ are deactivated
third
during the _____________ trimester, the baby develops a sleep-wake cycle and body fat increases
second
during the ________________ trimester, the baby develops fingernails and eyelashes
aphasia
dysfunction/damage
somatosensory cortex
each point on our skin is mapped in the _______________________________________
tympanic membrane
eardrum; receives vibrations from auditory canal
18
ears are connected to brain by about _______ weeks
endorphins
ease our sense of pain
type b personality
easygoing and relaxed
MDMA
ecstasy is also known as
3-4
ecstasy lasts ________ hours
cochlear implant
electronic transmitter surgically implanted into the cochlea of a deaf person to restore hearing
7
embryo is the size of a blueberry at ______ weeks
5
embryo is the size of a sesame seed at ______ weeks
james lange theory
emotion follows arousal
attachment
emotional connection between an infant and his/her caregiver
separation anxiety
emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
self conscious emotions
emotions that occur as a function of how well we live up to expectation of ourselves, others, and society
humanism
emphasizes the unique qualities of humans
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
mindfulness meditation
encourages attention to details of an immediate experience
norepinephrine
energizing and arousing neurotransmitter
pain perception
enhanced by reaction to injury
population
entire group a research is interested in
two ways to remove excess neurotransmitters from synapse
enzymatic degradation and reuptake
panic attacks
episodes of extreme anxiety associated with perceptions of threat and occurring because of the fear of danger, inability to escape, embarrassment, or specific objects
mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100
equation for intelligence quotient
integrity vs despair
erikson's eighth stage (late adulthood) where the adult looks back on life and evaluates choices
identity vs confusion
erikson's fifth stage (adolescence) during which the adolescent attempts to understand self and direction for life
trust vs mistrust
erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner
industry vs inferiority
erikson's fourth stage (ages 6-11) where the child begins to function socially with peers
autonomy vs shame and doubt
erikson's second stage (ages 2-3) in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt
generativity vs self absorption
erikson's seventh stage (middle adulthood) in which the adult beings to feel the need to produce something that will outlast them
intimacy vs isolation
erikson's sixth stage (early adulthood), in which young adults either form strong, long-lasting bonds with friends and romantic partners or face a possible sense of isolation and self-absorption
initiative vs guilt
erikson's third stage (ages 3-6) in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities; may conflict with parents' rules
representative heuristic
estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event
reading
example of bottom up processing
facial recognition
example of top down processing
diabetes, arthritis
examples of axis iii conditions
alcohol, testosterone, low serotonin
examples of biochemical causes of aggression
twin studies, animals bred for aggression
examples of genetic causes of aggression
gambling, hair pulling, shopping, fire setting
examples of impulse-control disorder behaviors
damage to amygdala
examples of neural causes of aggression
internal locus of control
expectancy that one is responsible for the majority of outcomes in life; can influence own life
external locus of control
expecting that you cannot influence your outcomes in life; up to fate, chance, or luck
stage 2
experience periodic bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activity- sleep spindles
flow
experienced with optimal arousal
episodic memory
experiences
causation
experiment; manipulating independent variable
experimental group
exposed to independent variable
8-10
exposure ________ times causes kids to like a food
10-15
exposure to loud noise levels over long periods of time leads to a loss of hearing after ____________ years
women
exposure to testosterone in the womb leads to a higher likelihood of being attracted to ________________
culturally relative
expressions vary across cultures and could only be understood in cultural context
hypersomnia
extreme sleepiness during the day; never feel rested
cat research
eye closed for one week or more permanently impairs development; good eye takes over part of brain processed by bad eye
example of monogenic transmission
eye color
basal ganglia
eye movements
Malpass and Devine (1981)
eyewitness testimony experiment; staged vandalism; people believed perpetrator was in lineup
prosopagnosia
face blindness
maternal nutrition, weak reproductive system, stress, teratogens
factors that affect prenatal programming
semantic memory
facts and knowledge
change blindness
failing to notice changes in the environment
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
miss
failure to detect stimulus when it is present
myelin sheath
fat surrounding axon that speeds up messages
wilhelm wundt
father of psychology; 1st psych lab
simple cells
feature detectors that respond to specific info; when things are still or in middle of vision
attitudes
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events
lev vygotsky
felt cognitive development is more of a social event than piaget
anima
female part of male personality
alcohol
fetal exposure to __________________ can cause bipolar disorder
4
fetal movement can be detected as early as _______ months into pregnancy
permissive
few restrictions on sex
sympathetic
fight or flight
figure-ground
figure stands in front of a somewhat unformed background (i.e. face-vase illusion)
placenta
filter between mom and baby
acquisition
final product of classical conditioning
crawling
fine motor skills are first seen with ____________________
7-12
fine motor skills develop from __________ months
william james
first american psychologist
mary calkins
first female president of apa
cooing
first form of speech in infants, universal, repetition of vowels
spermarche
first occurrence of ejaculation
alarm reaction
first stage of GAS in which the body mobilizes to prepare for challenge or stress and activates sympathetic nervous system
record information as fleeting sensory memory
first step of three stage processing model
bitter, sweet, salty, sour, savory (umami)
five basic taste qualities
importance of early childhood, unconscious motivation, defense mechanisms, pleasure principle, dreams as wish fulfillment
five of freud's ideas that were supported by neuropsychoanalysis
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
five stages of grief
broad intelligence
fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, memory
central route to persuasion
focuses on arguments and evidence
prevention
focuses on identifying risk factors for disorders, targeting at-risk populations, and offering programs that decrease the likelihood that a disorder will occur
peripheral route to persuasion
focuses on incidental cues (attractiveness)
empirical method
focuses on questions that characterize the group the questionnaire is intended to distinguish
physiological needs
food, water, oxygen
facial feedback hypothesis
forcing yourself to show a different emotion
dysthymia
form of depression that is milder than major depressive disorder but lasts longer
embryonic stage
formation of major organs occurs during this stage
synaptogenesis
formation of synapses; abundant in early childhood
dissociative identity disorder
formerly called multiple personality disorder
george miller
found that short term memory has the capacity of about 7 (+/- 2) items
extraversion/intraversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, judging/perceiving
four dimensions of myers-briggs type indicator
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
four phases of sexual response cycle
hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection
four possible outcomes of signal detection
open
free to change (related to human language)
hertz
frequency is measured in ____________
love and belongingness needs
friendship, family, intimacy, connections
sensory cortex
front of parietal lobes; processes body touch and movement sensations
Phineas Gage
frontal lobe damage
frustration-aggression principle
frustration creates anger, which can create aggression; aggression can arise from differences between expectations and reality
auditory canal
funnels in sound from pinna
spacial, verbal, perceptual, quantitative
g-factor is made up of ____________________, _____________________, ____________________, and ______________________ components
linguistic, logical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic
gardner's 8 distinct learning capacities
axis iii
general medical conditions
deductive reasoning
general statements to specific conclusions
women
generalized anxiety disorder is more common in (men/women)
scientific thinking
generate, test, and revise theories
70
genes account for _____% of adult weight
thrill seeking, impulsivity, neuroticism
genetic markers of behavior
reaction range
genetically determined range of responses by an individual to his or her environment
duchenne smile
genuine smile
law of similarity, law of continuity, law of proximity, law of closure, figure-ground
gestalt laws of grouping
animistic thinking
giving human-like qualities to objects and animals
axis v
global assessment of functioning
deviant
goes against what society sees as acceptable
sentence phase
grammatical sentences are introduced to language
12
grasping occurs from birth to ________ months
institutional review board
group that reviews potential research studies to ensure ethical behavior
thalamus, temporal lobe, brain stem
hair cells send auditory message to ______________, _________________________, and _____________________
hallucinogenic mushrooms
hallucinogen that makes a user feel transcended and time feels longer
secure attachment
happy connection with evident warmth. cry when caregiver leaves and soothed when he/she returns
cornea
hard covering that protects the lens, where light enters
men
have more positive attitudes on causal sex
temporal lobes
hearing
parasympathetic effects on body
heart rate decreases, blood pressure decreases, digestion increases, sweat decreases
sympathetic effects on body
heart rate increases, blood pressure increases, digestion decreases, sweat increases, pupils dialate
REM
heart rate rises and breathing becomes rapid during this sleep stage
8, 12
heartbeat is detectable between ______ and ______ weeks
mindfulness
heightened awareness of the present moment
real movement neurons
help the brain distinguish between real and false movement
pons
helps coordinate involuntary movements
opponent process theory
hering's theory of perceiving visual stimuli
stress
high _____________ can have similar effects on a baby as drugs
normal distribution
high concentration of scores in the middle and few extreme scores
giftedness
high end of the intelligence spectrum; IQ of 130-140 or above
association areas
higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, speaking, and integrating info (cerebral cortex)
opiods
highly addictive drugs that cause body to stop producing endorphins
multitasking
hinders performance on primary task and compromises learning
neurogenic hypothesis
hippocampus isn't fully formed yet, so we experience infantile amnesia
wechsler adult intelligence scale
WAIS stands for _____________________________________________
wechsler intelligence scale for children
WISC stands for _______________________________________________
hammer
hits anvil
pupil
hole that controls how much light gets into eye
leptin
hormone produced when overeating which reduces pleasure of food
ghrelin
hormone produced when stomach is empty
operational definition
how a specific study measures a variable
social-cultural
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
psychodynamic
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts (freud)
neuroscience
how body and brain enable emotions, memories, sensory experiences
frequency
how many waves occur in a given time
perceived support by supervisors and organizations
how much employers believe the organization appreciates their contributions and well being
behavior genetics
how much our genes and enviornment influence differences
perceptual set
how our frame of mind impacts perception
epigenetics
how the environment changes gene expression; does not change structure, but activity of dna
evolutionary
how the natural selection of traits promoted survival of genes
cognitive
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
behavioral
how we learn observable responses
complexity of background, size of object
how we perceive movement (2 things)
visual representation
how we think about images we see
verbal representation
how we think about the things we hear
validity
how well a concept is measured
carl rogers and abraham maslow
humanism
abraham maslow
humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"
carl rogers
humanistic psychologist who believed in unconditional positive regard
cognitive dissonance
humans act to reduce the discomfort we feel when our thoughts or our thoughts and behavior are inconsistent
exclusion vs inclusion
humans compete for limited resources; exclusion is painful
ingroup/outgroup bias
humans prefer people in the same group as them which results in negative feelings towards other groups
5
hypersomnia affects ______% of population worldwide
neuroscience explanation of hypnosis
hypnosis is not an imitation, but is real brain activity
limbic system is composed of
hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, basal ganglia
halo effect
idea that what is pretty is also happy, healthy, and successful
20-25
ideal BMI
homeostasis
ideal fixed setting of a system
recognition
identifying items previously learned
birds of a feather flock together
idiom that expresses similarity
group polarization
if a group is like-minded, discussion will strengthen its prevailing opinion
10
if a person is confident, they should be able to choose from a lineup in ______ seconds
average
if mental age and chronological age are the same, then IQ is ________________
parental investment theory
if pregnancy results, the cost of having sex is quite different for men and women
prefrontal cortex
if this brain region is dysfunctional before birth, a person may develop schizophrenia
actor-observer bias
if we do something wrong, we blame situation. if others do the same thing, we attribute to disposition
fovea
images projected here are the clearest
archetypes
images that result from common ancestral experience
sensory memory
immediate, brief recording of information from touch, taste, sound, sight, and smell
sensory memory
immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
cerebellum
implicit memories are processed in
priming
implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by earlier exposure to similar stimuli
2/3
in Milgram's shock experiment, _____ of people went to the full shock level
western
in ____________________ cultures, dreams are written off as insignificant and meaningless
right frontal lobe
in normal people, the ____________________ is highly active when engaging in creative problem solving
bell
in pavlov's experiment, the ____________ was the neutral stimulus
drool
in pavlov's experiment, the ________________ was the conditioned response
bell
in pavlov's experiment, the ________________ was the conditioned stimulus
food
in pavlov's experiment, the ________________ was the unconditioned stimulus
drool
in pavlov's experiment, the ___________________ was the unconditioned response
transference
in psychodynamic therapy, a process whereby clients project onto the therapist attitudes and feelings that they have had for a parent or others close to them
400
in the last 6 month of pregnancy, the baby grows _________ times its original size
humanistic therapy
in this psychological treatment, the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient
preoperational stage
in this stage of cognitive development, conservation is not possible
adolescent egocentrism
inability to distinguish between perception of what others think about them and what people actually think in reality
atkinson and shiffrin
incorporated sensory, short-term, and long-term memory into a model
signal detection theory
incorporates stimulus intensity and decision making processes to produces four possible outcomes
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory
reinforcement
increases behavior
conditioned (secondary) reinforcer
increases behaviors only once so it is associated with a primary reinforcer
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting desirable stimuli
negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
frequency
indicates pitch on a sound wave
amplitude
indicates volume on a sound wave
theory of mind
infantile amnesia occurs because as infants, we haven't developed _______________________________________
encoding failure
information never goes from short term to long term memory
needs
inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitter; slows CNS and thought processes
position emission tomography (PET)
inject radioactive colored sugar into participant; shows function; the faster the brain region metabolizes sugar; the more active that part is
nature, nurture, and language learning theory
innately guided learning; grammar is innate and vocabulary is enviornmental
semicircular canals, cochlea, auditory nerve
inner ear is composed of _______________________, ________________________, _________________
right cerebral hemisphere
insight and solutions to ideas
30-50
insomnia effects _________% of population
male
insomnia effects this gender most
depression, anxiety, lack of exercise, or chronic illness
insomnia is caused by 1. 2. 3. 4.
prolonged exposure therapy
integrative therapy used for PTSD
agoraphobia
intense fear of being in places form which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should panic attack occur
dysfunctional
interferes with daily responsibilities, such as social or occupational obligations
assimilation
interpreting new experiences in terms of our schemas
companionate love
intimacy and commitment
romantic love
intimacy and passion
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
intimacy, passion, commitment
consumate love
intimacy, passion, commitment
higher
introverted people have a (higher/lower) cortisol level
william stern
invented the concept of an intelligence quotient (IQ)
autonomic
involuntary; controls sweat glands and muscles
prefrontal cortex
involved in determining options for response or reappraisal
serotonin
involved in dreaming/sleep
frontal lobe
involved in fluid intelligence tasks
insula
involved in interoception- perception of body senses
personality
involves behaviors, thoughts, and feelings and stems from temperament
prolonged exposure therapy
involves cognitive behavioral therapy along with systematic desensitization to help PTSD patients realize that cues for traumatic memories do not mean the trauma is happening again
rational (face valid) method
involves using reason or theory to come up with a question
difference threshold
just noticeable difference
frequency
keep track of how many times things happen
folic acid
keeps neural tube strong
theory of mind
knowledge and ideas about how other people's minds work
empiricism
knowledge and thoughts come from experience
implicit memory
knowledge based on previous experience--skills we have mastered--resides outside conscious awareness
crystallized intelligence
knowledge from experience, learning, education, and practice
grammatical and synactical language
language that is 150,000 to 200,000 years old
sentence phase
language that occurs between 2.5-3 years
dna
large coiled molecule that resides in every cell of the body, except red blood cells, and contains all info needed for development and function
hypothalamus
larger in males
recency
last items are still in working memory so you can recall them well and quickly
stage 1
lasts 1-7 minutes
manic episode
lasts a week, euphoria, incoherent speech, lack of sleep
stage 2
lasts about 10-25 minutes
stages 3 and 4
lasts about 30 minutes
conditioned response (CR)
learned response to a conditioned stimulus
neural
learning a new language or musical instrument during adulthood will lead to ______________ growth
observational learning
learning by watching others
biological restraint model
learning can only occur up to a certain point when species has physical or cognitive restraint
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
memory
learning that persists over time; involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
vision
least developed sense at birth
ventromedial hypothalamus
lesions to this area produce uncontrollable eating
maslow's hierarchy of needs
life satisfaction is based on __________________________________________
unconscious parallel processing
like running on auto-pilot; frees conscious mind to deal with new challenges
severe mental retardation
limited speech, trouble toilet training
amygdala
linked to emotion, especially fear and agression
generalizations
little albert made ______________________________ after watson's experiment
pituitary gland
located in brain; regulates body growth
suprachiasmatic nucleus
located in hypothalamus
taste receptor cells
located on top of taste buds, process taste
stage 4
long, slow delta waves that indicate deep sleep
red
longer wavelengths in trichromatic color theory
functionalism
look at why the mind works the way it does
dementia
loss of mental abilities, such as thinking, remembering, reasoning, and communicating
deindividuation
loss of self-awareness in groups
absolute threshold
lowest intensity level of a stimulus we can detect half the time
3-4
lsd peaks _________ hours after consumption
eclectic approach
method that combines various kinds of therapy or combinations of therapies
young adulthood
mid 20s- age 40
hammer, anvil, stirrup
middle ear is composed of ____________, _____________, ______________
51-70
mild mental retardation IQ score
cyclothymia
milder but longer lasting form of bipolar disorder
social referencing
mimicry of others which leads to the development of emotions
empathy
mirror neurons are linked to ___________________
groupthink
mode of thinking in which the desire to keep harmony within the group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
36-50
moderate mental retardation IQ score
echoic memory
momentary sensory memory of auditory information
iconic memory
momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
awareness
monitoring of information from the environment and/or one's own thoughts
norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
monoamine oxidase inhibitors increase these three neurotransmitters to treat mood and anxiety disorders
relative motion
monocular cue for depth perception; as we move, stationary objects seem to "move" as well
interposition
monocular depth cue in which two objects are in the same line of vision and one patially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away
relative size
monocular depth cue that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away
linear perspective, interposition, relative size, relative height, light and shadow, relative motion
monocular depth cues
major depressive disorder
mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt
bipolar disorder
mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, a cycling between very low and very high moods
women
most _________________ have an average IQ
repression
most basic defense mechanism that enables all others
red/green
most common color blindness
synesthesia
most common in women and left handed people
chased/pursued, falling, school
most common things people dream about 1. 2. 3.
questionaire
most common way to measure personality
REM
most dreams occur during this phase
glutamate
most excitatory neurotransmitter in brain; schizophrenia; balances with GABA
vision
most relied upon sense
WAIS, WISC
most widely used intelligence test
extrinsic motivation
motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises
intrinsic motivation
motivation that comes from within a person and includes: challenge, enjoyment, mastery, autonomy
neural migration
movement of neurons from one part of the fetal brain to a more permanent destination
anvil
moves stirrup after hit by hammer
aggressive personality
moving against others is also known as
detached personality
moving away from others is also known as
compliant personality
moving towards others is also known as
unconditioned response (UR)
natural, unlearned response that results from an unconditioned stimulus
affiliation
need to belong
achievement
need to excel; desire to do things well and overcome obstacles
maslow's hierarchy of needs
needs range from most basic physiological necessities to highest physiological needs for growth and fulfillment
cochlea
neural energy is produced in the ______________ of the ear
3-5
neural migration occurs during months __________ of the fetal stage
broadmann's area 25
neural switch for depression
middle adulthood
neurogenesis tapers off during this phase of life
helen mayberg
neurologist who discovered broadmann's area 25
refractory period
neuron has to take a break before it can send another message
mirror neurons
neurons in the frontal lobe that fire when observing someone perform an action
perspectives of psychology
neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, social-cultural
biological psychology
neuroscience; the study of the link between biological (genetic, hormonal, neural) and psychological processes
moving towards others, moving against others, moving away from others
neurotic trends
10
newborn babies grow up to _____ inches in their first year
16
newborn babies sleep about ______ hours per day
3-12
night terrors are most commonly experienced from ages __________
symbolic
no connection between a sound and the meaning or idea associated with it (related to human language)
profound mental retardation
no speech and unresponsive to training
nativist theory
noam chomsky's theory of language acquisition
holophrase
noise infants make at around 12 months
telegraphic speech
noise infants make at around 18 months
babbling
noise infants make between 5-6 months
cooing
noise infants make in their first 6 months
adrenaline
norepinephrine (produced by brain and adrenal glands)
control group
not exposed to independent variable
moving away from others
not responding emotionally, not caring, being "above it all"
functional fixedness
not seeing alternative uses for objects
frequency
number of times a particular score occurs
over 30
obese BMI
phenotype
observable characteristics
case study
observation technique in which one person is studied in depth; rare occurances
inter-rater reliability
observations; assess degree to which observers give consistent estimates of same phenomenon
naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate the situation
gene-by-environment interaction research
observing the interaction of genetic differences and the environment to assess the impact on how certain behaviors are produced in some people but not others
anorexia nervosa
obsessive desire to lose weight characterized by not eating
bulimia nervosa
obsessive desire to lose weight; involves binging and purging
theta waves
occur in stages 1 and 2
delta waves
occur in stages 3 and 4
beta waves
occur when awake
alpha waves
occur when awake but drowsy
operant conditioning
occurs when we associate our actions with their consequences
schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid
odd-eccentric personality disorders
primary olfactory cortex, secondary olfactory cortex, amygdala
olfactory bulb is composed of: ______________________, ______________________________, _______________________________
standard deviation
on average, how far scores are from the mean
higher
on the global assessment of functioning, a score of 100 means that an individual is (higher/lower) functioning
cerebral cortex
on top of lobes; body's ultimate processing center
generalization
once a response is conditioned, stimuli similar to the CS tend to produce similar responses
narrow intelligence
one of Carroll's three levels of intelligence that includes many (70) distinct abilities
self efficacy
one's sense of competence and effectiveness; remains the same throughout life
holophrase
one-word stage, a familiar person or object
15
only ____% of population is hypnotizable
cataplexy
onset of sleep due to strong emotion; lose voluntary control of muscles
human language
open and symbolic communication system specific to homo sapiens that has rules of grammar and allows its users to express abstract ideas
opiods
opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone
cochlea and hair cells, brainstem, medial geniculate nucleus
order of auditory message: 1. 2. 3.
judging/perceiving
organized and task oriented vs spontaneous and flexible
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
hierarchies
organizing words/concepts into groups based on similar characteristics helps us remember them better
fetal stage
organs mature during this stage
psychoanalytic therapy
oriented toward major personality change with a focus on uncovering unconscious motives, especially through dream interpretation
psychoanalytic therapy
original form of "talk therapy"
james lange theory
our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane
outer ear consists of _______________, _______________________, _________________________________
storage decay
over time, memories fade
reliability
overall consistency of a measure
life satisfacfion
overall evaluation of our lives
26-29
overweight BMI
folic acid
overweight moms have babies that don't get enough ___________________
nociceptive pain
pain from skin damage
phantom limb pain
pain in limb/tissue that is missing
nocioceptors
pain receptors sensitive to temperature and pressure
permissive
parenting style in which parents provide few rules and let children have their way
authoritative
parenting style in which parents set and enforce rational rules
authoritarian
parenting style in which parents set rules that children are expected to follow without question
diathesis
part of explanation of anxiety that expresses one's genetic vulnerability
stress
part of explanation of anxiety that expresses the impacts of one's environment
medial temporal lobe
part of the brain that plays role in deja vu
superego
part of the personality that acts as a moral center
semicircular canals
passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium
placebo effect
patient does not receive treatment, but ends up working due to belief
sensing/intuition
paying attention to information as it's presented vs finding deeper meaning
door-in-the-face
people are more likely to agree to a small request after they have refused a large request
agreeable, conscientious
people become steadily more _______________________ and _______________________ from adolescence to late adulthood
social loafing
people exert less effort in a group than when working alone
eastern
people from _________________ cultures tend to perceive world as more of a whole
observation (in terms of aggression)
people who observe aggression are more likely to be aggressive
group therapy
people who share a common problem all meet regularly with therapist to help themselves and one another
empathy-altruism hypothesis
people will help others selflessly only when they feel empathy
internal
people with (internal/external) locus of control tend to have better life outcomes
downs syndrome
people with ______________________________ typically have mild to severe mental retardation
less, fewer
people with bipolar disorder have a brain that weights (more/less) and have (fewer/greater) connections in the frontal lobe
norepinephrine
people with bipolar disorder have high levels of this neurotransmitter
serotonin
people with bipolar disorder have low levels of this neurotransmitter
low
people with depression have ________ serotonin levels
10
people with hypersomnia sleep for ______+ hours per day
6th
people with mild mental retardation typically have the intelligence of someone in _____ grade
2nd-4th
people with moderate mental retardation typically have the intelligence of someone in _______-_______ grade
glutamate
people with schizophrenia have deficiencies in this neurotransmitter
avoidant personality disorder
people with this disorder are highly sensitive in relationships because they are afraid of being criticized. this leads to social isolation
antisocial personality disorder
people with this disorder are impulsive, deceptive, violent, callous, and exhibit ruthless behavior
paranoid personality disorder
people with this personality disorder test the loyalty of friends and loves and hold grudges for a long time
drives
perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change
bottom up processing
perception is a process of building a perceptual experience from smaller pieces
interoception
perception of bodily senses
top down processing
perception of the whole guides perception of smaller elemental features
cognitive
perception, learning, memory, language, problem solving
watson
performed orphan experiment
sleep
periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
cattel
person associated with fluid and crystallized intelligence theory
spearman
person associated with theory that intelligence is one general ability; g-factor
carroll
person associated with theory that shows general intelligence, broad intelligence, and narrow intelligence
sternberg
person associated with triarchic theory of intelligence and successful intelligence
ideal self
person we would like to be
borderline personality disorder
personality disorder marked by impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures
axis ii
personality disorders and mental retardation
neuroticism and conscientiousness
personality factors that contribute to anxiety disorders
cortisol arousal
pertaining to adrenaline and anxiety
babbling
phonemes
rods
photoreceptors that are most responsive to dark and light contrast
cones
photoreceptors that are responsible for color vision and are most functional in conditions of bright light
anterior cingulate cortex
physical and emotional pain are processed here
passion
physical desire
homeostasis
physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point
skinner
pigeon experiment
embryonic stage
placenta and umbilical cord form during this stage
amygdala
plays a role in appraisal of the emotional significance of stimuli with a specialized function for noticing fear-relevant information
behavioral threshold
point at which a person moved from not having a particular response to having one
optic chiasm
point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain, connects eye to opposite side of brain
hypothalamus
portion of brain that controls sexual desire
below 20
profound mental retardation IQ score
thematic apperception test
projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures
whorf sapir hypothesis
proposition that language creates thought as much as thought creates language
linguistic determinism hypothesis
proposition that our language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world
safety needs
protection, shelter
chromosomes
proteins that form structures in dna
diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM)
provides a standard categorization of mental disorders and their definitions
neuropsychoanalysis
provides support for core Freudian ideas that was absent during Freud's lifetime
PATHS
providing alternative thinking strategies
psychoanalytic therapy
psychological treatment based on theories of sigmund freud
humanistic therapy
psychological treatment in which the client leads conversation without suggestions from therapist
psychodynamic therapy
psychological treatment that aims to uncover unconscious motives that underlie psychological problems
positive psychotherapy
psychological treatment that combines humanistic and psychoanalytic principles
cognitive behavioral therapy
psychological treatment that combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors
behavioral treatment
psychological treatment that uses principles of classical and operant conditioning
cognitive therapy
psychological treatment that works to restructure irrational thought patterns
Festinger
psychologist associated with cognitive dissonance
kohlberg
psychologist associated with development of moral reasoning
jean piaget
psychologist associated with early cognitive development theory
elizabeth kübler ross
psychologist associated with five stage grieving process
alfred adler
psychologist associated with inferiority complex
solomon
psychologist associated with opponent process theory
carl jung
psychologist associated with personal and collective unconscious
karen horney
psychologist associated with psychoanalytic social theory
walter mischel
psychologist associated with social-cognitive perspective
Philip Zimbardo
psychologist associated with stanford prison experiment ("bad apples or bad barrel?")
sigmund freud
psychologist associated with unconscious personality
lev vygotsky
psychologist associated with zone of proximal development
karen horney
psychologist focused on what makes people emotionally unstable
alfred adler
psychologist that said that birth order contributed to personality
alfred adler
psychologist that said that striving for superiority is the main drive behind behavior
Skinner
psychologist who designed an operant chamber
gordon allport
psychologist who determined 4,000 words from an english dictionary that described personality
mary loftus
psychologist who made people remember things that never happened
bandura
psychologist who performed bobo doll observational learning experiment
gordon allport
psychologist who said that most people could be described by 10 central personality traits
mischel
psychologist who said that people's personality traits are not consistent across all situations
Lorenz
psychologist who studied imprinting and got ducks to imprint on him and follow him around
masters and johnson
psychologists associated with human sexual response cycle
thomas and chess
psychologists associated with infant temperament (easy, difficult, slow to warm up)
seligman and csikszentmihalyi
psychologists associated with positive psychology
ford and beach
psychologists who said that there are three kinds of societies in terms of sexual attitudes
gosling and john
psychologists who studied personalities in animals
latency
psychosexual stage from age 6 to puberty; repression of sexual feelings
genital
psychosexual stage from puberty on that involves the maturation of sexual orientation
oral
psychosexual stage of development from months 12-18 that includes mouth- sucking, biting, and chewing
anal
psychosexual stage; 18-36 months; pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
phallic
psychosexual stage; 3-6 years; pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
psychosexual stages of development
axis iv
psychosocial and environmental problems
prefrontal lobotomy
psychosurgery in which the connections of the prefrontal cortex and lower portion of brain are severed
schizophrenia
psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perception, including hallucinations
conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness
psychoticism includes ________________________, _______________________, _________________________
incubation
put problem aside for a period of time and work on something else
context effects
putting yourself back in the setting of the experience can aid your retrieval
low ball effect
raising price after initial offer
germinal stage
rapid cell division occurs in this stage of prenatal development
multitasking
rapid switching from one task to another
6
rate of brain growth slows after age ______, then continues to slow after adolescence
fluid intelligence
raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning that can be applied to a problem one has never confronted before
well-learned material
reading and advertising
self-actualization needs
realization of potential and abilities
spontaneous recovery
reappearance of extinguished CR after a pause in time
sensory neurons
receive incoming sensory information
hypercomplex cells
receive info from complex cells; fire in response to patterns of lines
complex cells
receive info from simple cells; movement; things on side of vision
orbirofrontal cortex
receives information from smell, taste, and vision
mechanoreceptors
receptor cells on top layer of skin that are sensitive to different tactile qualities
olfactory sensory neurons
receptors for smell
occipital lobes
recieve info from visual fields
parietal lobes
recieve sensory input for touch and body position
limbic system
regulate emotion and drives
sleep and circadian rhythms
regulates sleeping and waking
second
rehearsal occurs in the ________________ stage of the processing model
shaping
reinforcers used to guide behavior subject towards desirable behavior
fixed interval schedule
reinforces a response after a specific amount of time has passed
variable ratio schedule
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
variable interval schedule
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
fixed ratio schedule
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
correlation
relationship between variables
long-term memory
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
terminal button
release chemicals (neurotransmitters); located at the end of terminal branches
method of loci
remembering things by associating them with a physical location
lesion
removal or destruction of part of the brain
sleep apnea
repeated momentary awakenings due to stopping breathing
replication
repeating the essence of a research study
compulsion
repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules
thinking outside the box
requires breaking free of self-imposed conceptual constraints and thinking about a problem differently
influences
research suggests that language __________________, but does not necessarily determine, the way we think about and perceive the world
double blind procedure
researcher and participant don't know who's in experimental vs control group
vocal and facial
response systems that work together in emotion expression
26
response to sound occurs at ________ weeks
storage
retention of encoded information over time
midbrain is composed of
reticular formation
recall
retrieval of earlier information
photoreceptors
rods and cones are
oedipal (electra) complex
romantic feelings towards the opposite sex parent, hostile towards the same sex parent
4
rooting occurs from birth to ________ months
semirestrictive
rules about sex before and outside of marriage aren't strictly enforced
syntax
rules for arranging words and symbols in sentences or parts of sentences in a language
ethics
rules governing the conduct of a group or person in a specific situation
basilar membrane
runs through cochlea and contains hair cells
ernest hilgard
said hypnosis is a state in which one part of the brain operates independently
atkinson
said tendency to achieve success is a function of three things
lazarus
said that appraisal is an evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to ones own welfare
baumeister and leary
said that rejection leads to depression and aggression
subjective well being
satisfaction in different domains (such as career and social networks) and the balance between positive and negative affect in life
sublimation
satisfying an impulse with a substitute object in a socially acceptable way
stereotypes
schemas of how people are likely to behave based on groups to which they belong
developmental psychology
scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan
median
score that separates the top half from the bottom half of scores
conventional level
second level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory, where moral reasoning is based on society's norms
resistance
second stage of GAS in which one copes with the stressor as resources begin to deplete
if we pay attention to stimulus, memory becomes short-term
second step of three stage processing model
frontal
secondary olfactory cortex is located in the ____________________ lobe
pineal gland
secretes melatonin
shame, guilt, humiliation, embarrassment, pride
self conscious emotions
decreases, increases
self esteem (increases/decreases) during adolescence but then (increases/decreases) in emerging adulthood
questionnaire
self report instrument that indicates the extent to which a person agrees or disagrees with a series of statements
altruism
selflessness
axon
sends chemical messages to dendrites of destination neuron
auditory nerve
sends information from ear to brain
suprachiasmatic nucleus
sends messages to pineal gland to produce melatonin
authentic pride
sense of accomplishment
vision
sense that develops mostly after birth
hair cells
sensory receptors in basilar membrane
thalamus
sensory relay station (smell has no thalamic relay)
time
sequence of events; you can backtrack if you lose some ________
sleepwalking
series of complex behaviors during sleep
theory
set of assumptions which can be used to make predictions
basic emotions
set of emotions common to all humans
clinical
severe disorders
20-35
severe mental retardation IQ score
restrictive
sex before and outside of marriage is unacceptable
joint attention
sharing interest with someone and understanding that they share your interest
visual acuity
sharpness of vision
Stanley Milgram
shock experiment
sleep spindles
short bursts of brain waves detected in stage 2 sleep
blue
shorter wavelengths in trichromatic color theory
random sample
should represent the population; equal chance
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
shows structure of brain; uses magnets to create 3D image of brain
tardive dyskinesia
side effect of traditional antipsychotics
lithium
side effects of this drug may include impotence, tremors, nausea, skin discoloration
occipital
sight is controlled by ______________________ lobe
mental retardation
significant limitations in intellectual functioning as well as in everyday adaptive behavior, which start before age 18
g-factor
single general capacity of intelligence
linguistic intelligence
skills involved in the production and use of language
conditioning and learning theory
skinner's theory of language acquisition
90
sleep cycles last _____ minutes
enzymes
sleep produces __________________ that protect against cellular damage
somnambulism
sleepwalking is also known as
serial conscious processing
slower than parallel processing, used to deal with new challenges, which require focused attention
genes
small segments of dna that contain the blueprints for the production of proteins
higher
smaller hair cells= ________________ frequency
difference threshold
smallest amount of change between two stimuli that a person can detect half the time
phonemes
smallest unit of sound
olfaction
smell is also known as ____________________
prefrontal cortex
smell is controlled by ________________________________
goal is blocked
social aggression occurs when
behavior
social factors have a large influence on _________________
ostracism
social isolation
insight
solution comes immediateley to mind
verification-elaboration
solution needs to be confirmed even if it feels certain that it's right
peripheral nervous system
somatic and autonomic; receives messages
women
somatization disorder is much more common in (women/men)
hypochondriasis
somatoform disorder in which a person elicits a pervasive and debilitating fear of suffering from serious physical illness although none is found by medical professional
somatization disorder
somatoform disorder in which one experiences multiple physical ailments affecting several different body parts and systems
parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex is located in the _________________________
prodigy
someone who is extremely gifted in one area and at least average in general intelligence
self-fulfulling prophecy
something that comes true because one believed it could
1-15
somnambulism effects ________% of population
temporal
sound is controlled by ______________________ lobe
synapse (gap)
space between two neurons
motherese
speaking in higher pitches to babies
general intelligence
spearman's g-factor in carroll's intelligence theory
inductive reasoning
specific evidence to general conclusions
procedural memory
specific kind of implicit memory; memory of physical skills
Wernicke's area
speech comprehension
Broca's area
speech production
gate-control theory
spinal cord serves as a "gate" that is opened or closed by neural messages
Kitty Genovese
stabbed in front of 38 bystanders who didn't call 911
affective traits
stable predispositions towards certain types of emotional responses, such as anger
consciousness
stage for the brain's "main event"
sensorimotor stage
stage in which infants learn about the world by using their senses and by moving their bodies
formal operational stage
stage in which one can reason about abstract concepts and problems
concrete operational stage
stage in which one can understand conservation
moratorium
stage in which one explores multiple identities without making a commitment (identity crisis)
foreclosure
stage in which one has made a commitment without exploring other options
diffusion
stage in which one has not experienced an identity crisis and is not exploring identities because they are unsure of desires
concrete operational stage
stage in which one overcomes the limits of the preperational stage
sensorimotor stage
stage of cognitive development from ages 0 to 2
preoperational stage
stage of cognitive development from ages 2 to 5
sensorimotor stage
stage of cognitive development where an infant does not have a sense of object permanence
germinal stage
stage of prenatal development that spans from conception to two weeks
fetal stage
stage of prenatal development that spans from the end of 8 weeks through birth
embryonic stage
stage of prenatal development that spans from the end of week 2 to 8 weeks
preoperational stage
stage that begins with the emergence of symbolic thought
achievement
stage that occurs after going through an identity crisis when one has made a commitment to an identity
preoperational stage
stage where animistic thinking occurs
stage 4
stage where bed wetting or sleep walking may occur
preoperational stage
stage where egocentrism occurs
non-REM
stages 1-4 are known as ______________
preparation, incubation, insight, verification-elaboration
stages of creative problem solving: 1. _____________________ 2. _____________________ 3. _____________________ 4. _____________________
15
standard deviation of IQ test scores
conditioned stimulus (CS)
starts off as neutral stimulus, then NS is paired with unconditioned stimulus and becomes conditioned
hypnosis
state characterized by focused attention, suggestibility, absorption, lack of voluntary control over behavior, and suspension of critical faculties
preconscious
state of consciousness experienced when sleeping because we are somewhat aware of our surroundings
flow
state of involvement during which one loses a sense of time and/or may forget where they are (when fully engaged in one task)
T-test
statistical hypothesis test used to determine if two sets of data are different
p≤0.05
statistical significance
anxiety
the absence of __________________ would lower the likelihood of survival, but too much of this can impair daily functioning
persuasion
the active and conscious effort to change an attitude through the transmission of a message
increased
the age of marriage has (increased/decreased) over the past 50 years
relearning
the amount of time saved when learning information for the second time
20
the baby is the size of a banana at _______ weeks
12
the baby is the size of a lime at _______ weeks
33
the baby is the size of a pineapple at ________ weeks
28
the baby is the size of an eggplant at _______ weeks
resistant attachment
the baby is upset when the mother leaves and remains upset or even angry when she returns and is difficult to console
extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness
the big five traits
circadian rhythm
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
apparent motion
the brain inaccurately interprets the sensation of light on our retinas
fovea
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
comorbidity
the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
transduction
the conversion of physical into neural information
framing effect
the decision-making bias that results from the way a decision, question, or problem is worded; reactions of consumers depending on presentation of loss or gain
test-retest reliability
the degree of similarity of a performance on two or more occasions
validity
the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure
expressive suppression
the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward display of an emotion
asperger's syndrome
the diagnosis of this disorder may be replaced by "high functioning autism" or "being on the spectrum"
major depressive disorder
the diathesis-stress model can be applied to _____________________________________ as well as anxiety disorders
zone of proximal development
the difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone
tolerance
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
withdrawal
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
deja vu
the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
3-4
the effects of coffee last ______ hours
12
the effects of lsd last _______ hours
mental age
the equivalent chronological age a child has reached based on his or her performance on an IQ test
reciprocity norm
the expectation that people will help those who have helped them
heritability
the extent to which a characteristic is influenced by genetics
dodo bird verdict
the finding that most forms of therapy are effective and few significant differences exist in effectiveness among standard therapies
olfactory bulb
the first brain structure to pick up smell information from the nose
preconventional level
the first level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, focusing on avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards
menarche
the first menstrual period
arborization
the growth and formation of new dendrites; allows more messages to be recieved
monogenic transmission
the hereditary passing on of traits determined by a single gene
retrieval failure
the inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues
attribution theory
the inferences we make about causes of behavior
practical intelligence
the intellectual skills used in everyday problem solving
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
weber's law
the just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity
object permanence
the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality, according to freud
threshold
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
prenatal programming
the link between environmental conditions during fetal development and the risk of diseases
behavioral observation
the measurement of behavior as it occurs by someone other than the person whose behavior is being observed
late
the most significant weight decrease in a baby occurs due to _________ pregnancy drinking
antisocial personality disorder
the nature and nurture explanation of personality disorders reflect the characteristics of most people with this disorder
nervous system
the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body
cultural test bias hypothesis
the notion that group differences in IQ scores are caused by different cultural and educational backgrounds, not by real differences in intelligence
percentile rank
the percentage of scores in a distribution lower than the score
illusory correlation
the perception of a correlation where there is none
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
spatial intelligence
the potential to recognize and use the patterns of wide space and more confined areas
P-value
the probability that two sets of data are significantly different from eachother
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
enculturation
the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations
polygenic transmission
the process by which many genes interact to create a single characteristic
sensory adaptation
the process by which our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses
accommodation
the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
catharsis
the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions (psychodynamic therapy)
perception
the psychological process through which we interpret sensory stimulation
evolutionary model of motivation
the purpose of any living organism is to perpetuate itself; major motives all involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives
metabolism
the rate at which we consume energy
one
the risk of permanent memory loss and other cognitive damage due to the use of electroconvulsive therapy can be reduced by using ECT on (one/both) side(s) of the brain
cognitive psychology
the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive
positive psychology
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
psychology
the scientific study of thought and behavior
real self
the self one actually is
conditional regard
the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others
twin-adoption studies
the study of hereditary influences on twins, both identical and fraternal, who were raised together and apart
social psychology
the study of how living among others influences human thoughts, feelings, and behavior
psychophysics
the study of how we make psychological meaning of physical stimuli
correct rejection
the subject did not respond when no signal was present
2 weeks
the symptoms of major depressive disorder must last for at least ___________ to be diagnosed
tip-of-the-tounge phenomenon
the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach
REM rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study
foot-in-the-door
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
conformity
the tendency of people to adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to the cultural norms
learned helplessness
the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood
halves
the time spent in REM ___________ within the first 2-3 years of life
1-3
the umbilical cord is _________ feet long
personality
the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual
stirrup
the vibration of the _______________ creates changes in the inner ear
framing
the way than an issue is posed; can change the way people interpret info
stress
the way we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges
gestalt psychology
the whole can be greater than the sum of its parts
ganglion cells
their axons form the optic nerve
humanistic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
sigmund freud
theory of personality; personality derived from childhood experience
activation-synthesis theory
theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story
sociocultural theory
theory that humans develop language through parents, peers, television, etc.
broaden and build theory
theory that states that experiencing positive emotions allows us to have richer experiences
conditioning and learning theory
theory that states that language develops through reinforcement and shaping
nativist theory
theory that states that language is discovered rather than learned; language development is inborn
10000
there are _______________ taste buds on our tongue
hypothalamus, corpus callosum
there are brain differences in these regions between people of different sexual orientations
mechanoreceptors
there are more __________________________ on our fingertips than on our feet
p≤0.05
there is a small chance that difference in outcome is NOT due to independent variable
heritable
there is a strong (heritable/environmental) component in schizophrenia
men
there is more variability in the IQ's of _______________
p>0.05
there's too high of a chance that difference in outcome is NOT due to independent variable
humanistic theories
these contributed to the development of positive psychology
corpus callosum
thick bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres
heurisitcs
thinking strategy that uses past knowledge or hints to solve problems
postconventional level
third level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory, in which morality is based on a personal moral code
exhaustion
third stage of GAS in which resources are depleted and one is more susceptible to illness
after rehearsal, information moves into long-term memory for later retrieval
third step of three stage processing model
lithium
this drug treatment for mania associated with bipolar disorder can have a slew of potentially dangerous side effects and requires a blood test
atypical antipsychotics
this type of drug therapy for schizophrenia has a reduced risk of tardive dyskinesia
successful intelligence
those skills and cognitive abilities needed to achieve life success
creativity
thought that is novel and useful
token economy, flooding, systematic desensitization
three behavioral treatments
misinterpreting harmless situations, focusing attention on perceived threats, selectively recalling information that seems threatening
three cognitive factors that make people more likely to suffer from anxiety
deviant, distressing, dysfunctional
three criteria for discerning behavior as disordered
extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
three dimensions of the connection between CNS arousal and personality traits
motivation, expectation, incentive value
three factors needed for success according to atkinson
amplitude, frequency, purity
three physical properties of sound
alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion
three stages of general adaptation syndrome
middle ear
three tiny bones that amplify sound
extrinsic, intrinsic, perceived support
three types of employee motivation
easy, difficult, slow to warm up
three types of infant temperament
avoidant, resistant, disorganized
three types of insecure attachment
sensory, working (short-term), long-term
three types of memory
thyroid gland is located in
throat
normative social influence
to gain acceptance
extraneous variable
to see what else is affecting outcome
external validity
to what extent can an effect in research be generalized to populations and settings?
dopamine hypothesis
too much dopamine is released in people with schizophrenia
parietal
touch is controlled by ______________ lobe
neural migration
toxins and viruses interfere with normal _______________________________________
functional MRI
tracks metabolic changes; shows function
cilia
transducers of nose that convert chemical energy into neural energy
stage 3
transitional stage going into slow wave sleep
lewis terman
translated binet test into english to create stanford-binet test
interneurons
transmit information within the central nervous system
optic nerve
transmits signals from the eye to the brain
evidence based therapies
treatment choices based on research that supports their effectiveness
farsightedness
trouble seeing close up because image focuses behind fovea
nearsightedness
trouble seeing far away because image focuses in front of fovea
true
true or false: animals exhibit consistent and unique personality qualities
true
true or false: caffeine can produce tolerance and withdrawal
true
true or false: color blindness is inherited
true
true or false: electroconvulsive therapy is only effective if treatments are maintained
true
true or false: synesthesia is genetic
true
true or false: you are conscious while sleeping
40, 60
twin studies show that most basic traits have heritability estimates between _____-_______%
genetic
twins indicate that there is a 40-70% concordance in bipolar disorder, proving a strong (genetic/environmental) component
wakefulness and awareness
two dimensions of consciousness
norepinephrine, serotonin
two neurotransmitters that are increased with tricyclic antidepressants
moods and affective traits
two types of affect
flow and mindfulness
two types of full consciousness
indulgent, neglectful
two types of permissive parenting styles
grasping and rooting
two types of reflexes in early motor development
telegraphic speech
two word stage, simple sentences
operant conditioning
type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement, but diminished if followed by punishment
negative reinforcement
type of operant conditioning present with anxiety disorders
25 IQ points
typical reaction range
repression
unconscious act of keeping threatening and disturbing thoughts out of consciousness
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information
defense mechanisms
unconscious mental strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from distress by denying and distorting reality in some way
narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks caused by inability to regulate sleep-wake cycle
empathy
understanding others' situations and sharing their feelings
theory of mind
understanding that people aren't thinking the same things we are
nonshared reaction range
unique environmental experiences
personality/social
unique, consistency, influence of others
postconventional level
universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules
short term memory decay
unless rehearsed, verbal information is quickly forgotten
synesthesia
unusual sensory experience in which a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated
flashbulb memories
unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
obsession
unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress
social norms
unwritten rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives
motivation
urge to move towards one's goals; to accomplish tasks
psychotherapy
use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior
technology based treatments
uses technology and/or the internet to implement current therapies or make psychotherapeutic techniques more widely available
virtual reality therapy
uses virtual environments to create therapeutic situations that would otherwise be hard to create
fixation
using a single mental set, rather than exploring different options in problem solving
conventional level
valuing caring, trust, and relationships as well as the social order and lawfulness
confounding variable
variables you can't control
left hippocampus
verbal information processed in
protolanguage
very rudimentary language, also known as prelanguage
right hippocampus
visual designs and locations processed in
visual imagery
visual representations created by brain after original stimulus is no longer present
afterimages
visuals that remain after stimulus is removed
friendliness
voiced laughs indicate __________________________
somatic
voluntary, conscious
one
waiting less than _____ year between pregnancies leads to a weak reproductive system
gardner
wanted to broaden definition of intelligence, created 8 types of intelligence
implicit association test
way to test implicit bias
cannot
we (can/cannot) do more than one thing at a time
diffusion of responsibility
we assume it's not our duty to take action, likely because we think someone has already helped
infantile amnesia
we don't have episodic memories from out first 2 years of life
law of proximity
we group nearby figures together
cell phone theory
we have been exposed to situation in the past, but we don't realize it (subliminal messages)
social exchange theory
we help others when we understand that benefits to ourselves will outweigh costs
confirmation bias
we look for info that aligns with our beliefs and ignore info that contradicts them
help us adapt
we make associations with classical conditioning in order to ___________________________
law of closure
we perceive a whole figure in the absence of complete information
negative
we talk about _________________ emotions more specifically
primacy
we tend to remember the first items on a list
fundamental attribution error
we tend to site dispositional causes for others' behavior
overconfidence
we think we know more than we do
self-serving bias
we use situational attributions for our own failures and disposition for our own successes
law of effect
we will continue behaviors if they are followed by a favorable outcome
general adaptation syndrome
what happens when we experience stress- the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion
relationships
what is impacted most by personality disorders
valuing non competitive goals, having a high eq, finding meaning in life
what makes people happier?
extinction
when CR fades
positive punishment
when a behavior is followed by the presentation of an unwanted stimulus
negative punishment
when a behavior is followed by the removal of a desirable stimulus
positive
when a stimulus is added to increase/decrease behavior
negative
when a stimulus is taken away to increase/decrease behavior
inhibition
when a task is not well learned, a person will usually experience social _____________________
basic anxiety
when basic hostility is so intense that you start blaming yourself, results in _______________________
lateral hypothalamus
when glucose drops, this part of the brain produces orexin, which signals hunger
ventromedial hypothalamus
when glucose increases, this part of the brain signals to stop eating by producing leptin
social trap (tragedy of the commons)
when individuals act in their own best interests and ignore what is best for the group
opponent process theory
when one emotion is experienced, the other is expressed
associations
when one piece of information from the environment is linked repeatedly with another and organism connects them
drive reduction model of motivation
when our physiological systems are out of balance or depleted, we are driven to reduce this depleted state
obedience
when people yield to the social pressure of an authority figure
savant syndrome
when someone has serious mental handicaps and isolated areas of knowledge/ability
social inhibition
when the presence of others hinders performance
social facilitation
when the presence of others improves performance
overjustification effect
when we start earning rewards for things we already enjoy, then it can decrease our internal motivation
embryo
when zygote attaches to uteran wall after 10 days, the zygote is now called a ___________________
hippocampus
where explicit memories are processed
retina
where light is focused, thin layer of tissue on back of the eye
blind spot
where the optic nerve leaves the eye
medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
where we organize and interpret sound
faster
with autism, brain growth is much (faster/slower) in the first few years of life than the brain of a child without autism
short-term
without rehearsal, information in the ___________________ memory is lost in 10 to 20 seconds
twice
women are _________ as vulnerable as men to depression
cochlear implant
work by implanting electrodes that mimic the function of hair cells
industrial/organizaitonal
workplace
optimal arousal model
yerkes and dodson law
cannot
you (can/cannot) detect a heartbeat during the embryonic stage
12
you can distinguish the sex of the baby at _______ weeks
full consciousness
you know and are able to report your mental state; comes and goes throughout the day
personal fable
young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm
100-150
zygote grows to about ___________ cells in one week
germinal stage
zygote is present during this stage
analytic intelligence
the ability typically measured by intelligence tests
dopamine
"feel good" neurotransmitter; released while eating
glial cells
"glue" that hips the nervous system together
superego
"moralistic principle" that controls good conscious
endorphins
"morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
non-responsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility, reduction of speaking, inability to complete tasks
"negative" symptoms of schizophrenia
id
"pleasure principle" that makes you feel good
hallucinations, delusional thinking, disorganized speech
"positive" symptoms of schizophrenia
ego
"reality principle" that is a regulator and mediator
informational social influence
"they know better than I do"
acetylcholine
(Ach) controls muscle movement
daily hassles
(daily hassles/catastrophes) deplete resources more and result in exhaustion
space
(for example) the place of the page where material is in the book
para amnesia theory
(freud) deja vu is caused by repressed memories of a stressful event
large
(small/large) fibers block pain signals
6 ethical principals
1. informed consent 2. respect for persons 3. beneficence 4. privacy 5. justice 6. debriefing
principals of behavioral genetics
1. the relationship between genes and behavior is complex 2. most behaviors derive from many genes 3. studying twins and adoptees helps separate heredity and the environment 4. the environment affects how and when genes affect behavior
female
2/3 of the people diagnosed with panic disorder are (female/male)
humans have ____ pairs of chromosomes
23
proximity, similarity, physical attractiveness
3 things that foster attraction in humans
germinal stage
30-50% of pregnancies end during this stage without any recognition that pregnancy occured
stomach, blood (glucose), brain (hypothalamus), hormones and neurochemicals
4 biological components that drive metabolism
middle adulthood
40-65 years
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise
6 universal emotions
late adulthood
65 years and older
four
Baddley's model of working memory consists of _________ components
reciprocal determinism
Bandura's idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment
mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.
Brown Eye/Blue Eye Study
Jane Elliot's study on a class of fourth graders after MLK's assassination to convey the meaning of racism
rapid eye movement
REM stands for
10
REM starts out lasting _______ minutes, but gets longer throughout many sleep cycles
amphetamine
meth is a(n)
implicit bias
bias that you aren't necessarily aware of; typically follows stereotypes
lower
bigger hair cells= __________________ frequency
retinal disparity, convergence
binocular depth cues
temperament
biological based tendency to behave in certain ways from very early in life
deficiencies in GABA, genetic heritage, personality factors
biological contributors to anxiety disorders
hans eysenck
biological personality theorist who studied the connection between CNS arousal and personality traits
nature-nurture debate
biology vs. experience in development of traits and behaviors
internal/dispositional attribution
blame personality
external/situational attribution
blame situation (circumstances)
denial
blocking external events from awareness; refusing to experience a situation if it is too much to handle
identification
bolstering self esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with a person or group
fetal stage
bone cells are formed during this stage
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord; decision maker
neurogenesis
brain growth
anterior cingulate cortex
brain region that recalls and imagined emotional experiences
neuroplasticity
brain's ability to adapt
dendrites
branches that receive messages before going to nucleus
structuralism
breaking down experience into parts offers best way to understand thought and behavior
stage 1
brief stage in which you may experience hallucinations
emotion
brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation in a person's environmental
sensory neurons
bring information to brain and spinal cord for processing
parasympathetic
calming
childhood disorders
can be diagnosed before adolescence
anterograde
can't remember after diagnosed with amnesia
retrograde
can't remember before diagnosed with amnesia
electroencephalogram (EEG)
cap with electrodes; shows electrical activity in the form of waves when brain is active
motor neurons
carry commands for movement
motor neurons
carry information from central nervous system to peripheral nervous system
encoding
processing of information into memory
john watson
made a loud noise when little albert was around animals to scare him
heart, brain, spinal cord, stomach, lungs, endocrine system, skin receptors
major organs that are developed during embryonic stage
availability heuristic
make decisions based on ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness (recency)
distressing
makes one feel negatively
archetypes
makes up collective unconscious
frontal lobes
making plans and judgement
animus
male component of the female psyche
refractory period
males must rest before having sex again
1 month
marijuana stays in a persons system for __________________
somatoform disorders
marked by physical or bodily symptoms that mimic physical diseases, but have no known physical cause or medical basis
hierarchical model of motivation
maslow's hierarchy of needs
influenza, rubella, herpes
maternal infections that can cause schizophrenia
statistics
mathematical procedures for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data
smell and taste
may be influenced by chemicals in amniotic fluid
measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
inter-rater reliability
measure of how much agreement there is in ratings when using two or more raters or coders to rate personality or other behaviors
face validity
measure of how representative a research project is 'at face value' and whether it appears to be a good project
internal validity
measure which ensures that a researcher's study is objective
green
medium wavelengths in trichromatic color theory
hindbrain is composed of
medulla, pons, cerebellum
reduced, increased
melatonin is ______________________ in the morning and _____________________ at night
false memory
memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone else
peg-word system
memorize a jingle; eventually, you can visually associate "peg words" with items you need to remember
mnemonics
memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
source amnesia
memory loss due to brain injury or disease
working/short term memory
memory that holds a few (about 7) items briefly; information is either stored or forgotten
amygdala
men experience ____________________ activation when exposed to pictures of animal or human attacks
concept
mental grouping of objects, events, or people
cognition
mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge
musical intelligence
potential to appreciate, compose, and perform music
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement
discrimination
preferential treatment of certain people, usually driven by prejudicial attitudes
scapegoat theory
prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
analgesics (opioids)
prescribed for severe pain
Zajonc
presence of people can facilitate or inhibit performance
hubristic pride
pride based on belief in one's inherent superiority over others
temporal
primary olfactory cortex is located in the ____________________ lobe
yerkes and dodson law (optimal arousal)
principal that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance
sensitivity period
principle of language development suggesting that when children are not exposed to any human language before a certain age, language abilities never fully develop
dual processing
principle that info is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
behavior modification
principles of operant conditioning used to change behavior
suggestability
problem with memory that occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or propositions by someone else
convergent thinking problems
problems that have known solutions and require analytical thinking and the use of learned strategies and knowledge to come up with the correct answer
divergent thinking problems
problems that have no known solutions and require novel solutions
algorithms
procedure that guarantees problem will be solved; covers every option
deep brain stimulation
procedure to treat depression in which electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a pulse generator that is placed under the skin and stimulates these brain areas
hippocampus
process memory (facts)
appraisal
process of deciding if something is relevant to us
reasoning
process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence
retrieval
process of getting information out of memory system
cross activation of different areas of brain through bimodal neurons
process that causes synesthesia
transduction
process that occurs between sensation and perception
cingulate gyrus
processes pain and helps avoid negative consequences
triarchic theory of intelligence
sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical
ecstasy
stimulant that releases serotonin, makes user feel connected to others
binocular depth cues
stimuli that enable us to judge depth using both eyes
monocular depth cues
stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only one eye
increase
stress hormones _____________________ retention of certain information but disrupt memory formation of other things
pinna
structure on side of head
mary ainsworth
studied how different attachment styles affected kids, strange situation technique
affective neuroscience
studies the structures and system involved in emotion processes
teratogens
substances that interfere with development and cause birth defects
reuptake
sucks up neurotransmitter
diathesis-stress model
suggests that a person may be biologically predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
descriptive statistics
summarizes data from study; measures of central tendency
lucid dreaming
supports cognitive problem solving theory
manifest level
surface level of dreams recalled upon waking- what you actually dream about
psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
autonomic is broken down into
sympathetic and parasympathetic
7
symptoms of ADHD appear before age ____
endocrine system
system of glands that secrete and regulate hormones
negative
taking away things from personality
counseling
talking; less severe disorders
orbitofrontal cortex
taste is controlled by ________________________________
ivan pavlov
taught dogs to drool when bell rings
quantitative trait loci
technique that looks for the location on genes that might be associated with particular behaviors
women
tend to smile more often
socially desirable responding
tendencies to give answers on questionnaires that make oneself look good
own-race bias
tendency for people to recognize faces of their own race more accurately than other races
hindsight bias
tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that we would have foreseen it
law of similarity
tendency to group similar objects together
serial position effect
tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list
law of continuity
tendency to see points and lines in such a way that they follow a continuous path
outgroup homogeneity
tendency to view members of the outgroup as all being the same
alcohol
teratogen that leads to facial misproportions and brain abnormalities
embryonic
teratogens are most detrimental during ____________________ stage
prescription drugs
teratogens than can lead to autism (antidepressants)
viruses, flu
teratogens that can cause cancer in baby
nicotine
teratogens that leads to difficulty breathing and a low birth weight
hypothesis
testable prediction, often derived from theory
visual cliff
tests depth perception in infants and young animals
papillae
textured structures on tongue that contain taste buds
lateral geniculate nucleus
thalamic nucleus that receives incoming visual information; patterns of neural firing correspond to shape of object being viewed
forebrain is composed of
thalamus and limbic system
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
the Big 5 personality traits
two factor theory
the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
first
the __________ born has feelings of superiority and power; nurturing but highly critical and strong need to be right
right
the ___________ hemisphere is more active in processing nonverbal stimuli
left
the ____________ hemisphere is more active in processing speech and language
second
the ______________ born is generally motivated, cooperative, and competitive
youngest
the ________________ children are realistically ambitious but also pampered and dependent on others
brainstem
the _____________________ blocks messages to muscles so you are paralyzed during REM
emotional regulation
the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
creative intelligence
the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
logical intelligence
the ability to do math, recognize patterns, and problem solve
selective attention
the ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others
naturalistic intelligence
the ability to observe, appreciate, and understand the natural world
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
interpersonal intelligence
the ability to read, empathize, and understand others
intrapersonal intelligence
the ability to understand oneself