AP psychology exam

40

_____% of infants are considered an "easy child"

one

______ ounce(s) of alcohol per day leads to deficits in baby

10

______% if infants are considered a "difficult child"

35

______% of children do not fall into a temperament catagory

15

______% of infants are considered a "slow to warm up child"

80

_______% is considered acceptable inter-rater relatability

50

_______% of the variance in personality across family members is explained by unshared environment

only

__________ children are socially mature, but sometimes lack social interest and exaggerated feelings of superiority

verbal

_______________ tasks use left side of the brain

african

__________________ cultures value social skills such as being socially responsible, cooperative, and active in family and social life

western

___________________ cultures tend to focus on foreground objects

asian

____________________ cultures emphasize humility, awareness, doing the right thing, and mindfulness

fetal activity, heart rate

_______________________ and _____________________ reveal something about temperament differences over the first year of life

inductive, deductive

________________________ reasoning is more accurate than ________________________ reasoning

billingualism

_________________________ appears to enhance cognitive processing

conscientiousness

_______________________________ is the newest evolutionary adaptation

behavioral observation

________________________________ is direct and relatively objective form of personality assessment, but it can also be costly and time consuming

prosocial behaviors

_____________________________________ can teach children positive behaviors

cognitive behavioral

_____________________________________ therapy combined with drugs has been used most effectively to manage depression

antisocial behaviors

______________________________________ can have negative effects on children

lower

a __________ behavioral threshold means that a behavior will be more likely

flooding

a behavioral treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed to a situation where they face a fear at its worst under controlled conditions

convergence

a binocular cue for perceiving depth that occurs when eyes move inward as an object moves closer

retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth; images from each eye are slightly different

electroconvulsive therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

psychoactive drugs

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

difficult child

a child whose temperament is characterized by irregular daily routines, slow acceptance of new experiences, and a tendency to react negatively and intensely

cochlea

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the fluid trigger nerve impulses

bait and switch

a company advertises bargains that do not really exist to lure customers in, in hopes that they will buy more expensive merchandise

pain

a complex emotional and sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

display rule

a culturally specific rule that governs how, when, and to whom people express emotion

alcohol

a depressant that causes inhibitions, relaxation, and side effects such as brain shrinking

social learning theory

a description of the kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behavior of others

trait

a disposition to behave consistently in a particular way

marijuana

a drug, often smoked, whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration and occasionally hallucinations; rarely reported as addictive

just-world phenomenon

a fallacy that "people get what they deserve"; a person's actions result in fair consequences

placenta

a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant women, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord.

token economy

a form of behavior therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards

dialectical behavior therapy

a form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder that integrates elements of CBT with exercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation

mental rotation

a form of visual imagery

body mass index

a measure of body weight relative to height

recovered memory

a memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time until some later event brings it to sudden consciousness

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's enviornment

light and shadow

a monocular cue for perceiving depth; a dimmer object seems farther away

relative height

a monocular cue for perceiving depth; objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away

linear perspective

a monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

resting potential

a neuron's stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive

conditioned

a neutral stimulus can be paired with a frightening event to become a _____________________ stimulus, eliciting anxiety

neuropsychoanalysis

a new scientific movement which started in the late 1990's that combined Freudian ideas with neuroscientific methods

doubles

a newborn babies weight _______________ in about 5 months

emerging adulthood

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

7

a person feels the hit of nicotine within ______ seconds

babbling

a person is no longer able to speak with different language nuances after the _____________________ phase

1

a person must be at least ____ year old for a cochlear implant

genotype

a person's genetic makeup

schizotypal personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by detachment from, and great discomfort in, social relationships; odd perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors

narcissistic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

dependent personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by helplessness; excessive need to be taken care of; submissive and clinging behavior; difficulty in making decisions

avoidant personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by inhibition in social situations; feelings of inadequacy; oversensitivity to criticism

borderline personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion

schizoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members

paranoid personality disorder

a personality disorder marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others

myers-briggs type indicator

a personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types; used to make hiring decisions in the workplace

projective test

a personality test where the participant is presented with a vague stimulus or situation and asked to interpret it or tell a story about what they see

sensation

a physical process, the stimulation of our sense organs by features of the outer world

physical dependence

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

lsd

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

strange situation technique

a procedure in which infants are observed with parents, separated from them briefly, and then reunited with them in order to access attachment patterns

alzheimers disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

rorschach inkblot test

a projective technique in which respondents' inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots

free association

a psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant

psychological dependence

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

prefrontal lobotomy

a psychosurgery that is no longer used because it produced pronounced problems such as a vegetative state

effect size

a quantitative measure of the strength of a phenomenon

learning

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

regression

a reversion to immature manners of behavior

intelligence

a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and ability to acquire knowledge

role

a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

tardive dyskinesia

a side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue

critical period

a specific time in development when language is most easily developed, ends around age 12

caffeine

a stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over-the-counter medications

cocaine

a stimulant which depletes serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine and results in a 15 minute high

nicotine

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

neutral stimulus (NS)

a stimulus that does not a elicit a response before conditioning is performed

unconditioned stimulus (US)

a stimulus that triggers a natural response

sample

a subset of the population studied in a research project

eureka insight

a sudden solution that comes to mind in a flash

survey

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group

interviewing

a technique of measuring personality that is natural and comfortable with open-ended questions, but scoring responses can be difficult

slow to warm up child

a temperament style in which the child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

easy child

a temperament style in which the child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and adapts easily to new experiences

NEO personality inventory

a test that measures the Big Five traits: extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism

adolescence

a transition period between childhood and adulthood that brings challenges and excitement

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

a treatment for severe depression involving exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity

disorganized attachment

a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return. demonstrates possible fear of caregiver

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

amphetamine

a type of stimulant often used to stay awake or to reduce appetite; dopamine produced a high rate

heinz dilemma

a woman is dying and needs an expensive medication. husband cannot afford the medication, should he steal it or should she die?

metacognitive thinking

ability first to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking

critical thinking

ability to analyze, evaluate, and form ideas

cocktail party effect

ability to attend to only one voice among many

emotional competence

ability to control emotions and know when it is appropriate to express certain emotions

discrimination

ability to tell the difference between a CS and stimuli that do not signal a US

ultrasonic

above 20000 Hz frequency

night terrors

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

greater

abuse and neglect during childhood are associated with (smaller/greater) risk of diagnosis of schizophrenia later in life

unconditional positive regard

acceptance of another person regardless of his or her behavior

representative sample

accurately represents population of interest

all or nothing principle

action potential must reach threshold to fire

melatonin

activated by light

occipital lobe

activated with spacial tasks

opens

activation of small fibers _______ gate

accommodation

adapting schemes to incorporate new info

higher-order conditioning

adding a new NS after classical conditioning is achieved

positive

adding a stimulus that usually isn't present

iris

adjusts pupil to control how much light enters the eye

imaginary audience

adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern

moods

affective states that operate in the background of consciousness

10

after ______ days, the zygote attaches to the uteran wall

increases, decreases

after a brain injury, neuroticism (increases/decreases) and agreeableness (increases/decreases)

instinctive drift

after a while, operant conditioning stops working because of animal's dispositions

sensitivity period for second language learning

after around age 7, learning a second language becomes more difficult

random assignment

after sampling

trichromatic color theory

afterimages are not explained by this theory

5 months

age that infants can discriminate facial expressions in terms of emotions

1 year

age where infants rely on faces for info about how to act

teenagers, 35 and older

ages when people have weak reproductive systems

teratogens

alcohol, drugs, and viral infections that effect the prenatal environment

genome

all of an organism's genetic material

personal unconscious

all of our repressed thoughts, feelings, and motives

depth perception

allows for distinction between what's near vs far; 3 dimensions

umbilical cord

allows nutrients to get to baby

sensory adaptation

allows us to be highly sensitive to changes in stimulation

timbre

allows us to determine what sound we're hearing

inferential statistics

allows us to make connections to populations

photoreceptors

also called transducers

somatization disorder

also known as "hysteria"

trichromatic color theory

also known as young and helmholtz theory

increase, decrease, decrease

alzheimer's disease causes a(n) (increase/decrease) in neuroticism, a(n) (increase/decrease) in conscientiousness, and a(n) (increase/decrease) in openness

meaningful

amount remembered depends on time spent learning material and if you make the learning ______________________

8

amphetamines result in a ____ hour high

decibels

amplitude is measured in ______________

reflex

an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought

phobic disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear of particular objects or situations

obsessive compulsive disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive obsessions and compulsions

phobic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by an intense and immediate fear, even panic, when confronted with very particular situations or objects

mindfulness based cognitive therapy

an approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns

7.5, 20

an average newborn weighs _______ lbs and is _______ in. long

cannon bard theory

an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers a physiological response and subjective experience of emotion

testing effect

an enhancement in the long-term retention of information as a result of taking a memory test

conjunction fallacy

an error that occurs when people believe that the combination of two events is more likely to occur than either of the events alone

long term potentiation

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

wakefulness

an individual's degree of alertness

language acquisition device

an innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language

primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

gestalt

an organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts

inferiority complex

an unhealthy need to dominate others as a way of compensating for our deficiencies

prejudice

an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members

left cerebral hemisphere

analytical and focused; language

feature detectors

analyze images on retina and respond to aspects of shapes

introspection

analyzing thoughts

basic hostility

anger that originates in childhood, stems from being rejected by parents

predictive validity

anticipate real world outcomes

generalized anxiety disorder

anxiety disorder characterized by a pervasive and excessive state of anxiety lasting at least six months

impulse control disorder

anxiety disorder in which a person feels an intense, repetitive desire to perform certain behaviors

panic disorder

anxiety disorder marked by attacks of overwhelming anxiety that occur suddenly and unexpectedly

post traumatic stress disorder

anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event that poses serious harm or threat

social phobia (social anxiety disorder)

anxiety disorder with pronounced fear of humiliation in the presence of others marked by severe self-consciousness about appearance or behavior or both

classical, operant

anxiety disorders can be acquired through ______________ conditioning and maintained through _______________ conditioning

stereotype threat

anxiety or concern in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their social group

GABA correlates with

anxiety, intoxication

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

anxious-fearful personality disorders

incentive

any external object or event that motivates behavior

bystander effect

any individual is less likely to help someone when others are present

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

reinforcers

anything that strengthens the behavior it follows

mindfulness meditation

appears to enhance well being, reduce stress and depression, improve physical health, and reduce pain

social cognitive perspective

applies principles of learning, cognition, and social behavior to understanding personality

k-abc test

applies psychological and neuroscience theories to IQ test

esteem needs

appreciating self and gaining respect

basic tendencies

aptitudes, talents, and cognitive abilities that coordinate with the Big 5

prefrontal cortex

area 25 is located in this brain region

kinsey

argued that sexuality is a continuum, few are exclusively homosexual or heterosexual

reticular formation

arousal and wakefullness

facial action coding system

as often categorize people's emotions based on facial expression

trait

aspects that make up personality

test-retest reliability

assess consistency of a measure from one time to another

fluid intelligence

associated with how quickly a person learns

parallel distributive processing

associations between concepts activate many networks at the same time

projection

attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to someone else

metacognitive thinking

awareness of one's own thinking processes

consciousness

awareness of one's surroundings and of what's in one's mind at a given moment

contact comfort

babies are sensitive to touch

6-10

babies can perceive depth as they begin to crawl, at around ___________ months

motor cortex

back of the frontal lobes; controls voluntary movement

sedatives

barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and tranquilizers

young adulthood

begins when key tasks of emerging adulthood have been completed

reaction formation

behaving in a way that is the exact opposite of ones true feelings

systematic desensitization

behavioral treatment in which a client takes baby steps to recover from phobia

b.f. skinner and john watson

behaviorism

prosocial behavior

behaviors that benefit others

shared reaction range

being in the same household and having similar experiences

commitment

being there for someone

subsonic

below 20 Hz frequency

adrenal glands are located

below pancreas

lens

bending light rays focus light onto the retina

prototype

best fitting example of a category

genetics, neural, biochemical, social, ostracism, observation, frustration-aggression principle

causes of aggression

male, abusive home, another psychological disorder, head injury

causes of personality disorders (4)

soma

cell body with nucleus; brain of cell

neurons

cells that process and transmit information in the nervous system; building blocks of the nervous system

developmental

changes and stability across time

reappraisal

changing one's emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus

avoidant attachment

characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves

enzymatic degradation

chemical becomes unrecognizable to neuron

hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

agonist

chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter

antagonist

chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter

neurotransmitters

chemicals that transmit information between neurons

autism

childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inward focused behavior

asperger's syndrome

childhood disorder marked by impaired social interest/skills and restricted interests but no deficiency in language

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

childhood disorder marked by the inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes, to remain still and quiet, and to do careful work

biological

children who are adopted have IQ's similar to their _______________________ parents

moving towards others

clinging to people, wanting pity from others, belittling oneself, repressing anger

axis i

clinical syndromes

intimacy

closeness

lateral geniculate nucleus

cluster of cells in thalamus

regulation of emotion

cognitive and behavioral efforts people use to modify their emotions

formal operational stage

cognitive development stage from ages 12 and up

concrete operational stage

cognitive development stage from ages 6-11

cognition

cognitive map and latent learning prove that learning does involve _____________________

blue/yellow, red/green, black/white, afterimages

color pairs in opponent process theory

trichromatic color theory

color that we experience results from a mixing of 3 colors of light- red, green, blue

men

colorblindness occurs mostly in ________

iris

colored part of eye

computed tomography (CT)

combines a computer and x-ray; able to see brain from all angles; good for brain changes; only shows structure; radiation exposure

fatuous love

commitment and passion

MMPI, CPI

common personality questionnaires

universal expression

common to all human beings and can be seen in all cultures

interneurons

communicate only with other neurons (most common)

moving against others

competing with others at almost everything, being prone to anger, "puffing oneself up" in an obvious and public manner

type a personality

competitive, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger prone, time conscious

purity

complexity of wave

grammar

comprises the entire set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language

addiction

compulsive drug craving and use which results from physical or psychological dependence

category

concept that organizes other concepts around what they all share in common

schemas

concepts that organize and interpret info

fetal alcohol syndrome

condition that results in facial misproportions and brain abnormalities

anxiety, panic disorder

conditions which have responded favorably to electronic distribution (technological treatments)

opponent process theory

cones linked together in 3 color pairs that oppose one another, so that activation of one in each pair inhibits activity in the other

reality (accuracy)

confidence+detail+emotion does NOT equal

Solomon Asch

conformity studies (line study)

brain stem

connects hindbrain to spinal cord

umbilical cord

connects the placenta to the embryo

explicit memory

conscious recall of facts and events

state-dependent memory

consciousness (i.e. sober vs drunk)

reliability

consistency of measurement

collective unconscious

consists of the shared experiences of our ancestors that have been transmitted across generations

preconscious

contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved; information that's "in the back of your mind"

medulla

controls heart rate and breathing

hypothalamus

controls hunger, thirst, and body temperature

id

controls impulse and desire, according to freud

iris

controls pupil

testosterone

controls sex drive in males and females

photoreceptors

convert light energy to nerve energy

cerebellum

coordinates balance and voluntary movements

fine motor skills

coordination of smaller muscles

nadeen and alan kaufman

created K-ABC test

david wechsler

created WAIS and WISC

g. stanley hall

created apa

rosalind cartwright

created cognitive problem solving theory of dreams

john carroll

created fluid and crystallized intelligence tests

Skinner

created studies based on Thorndike's law of effect

rationalization

creating false but plausible excuses to justify behavior

balance

creative people show _________________ in left and right hemisphere during problem solving

consciousness

crucial for cognitive events

social clocks

culturally specific timetable outlining when certain events should occur

split brain research

cutting corpus callosum (to stop seizures)

left prefrontal cortex

damage to this area results in depression

shadow

dark and morally objectionable part of ourselves

thinking/feeling

decisions made based on logical principles and objective truth vs personal opinions and consideration of others' motives

punishment

decreases behavior

latent level

deeper, unconscious level of dreams where true meaning lies

preparation

defining the problem and attempting to solve it

pruning

degradation of synapses and dying off of neurons that are no strengthened by experience

associate deja vu

deja vu experienced by healthy people

biological deja vu

deja vu experienced by people with epilepsy

stroop effect

delay in reaction time when color of words on a test and their meaning differ

animals

delayed reinforcers do not work with _________________

attraction

desire to be with another person

false alarm

detecting stimulus that is not present

hit

detecting stimulus when present

carl rogers

developed "client-centered" therapy

alfred binet

developed a measure of children who would benefit from extra assistance in schools

mcrae and costa

developed big five personality traits

dissociative identity disorder

development of at least two personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts, behaviors, and emotions

subfields of psychology

developmental, cognitive, industrial/organizational, personality/social, counseling, clinical

size, shape, brightness

different types of perceptual constancy

insomnia

difficulty falling or staying asleep

egocentrism

difficulty taking a different point of view

ivan pavlov

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

hubel and wiesel

discovered feature detectors

dissociative identity disorder

disorder caused by living through a highly traumatic experience

autism

disorder marked by lack of interest in people and animals, with greater interest in inanimate objects

dissociative identity disorder

disorder that occurs when there are splits or gaps in memory, consciousness, or identity

psychotic disorders

disorders of thought and perception, characterized by the inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions

sexual orientation

disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes

retroactive interferance

disruption of new learning on recall of old information

proactive interferance

disruption of prior learning on recall of new information

concept hierarchies

distinguish between general and specific concepts

hallucinogens

distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

displacement

diverting emotional feelings from original state to substitute target

cerebrum

divided into two hemispheres that each have 4 lobes

leading questions

don't leave room for open-ended answers

histrionic, borderline, narcissistic, antisocial

dramatic-emotional personality disorders

pyschoanalytic theory of dreaming

dreams are "the royal road to the unconscious" - wish fulfillment

cognitive problem solving theory

dreams are not different from everyday thinking because standard processes are still used

binge drinking

drinking five or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting for men, and four drinks for women

unconscious

drives, urges, and instincts outside of awareness

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclics

drug therapies that are most effective for depression with fewer adverse side effects

atypical antipsychotics

drug therapy for schizophrenia that blocks a different type of dopamine receptors than traditional medications

biological

drug therapy is a ______________________ therapy

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

drug treatment for mood and anxiety disorder that increases norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

tricyclic antidepressants

drug treatment for mood and anxiety disorders that increases norepinephrine and serotonin and has fewer side effects than MAO

bupropione (wellbutrin)

drug treatment for mood and anxiety disorders that inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

drug treatment for mood and anxiety disorders that slows down serotonin reuptake

lithium

drug treatment prescribed for mania associated with bipolar disorder

traditional antipsychotics

drug treatment that gets rid of symptoms of schizophrenia but has many side effects

benzodiazepines and barbiturates

drug treatments that are prescribed for anxiety, but must be taken carefully

mood, anxiety

drugs and psychotherapy combination works best for ____________ and ________________ disorders

sedatives

drugs prescribed to induce sleep or reduce anxiety

stimulants

drugs that increase neural activity and speed up bodily functions

depressants

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

decreases

during late adulthood, the brain mass (increases/decreases)

amygdala, hippocampus

during sex, parts of the ____________________ and __________________________ are deactivated

third

during the _____________ trimester, the baby develops a sleep-wake cycle and body fat increases

second

during the ________________ trimester, the baby develops fingernails and eyelashes

aphasia

dysfunction/damage

somatosensory cortex

each point on our skin is mapped in the _______________________________________

tympanic membrane

eardrum; receives vibrations from auditory canal

18

ears are connected to brain by about _______ weeks

endorphins

ease our sense of pain

type b personality

easygoing and relaxed

MDMA

ecstasy is also known as

3-4

ecstasy lasts ________ hours

cochlear implant

electronic transmitter surgically implanted into the cochlea of a deaf person to restore hearing

7

embryo is the size of a blueberry at ______ weeks

5

embryo is the size of a sesame seed at ______ weeks

james lange theory

emotion follows arousal

attachment

emotional connection between an infant and his/her caregiver

separation anxiety

emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

self conscious emotions

emotions that occur as a function of how well we live up to expectation of ourselves, others, and society

humanism

emphasizes the unique qualities of humans

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

mindfulness meditation

encourages attention to details of an immediate experience

norepinephrine

energizing and arousing neurotransmitter

pain perception

enhanced by reaction to injury

population

entire group a research is interested in

two ways to remove excess neurotransmitters from synapse

enzymatic degradation and reuptake

panic attacks

episodes of extreme anxiety associated with perceptions of threat and occurring because of the fear of danger, inability to escape, embarrassment, or specific objects

mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100

equation for intelligence quotient

integrity vs despair

erikson's eighth stage (late adulthood) where the adult looks back on life and evaluates choices

identity vs confusion

erikson's fifth stage (adolescence) during which the adolescent attempts to understand self and direction for life

trust vs mistrust

erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

industry vs inferiority

erikson's fourth stage (ages 6-11) where the child begins to function socially with peers

autonomy vs shame and doubt

erikson's second stage (ages 2-3) in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

generativity vs self absorption

erikson's seventh stage (middle adulthood) in which the adult beings to feel the need to produce something that will outlast them

intimacy vs isolation

erikson's sixth stage (early adulthood), in which young adults either form strong, long-lasting bonds with friends and romantic partners or face a possible sense of isolation and self-absorption

initiative vs guilt

erikson's third stage (ages 3-6) in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities; may conflict with parents' rules

representative heuristic

estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event

reading

example of bottom up processing

facial recognition

example of top down processing

diabetes, arthritis

examples of axis iii conditions

alcohol, testosterone, low serotonin

examples of biochemical causes of aggression

twin studies, animals bred for aggression

examples of genetic causes of aggression

gambling, hair pulling, shopping, fire setting

examples of impulse-control disorder behaviors

damage to amygdala

examples of neural causes of aggression

internal locus of control

expectancy that one is responsible for the majority of outcomes in life; can influence own life

external locus of control

expecting that you cannot influence your outcomes in life; up to fate, chance, or luck

stage 2

experience periodic bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activity- sleep spindles

flow

experienced with optimal arousal

episodic memory

experiences

causation

experiment; manipulating independent variable

experimental group

exposed to independent variable

8-10

exposure ________ times causes kids to like a food

10-15

exposure to loud noise levels over long periods of time leads to a loss of hearing after ____________ years

women

exposure to testosterone in the womb leads to a higher likelihood of being attracted to ________________

culturally relative

expressions vary across cultures and could only be understood in cultural context

hypersomnia

extreme sleepiness during the day; never feel rested

cat research

eye closed for one week or more permanently impairs development; good eye takes over part of brain processed by bad eye

example of monogenic transmission

eye color

basal ganglia

eye movements

Malpass and Devine (1981)

eyewitness testimony experiment; staged vandalism; people believed perpetrator was in lineup

prosopagnosia

face blindness

maternal nutrition, weak reproductive system, stress, teratogens

factors that affect prenatal programming

semantic memory

facts and knowledge

change blindness

failing to notice changes in the environment

inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

miss

failure to detect stimulus when it is present

myelin sheath

fat surrounding axon that speeds up messages

wilhelm wundt

father of psychology; 1st psych lab

simple cells

feature detectors that respond to specific info; when things are still or in middle of vision

attitudes

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events

lev vygotsky

felt cognitive development is more of a social event than piaget

anima

female part of male personality

alcohol

fetal exposure to __________________ can cause bipolar disorder

4

fetal movement can be detected as early as _______ months into pregnancy

permissive

few restrictions on sex

sympathetic

fight or flight

figure-ground

figure stands in front of a somewhat unformed background (i.e. face-vase illusion)

placenta

filter between mom and baby

acquisition

final product of classical conditioning

crawling

fine motor skills are first seen with ____________________

7-12

fine motor skills develop from __________ months

william james

first american psychologist

mary calkins

first female president of apa

cooing

first form of speech in infants, universal, repetition of vowels

spermarche

first occurrence of ejaculation

alarm reaction

first stage of GAS in which the body mobilizes to prepare for challenge or stress and activates sympathetic nervous system

record information as fleeting sensory memory

first step of three stage processing model

bitter, sweet, salty, sour, savory (umami)

five basic taste qualities

importance of early childhood, unconscious motivation, defense mechanisms, pleasure principle, dreams as wish fulfillment

five of freud's ideas that were supported by neuropsychoanalysis

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

five stages of grief

broad intelligence

fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, memory

central route to persuasion

focuses on arguments and evidence

prevention

focuses on identifying risk factors for disorders, targeting at-risk populations, and offering programs that decrease the likelihood that a disorder will occur

peripheral route to persuasion

focuses on incidental cues (attractiveness)

empirical method

focuses on questions that characterize the group the questionnaire is intended to distinguish

physiological needs

food, water, oxygen

facial feedback hypothesis

forcing yourself to show a different emotion

dysthymia

form of depression that is milder than major depressive disorder but lasts longer

embryonic stage

formation of major organs occurs during this stage

synaptogenesis

formation of synapses; abundant in early childhood

dissociative identity disorder

formerly called multiple personality disorder

george miller

found that short term memory has the capacity of about 7 (+/- 2) items

extraversion/intraversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, judging/perceiving

four dimensions of myers-briggs type indicator

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

four phases of sexual response cycle

hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection

four possible outcomes of signal detection

open

free to change (related to human language)

hertz

frequency is measured in ____________

love and belongingness needs

friendship, family, intimacy, connections

sensory cortex

front of parietal lobes; processes body touch and movement sensations

Phineas Gage

frontal lobe damage

frustration-aggression principle

frustration creates anger, which can create aggression; aggression can arise from differences between expectations and reality

auditory canal

funnels in sound from pinna

spacial, verbal, perceptual, quantitative

g-factor is made up of ____________________, _____________________, ____________________, and ______________________ components

linguistic, logical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic

gardner's 8 distinct learning capacities

axis iii

general medical conditions

deductive reasoning

general statements to specific conclusions

women

generalized anxiety disorder is more common in (men/women)

scientific thinking

generate, test, and revise theories

70

genes account for _____% of adult weight

thrill seeking, impulsivity, neuroticism

genetic markers of behavior

reaction range

genetically determined range of responses by an individual to his or her environment

duchenne smile

genuine smile

law of similarity, law of continuity, law of proximity, law of closure, figure-ground

gestalt laws of grouping

animistic thinking

giving human-like qualities to objects and animals

axis v

global assessment of functioning

deviant

goes against what society sees as acceptable

sentence phase

grammatical sentences are introduced to language

12

grasping occurs from birth to ________ months

institutional review board

group that reviews potential research studies to ensure ethical behavior

thalamus, temporal lobe, brain stem

hair cells send auditory message to ______________, _________________________, and _____________________

hallucinogenic mushrooms

hallucinogen that makes a user feel transcended and time feels longer

secure attachment

happy connection with evident warmth. cry when caregiver leaves and soothed when he/she returns

cornea

hard covering that protects the lens, where light enters

men

have more positive attitudes on causal sex

temporal lobes

hearing

parasympathetic effects on body

heart rate decreases, blood pressure decreases, digestion increases, sweat decreases

sympathetic effects on body

heart rate increases, blood pressure increases, digestion decreases, sweat increases, pupils dialate

REM

heart rate rises and breathing becomes rapid during this sleep stage

8, 12

heartbeat is detectable between ______ and ______ weeks

mindfulness

heightened awareness of the present moment

real movement neurons

help the brain distinguish between real and false movement

pons

helps coordinate involuntary movements

opponent process theory

hering's theory of perceiving visual stimuli

stress

high _____________ can have similar effects on a baby as drugs

normal distribution

high concentration of scores in the middle and few extreme scores

giftedness

high end of the intelligence spectrum; IQ of 130-140 or above

association areas

higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, speaking, and integrating info (cerebral cortex)

opiods

highly addictive drugs that cause body to stop producing endorphins

multitasking

hinders performance on primary task and compromises learning

neurogenic hypothesis

hippocampus isn't fully formed yet, so we experience infantile amnesia

wechsler adult intelligence scale

WAIS stands for _____________________________________________

wechsler intelligence scale for children

WISC stands for _______________________________________________

hammer

hits anvil

pupil

hole that controls how much light gets into eye

leptin

hormone produced when overeating which reduces pleasure of food

ghrelin

hormone produced when stomach is empty

operational definition

how a specific study measures a variable

social-cultural

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

psychodynamic

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts (freud)

neuroscience

how body and brain enable emotions, memories, sensory experiences

frequency

how many waves occur in a given time

perceived support by supervisors and organizations

how much employers believe the organization appreciates their contributions and well being

behavior genetics

how much our genes and enviornment influence differences

perceptual set

how our frame of mind impacts perception

epigenetics

how the environment changes gene expression; does not change structure, but activity of dna

evolutionary

how the natural selection of traits promoted survival of genes

cognitive

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

behavioral

how we learn observable responses

complexity of background, size of object

how we perceive movement (2 things)

visual representation

how we think about images we see

verbal representation

how we think about the things we hear

validity

how well a concept is measured

carl rogers and abraham maslow

humanism

abraham maslow

humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"

carl rogers

humanistic psychologist who believed in unconditional positive regard

cognitive dissonance

humans act to reduce the discomfort we feel when our thoughts or our thoughts and behavior are inconsistent

exclusion vs inclusion

humans compete for limited resources; exclusion is painful

ingroup/outgroup bias

humans prefer people in the same group as them which results in negative feelings towards other groups

5

hypersomnia affects ______% of population worldwide

neuroscience explanation of hypnosis

hypnosis is not an imitation, but is real brain activity

limbic system is composed of

hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, basal ganglia

halo effect

idea that what is pretty is also happy, healthy, and successful

20-25

ideal BMI

homeostasis

ideal fixed setting of a system

recognition

identifying items previously learned

birds of a feather flock together

idiom that expresses similarity

group polarization

if a group is like-minded, discussion will strengthen its prevailing opinion

10

if a person is confident, they should be able to choose from a lineup in ______ seconds

average

if mental age and chronological age are the same, then IQ is ________________

parental investment theory

if pregnancy results, the cost of having sex is quite different for men and women

prefrontal cortex

if this brain region is dysfunctional before birth, a person may develop schizophrenia

actor-observer bias

if we do something wrong, we blame situation. if others do the same thing, we attribute to disposition

fovea

images projected here are the clearest

archetypes

images that result from common ancestral experience

sensory memory

immediate, brief recording of information from touch, taste, sound, sight, and smell

sensory memory

immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

cerebellum

implicit memories are processed in

priming

implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by earlier exposure to similar stimuli

2/3

in Milgram's shock experiment, _____ of people went to the full shock level

western

in ____________________ cultures, dreams are written off as insignificant and meaningless

right frontal lobe

in normal people, the ____________________ is highly active when engaging in creative problem solving

bell

in pavlov's experiment, the ____________ was the neutral stimulus

drool

in pavlov's experiment, the ________________ was the conditioned response

bell

in pavlov's experiment, the ________________ was the conditioned stimulus

food

in pavlov's experiment, the ________________ was the unconditioned stimulus

drool

in pavlov's experiment, the ___________________ was the unconditioned response

transference

in psychodynamic therapy, a process whereby clients project onto the therapist attitudes and feelings that they have had for a parent or others close to them

400

in the last 6 month of pregnancy, the baby grows _________ times its original size

humanistic therapy

in this psychological treatment, the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient

preoperational stage

in this stage of cognitive development, conservation is not possible

adolescent egocentrism

inability to distinguish between perception of what others think about them and what people actually think in reality

atkinson and shiffrin

incorporated sensory, short-term, and long-term memory into a model

signal detection theory

incorporates stimulus intensity and decision making processes to produces four possible outcomes

misinformation effect

incorporating misleading information into one's memory

reinforcement

increases behavior

conditioned (secondary) reinforcer

increases behaviors only once so it is associated with a primary reinforcer

positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting desirable stimuli

negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

frequency

indicates pitch on a sound wave

amplitude

indicates volume on a sound wave

theory of mind

infantile amnesia occurs because as infants, we haven't developed _______________________________________

encoding failure

information never goes from short term to long term memory

needs

inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives

GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter; slows CNS and thought processes

position emission tomography (PET)

inject radioactive colored sugar into participant; shows function; the faster the brain region metabolizes sugar; the more active that part is

nature, nurture, and language learning theory

innately guided learning; grammar is innate and vocabulary is enviornmental

semicircular canals, cochlea, auditory nerve

inner ear is composed of _______________________, ________________________, _________________

right cerebral hemisphere

insight and solutions to ideas

30-50

insomnia effects _________% of population

male

insomnia effects this gender most

depression, anxiety, lack of exercise, or chronic illness

insomnia is caused by 1. 2. 3. 4.

prolonged exposure therapy

integrative therapy used for PTSD

agoraphobia

intense fear of being in places form which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should panic attack occur

dysfunctional

interferes with daily responsibilities, such as social or occupational obligations

assimilation

interpreting new experiences in terms of our schemas

companionate love

intimacy and commitment

romantic love

intimacy and passion

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

intimacy, passion, commitment

consumate love

intimacy, passion, commitment

higher

introverted people have a (higher/lower) cortisol level

william stern

invented the concept of an intelligence quotient (IQ)

autonomic

involuntary; controls sweat glands and muscles

prefrontal cortex

involved in determining options for response or reappraisal

serotonin

involved in dreaming/sleep

frontal lobe

involved in fluid intelligence tasks

insula

involved in interoception- perception of body senses

personality

involves behaviors, thoughts, and feelings and stems from temperament

prolonged exposure therapy

involves cognitive behavioral therapy along with systematic desensitization to help PTSD patients realize that cues for traumatic memories do not mean the trauma is happening again

rational (face valid) method

involves using reason or theory to come up with a question

difference threshold

just noticeable difference

frequency

keep track of how many times things happen

folic acid

keeps neural tube strong

theory of mind

knowledge and ideas about how other people's minds work

empiricism

knowledge and thoughts come from experience

implicit memory

knowledge based on previous experience--skills we have mastered--resides outside conscious awareness

crystallized intelligence

knowledge from experience, learning, education, and practice

grammatical and synactical language

language that is 150,000 to 200,000 years old

sentence phase

language that occurs between 2.5-3 years

dna

large coiled molecule that resides in every cell of the body, except red blood cells, and contains all info needed for development and function

hypothalamus

larger in males

recency

last items are still in working memory so you can recall them well and quickly

stage 1

lasts 1-7 minutes

manic episode

lasts a week, euphoria, incoherent speech, lack of sleep

stage 2

lasts about 10-25 minutes

stages 3 and 4

lasts about 30 minutes

conditioned response (CR)

learned response to a conditioned stimulus

neural

learning a new language or musical instrument during adulthood will lead to ______________ growth

observational learning

learning by watching others

biological restraint model

learning can only occur up to a certain point when species has physical or cognitive restraint

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

memory

learning that persists over time; involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

vision

least developed sense at birth

ventromedial hypothalamus

lesions to this area produce uncontrollable eating

maslow's hierarchy of needs

life satisfaction is based on __________________________________________

unconscious parallel processing

like running on auto-pilot; frees conscious mind to deal with new challenges

severe mental retardation

limited speech, trouble toilet training

amygdala

linked to emotion, especially fear and agression

generalizations

little albert made ______________________________ after watson's experiment

pituitary gland

located in brain; regulates body growth

suprachiasmatic nucleus

located in hypothalamus

taste receptor cells

located on top of taste buds, process taste

stage 4

long, slow delta waves that indicate deep sleep

red

longer wavelengths in trichromatic color theory

functionalism

look at why the mind works the way it does

dementia

loss of mental abilities, such as thinking, remembering, reasoning, and communicating

deindividuation

loss of self-awareness in groups

absolute threshold

lowest intensity level of a stimulus we can detect half the time

3-4

lsd peaks _________ hours after consumption

eclectic approach

method that combines various kinds of therapy or combinations of therapies

young adulthood

mid 20s- age 40

hammer, anvil, stirrup

middle ear is composed of ____________, _____________, ______________

51-70

mild mental retardation IQ score

cyclothymia

milder but longer lasting form of bipolar disorder

social referencing

mimicry of others which leads to the development of emotions

empathy

mirror neurons are linked to ___________________

groupthink

mode of thinking in which the desire to keep harmony within the group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

36-50

moderate mental retardation IQ score

echoic memory

momentary sensory memory of auditory information

iconic memory

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

awareness

monitoring of information from the environment and/or one's own thoughts

norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

monoamine oxidase inhibitors increase these three neurotransmitters to treat mood and anxiety disorders

relative motion

monocular cue for depth perception; as we move, stationary objects seem to "move" as well

interposition

monocular depth cue in which two objects are in the same line of vision and one patially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away

relative size

monocular depth cue that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away

linear perspective, interposition, relative size, relative height, light and shadow, relative motion

monocular depth cues

major depressive disorder

mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt

bipolar disorder

mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, a cycling between very low and very high moods

women

most _________________ have an average IQ

repression

most basic defense mechanism that enables all others

red/green

most common color blindness

synesthesia

most common in women and left handed people

chased/pursued, falling, school

most common things people dream about 1. 2. 3.

questionaire

most common way to measure personality

REM

most dreams occur during this phase

glutamate

most excitatory neurotransmitter in brain; schizophrenia; balances with GABA

vision

most relied upon sense

WAIS, WISC

most widely used intelligence test

extrinsic motivation

motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises

intrinsic motivation

motivation that comes from within a person and includes: challenge, enjoyment, mastery, autonomy

neural migration

movement of neurons from one part of the fetal brain to a more permanent destination

anvil

moves stirrup after hit by hammer

aggressive personality

moving against others is also known as

detached personality

moving away from others is also known as

compliant personality

moving towards others is also known as

unconditioned response (UR)

natural, unlearned response that results from an unconditioned stimulus

affiliation

need to belong

achievement

need to excel; desire to do things well and overcome obstacles

maslow's hierarchy of needs

needs range from most basic physiological necessities to highest physiological needs for growth and fulfillment

cochlea

neural energy is produced in the ______________ of the ear

3-5

neural migration occurs during months __________ of the fetal stage

broadmann's area 25

neural switch for depression

middle adulthood

neurogenesis tapers off during this phase of life

helen mayberg

neurologist who discovered broadmann's area 25

refractory period

neuron has to take a break before it can send another message

mirror neurons

neurons in the frontal lobe that fire when observing someone perform an action

perspectives of psychology

neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, social-cultural

biological psychology

neuroscience; the study of the link between biological (genetic, hormonal, neural) and psychological processes

moving towards others, moving against others, moving away from others

neurotic trends

10

newborn babies grow up to _____ inches in their first year

16

newborn babies sleep about ______ hours per day

3-12

night terrors are most commonly experienced from ages __________

symbolic

no connection between a sound and the meaning or idea associated with it (related to human language)

profound mental retardation

no speech and unresponsive to training

nativist theory

noam chomsky's theory of language acquisition

holophrase

noise infants make at around 12 months

telegraphic speech

noise infants make at around 18 months

babbling

noise infants make between 5-6 months

cooing

noise infants make in their first 6 months

adrenaline

norepinephrine (produced by brain and adrenal glands)

control group

not exposed to independent variable

moving away from others

not responding emotionally, not caring, being "above it all"

functional fixedness

not seeing alternative uses for objects

frequency

number of times a particular score occurs

over 30

obese BMI

phenotype

observable characteristics

case study

observation technique in which one person is studied in depth; rare occurances

inter-rater reliability

observations; assess degree to which observers give consistent estimates of same phenomenon

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate the situation

gene-by-environment interaction research

observing the interaction of genetic differences and the environment to assess the impact on how certain behaviors are produced in some people but not others

anorexia nervosa

obsessive desire to lose weight characterized by not eating

bulimia nervosa

obsessive desire to lose weight; involves binging and purging

theta waves

occur in stages 1 and 2

delta waves

occur in stages 3 and 4

beta waves

occur when awake

alpha waves

occur when awake but drowsy

operant conditioning

occurs when we associate our actions with their consequences

schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid

odd-eccentric personality disorders

primary olfactory cortex, secondary olfactory cortex, amygdala

olfactory bulb is composed of: ______________________, ______________________________, _______________________________

standard deviation

on average, how far scores are from the mean

higher

on the global assessment of functioning, a score of 100 means that an individual is (higher/lower) functioning

cerebral cortex

on top of lobes; body's ultimate processing center

generalization

once a response is conditioned, stimuli similar to the CS tend to produce similar responses

narrow intelligence

one of Carroll's three levels of intelligence that includes many (70) distinct abilities

self efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness; remains the same throughout life

holophrase

one-word stage, a familiar person or object

15

only ____% of population is hypnotizable

cataplexy

onset of sleep due to strong emotion; lose voluntary control of muscles

human language

open and symbolic communication system specific to homo sapiens that has rules of grammar and allows its users to express abstract ideas

opiods

opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone

cochlea and hair cells, brainstem, medial geniculate nucleus

order of auditory message: 1. 2. 3.

judging/perceiving

organized and task oriented vs spontaneous and flexible

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

hierarchies

organizing words/concepts into groups based on similar characteristics helps us remember them better

fetal stage

organs mature during this stage

psychoanalytic therapy

oriented toward major personality change with a focus on uncovering unconscious motives, especially through dream interpretation

psychoanalytic therapy

original form of "talk therapy"

james lange theory

our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane

outer ear consists of _______________, _______________________, _________________________________

storage decay

over time, memories fade

reliability

overall consistency of a measure

life satisfacfion

overall evaluation of our lives

26-29

overweight BMI

folic acid

overweight moms have babies that don't get enough ___________________

nociceptive pain

pain from skin damage

phantom limb pain

pain in limb/tissue that is missing

nocioceptors

pain receptors sensitive to temperature and pressure

permissive

parenting style in which parents provide few rules and let children have their way

authoritative

parenting style in which parents set and enforce rational rules

authoritarian

parenting style in which parents set rules that children are expected to follow without question

diathesis

part of explanation of anxiety that expresses one's genetic vulnerability

stress

part of explanation of anxiety that expresses the impacts of one's environment

medial temporal lobe

part of the brain that plays role in deja vu

superego

part of the personality that acts as a moral center

semicircular canals

passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium

placebo effect

patient does not receive treatment, but ends up working due to belief

sensing/intuition

paying attention to information as it's presented vs finding deeper meaning

door-in-the-face

people are more likely to agree to a small request after they have refused a large request

agreeable, conscientious

people become steadily more _______________________ and _______________________ from adolescence to late adulthood

social loafing

people exert less effort in a group than when working alone

eastern

people from _________________ cultures tend to perceive world as more of a whole

observation (in terms of aggression)

people who observe aggression are more likely to be aggressive

group therapy

people who share a common problem all meet regularly with therapist to help themselves and one another

empathy-altruism hypothesis

people will help others selflessly only when they feel empathy

internal

people with (internal/external) locus of control tend to have better life outcomes

downs syndrome

people with ______________________________ typically have mild to severe mental retardation

less, fewer

people with bipolar disorder have a brain that weights (more/less) and have (fewer/greater) connections in the frontal lobe

norepinephrine

people with bipolar disorder have high levels of this neurotransmitter

serotonin

people with bipolar disorder have low levels of this neurotransmitter

low

people with depression have ________ serotonin levels

10

people with hypersomnia sleep for ______+ hours per day

6th

people with mild mental retardation typically have the intelligence of someone in _____ grade

2nd-4th

people with moderate mental retardation typically have the intelligence of someone in _______-_______ grade

glutamate

people with schizophrenia have deficiencies in this neurotransmitter

avoidant personality disorder

people with this disorder are highly sensitive in relationships because they are afraid of being criticized. this leads to social isolation

antisocial personality disorder

people with this disorder are impulsive, deceptive, violent, callous, and exhibit ruthless behavior

paranoid personality disorder

people with this personality disorder test the loyalty of friends and loves and hold grudges for a long time

drives

perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need

perceptual constancy

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change

bottom up processing

perception is a process of building a perceptual experience from smaller pieces

interoception

perception of bodily senses

top down processing

perception of the whole guides perception of smaller elemental features

cognitive

perception, learning, memory, language, problem solving

watson

performed orphan experiment

sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

cattel

person associated with fluid and crystallized intelligence theory

spearman

person associated with theory that intelligence is one general ability; g-factor

carroll

person associated with theory that shows general intelligence, broad intelligence, and narrow intelligence

sternberg

person associated with triarchic theory of intelligence and successful intelligence

ideal self

person we would like to be

borderline personality disorder

personality disorder marked by impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures

axis ii

personality disorders and mental retardation

neuroticism and conscientiousness

personality factors that contribute to anxiety disorders

cortisol arousal

pertaining to adrenaline and anxiety

babbling

phonemes

rods

photoreceptors that are most responsive to dark and light contrast

cones

photoreceptors that are responsible for color vision and are most functional in conditions of bright light

anterior cingulate cortex

physical and emotional pain are processed here

passion

physical desire

homeostasis

physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point

skinner

pigeon experiment

embryonic stage

placenta and umbilical cord form during this stage

amygdala

plays a role in appraisal of the emotional significance of stimuli with a specialized function for noticing fear-relevant information

behavioral threshold

point at which a person moved from not having a particular response to having one

optic chiasm

point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain, connects eye to opposite side of brain

hypothalamus

portion of brain that controls sexual desire

below 20

profound mental retardation IQ score

thematic apperception test

projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures

whorf sapir hypothesis

proposition that language creates thought as much as thought creates language

linguistic determinism hypothesis

proposition that our language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world

safety needs

protection, shelter

chromosomes

proteins that form structures in dna

diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM)

provides a standard categorization of mental disorders and their definitions

neuropsychoanalysis

provides support for core Freudian ideas that was absent during Freud's lifetime

PATHS

providing alternative thinking strategies

psychoanalytic therapy

psychological treatment based on theories of sigmund freud

humanistic therapy

psychological treatment in which the client leads conversation without suggestions from therapist

psychodynamic therapy

psychological treatment that aims to uncover unconscious motives that underlie psychological problems

positive psychotherapy

psychological treatment that combines humanistic and psychoanalytic principles

cognitive behavioral therapy

psychological treatment that combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors

behavioral treatment

psychological treatment that uses principles of classical and operant conditioning

cognitive therapy

psychological treatment that works to restructure irrational thought patterns

Festinger

psychologist associated with cognitive dissonance

kohlberg

psychologist associated with development of moral reasoning

jean piaget

psychologist associated with early cognitive development theory

elizabeth kübler ross

psychologist associated with five stage grieving process

alfred adler

psychologist associated with inferiority complex

solomon

psychologist associated with opponent process theory

carl jung

psychologist associated with personal and collective unconscious

karen horney

psychologist associated with psychoanalytic social theory

walter mischel

psychologist associated with social-cognitive perspective

Philip Zimbardo

psychologist associated with stanford prison experiment ("bad apples or bad barrel?")

sigmund freud

psychologist associated with unconscious personality

lev vygotsky

psychologist associated with zone of proximal development

karen horney

psychologist focused on what makes people emotionally unstable

alfred adler

psychologist that said that birth order contributed to personality

alfred adler

psychologist that said that striving for superiority is the main drive behind behavior

Skinner

psychologist who designed an operant chamber

gordon allport

psychologist who determined 4,000 words from an english dictionary that described personality

mary loftus

psychologist who made people remember things that never happened

bandura

psychologist who performed bobo doll observational learning experiment

gordon allport

psychologist who said that most people could be described by 10 central personality traits

mischel

psychologist who said that people's personality traits are not consistent across all situations

Lorenz

psychologist who studied imprinting and got ducks to imprint on him and follow him around

masters and johnson

psychologists associated with human sexual response cycle

thomas and chess

psychologists associated with infant temperament (easy, difficult, slow to warm up)

seligman and csikszentmihalyi

psychologists associated with positive psychology

ford and beach

psychologists who said that there are three kinds of societies in terms of sexual attitudes

gosling and john

psychologists who studied personalities in animals

latency

psychosexual stage from age 6 to puberty; repression of sexual feelings

genital

psychosexual stage from puberty on that involves the maturation of sexual orientation

oral

psychosexual stage of development from months 12-18 that includes mouth- sucking, biting, and chewing

anal

psychosexual stage; 18-36 months; pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

phallic

psychosexual stage; 3-6 years; pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

psychosexual stages of development

axis iv

psychosocial and environmental problems

prefrontal lobotomy

psychosurgery in which the connections of the prefrontal cortex and lower portion of brain are severed

schizophrenia

psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perception, including hallucinations

conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness

psychoticism includes ________________________, _______________________, _________________________

incubation

put problem aside for a period of time and work on something else

context effects

putting yourself back in the setting of the experience can aid your retrieval

low ball effect

raising price after initial offer

germinal stage

rapid cell division occurs in this stage of prenatal development

multitasking

rapid switching from one task to another

6

rate of brain growth slows after age ______, then continues to slow after adolescence

fluid intelligence

raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning that can be applied to a problem one has never confronted before

well-learned material

reading and advertising

self-actualization needs

realization of potential and abilities

spontaneous recovery

reappearance of extinguished CR after a pause in time

sensory neurons

receive incoming sensory information

hypercomplex cells

receive info from complex cells; fire in response to patterns of lines

complex cells

receive info from simple cells; movement; things on side of vision

orbirofrontal cortex

receives information from smell, taste, and vision

mechanoreceptors

receptor cells on top layer of skin that are sensitive to different tactile qualities

olfactory sensory neurons

receptors for smell

occipital lobes

recieve info from visual fields

parietal lobes

recieve sensory input for touch and body position

limbic system

regulate emotion and drives

sleep and circadian rhythms

regulates sleeping and waking

second

rehearsal occurs in the ________________ stage of the processing model

shaping

reinforcers used to guide behavior subject towards desirable behavior

fixed interval schedule

reinforces a response after a specific amount of time has passed

variable ratio schedule

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

variable interval schedule

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

fixed ratio schedule

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

correlation

relationship between variables

long-term memory

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

terminal button

release chemicals (neurotransmitters); located at the end of terminal branches

method of loci

remembering things by associating them with a physical location

lesion

removal or destruction of part of the brain

sleep apnea

repeated momentary awakenings due to stopping breathing

replication

repeating the essence of a research study

compulsion

repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules

thinking outside the box

requires breaking free of self-imposed conceptual constraints and thinking about a problem differently

influences

research suggests that language __________________, but does not necessarily determine, the way we think about and perceive the world

double blind procedure

researcher and participant don't know who's in experimental vs control group

vocal and facial

response systems that work together in emotion expression

26

response to sound occurs at ________ weeks

storage

retention of encoded information over time

midbrain is composed of

reticular formation

recall

retrieval of earlier information

photoreceptors

rods and cones are

oedipal (electra) complex

romantic feelings towards the opposite sex parent, hostile towards the same sex parent

4

rooting occurs from birth to ________ months

semirestrictive

rules about sex before and outside of marriage aren't strictly enforced

syntax

rules for arranging words and symbols in sentences or parts of sentences in a language

ethics

rules governing the conduct of a group or person in a specific situation

basilar membrane

runs through cochlea and contains hair cells

ernest hilgard

said hypnosis is a state in which one part of the brain operates independently

atkinson

said tendency to achieve success is a function of three things

lazarus

said that appraisal is an evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to ones own welfare

baumeister and leary

said that rejection leads to depression and aggression

subjective well being

satisfaction in different domains (such as career and social networks) and the balance between positive and negative affect in life

sublimation

satisfying an impulse with a substitute object in a socially acceptable way

stereotypes

schemas of how people are likely to behave based on groups to which they belong

developmental psychology

scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

median

score that separates the top half from the bottom half of scores

conventional level

second level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory, where moral reasoning is based on society's norms

resistance

second stage of GAS in which one copes with the stressor as resources begin to deplete

if we pay attention to stimulus, memory becomes short-term

second step of three stage processing model

frontal

secondary olfactory cortex is located in the ____________________ lobe

pineal gland

secretes melatonin

shame, guilt, humiliation, embarrassment, pride

self conscious emotions

decreases, increases

self esteem (increases/decreases) during adolescence but then (increases/decreases) in emerging adulthood

questionnaire

self report instrument that indicates the extent to which a person agrees or disagrees with a series of statements

altruism

selflessness

axon

sends chemical messages to dendrites of destination neuron

auditory nerve

sends information from ear to brain

suprachiasmatic nucleus

sends messages to pineal gland to produce melatonin

authentic pride

sense of accomplishment

vision

sense that develops mostly after birth

hair cells

sensory receptors in basilar membrane

thalamus

sensory relay station (smell has no thalamic relay)

time

sequence of events; you can backtrack if you lose some ________

sleepwalking

series of complex behaviors during sleep

theory

set of assumptions which can be used to make predictions

basic emotions

set of emotions common to all humans

clinical

severe disorders

20-35

severe mental retardation IQ score

restrictive

sex before and outside of marriage is unacceptable

joint attention

sharing interest with someone and understanding that they share your interest

visual acuity

sharpness of vision

Stanley Milgram

shock experiment

sleep spindles

short bursts of brain waves detected in stage 2 sleep

blue

shorter wavelengths in trichromatic color theory

random sample

should represent the population; equal chance

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

shows structure of brain; uses magnets to create 3D image of brain

tardive dyskinesia

side effect of traditional antipsychotics

lithium

side effects of this drug may include impotence, tremors, nausea, skin discoloration

occipital

sight is controlled by ______________________ lobe

mental retardation

significant limitations in intellectual functioning as well as in everyday adaptive behavior, which start before age 18

g-factor

single general capacity of intelligence

linguistic intelligence

skills involved in the production and use of language

conditioning and learning theory

skinner's theory of language acquisition

90

sleep cycles last _____ minutes

enzymes

sleep produces __________________ that protect against cellular damage

somnambulism

sleepwalking is also known as

serial conscious processing

slower than parallel processing, used to deal with new challenges, which require focused attention

genes

small segments of dna that contain the blueprints for the production of proteins

higher

smaller hair cells= ________________ frequency

difference threshold

smallest amount of change between two stimuli that a person can detect half the time

phonemes

smallest unit of sound

olfaction

smell is also known as ____________________

prefrontal cortex

smell is controlled by ________________________________

goal is blocked

social aggression occurs when

behavior

social factors have a large influence on _________________

ostracism

social isolation

insight

solution comes immediateley to mind

verification-elaboration

solution needs to be confirmed even if it feels certain that it's right

peripheral nervous system

somatic and autonomic; receives messages

women

somatization disorder is much more common in (women/men)

hypochondriasis

somatoform disorder in which a person elicits a pervasive and debilitating fear of suffering from serious physical illness although none is found by medical professional

somatization disorder

somatoform disorder in which one experiences multiple physical ailments affecting several different body parts and systems

parietal lobe

somatosensory cortex is located in the _________________________

prodigy

someone who is extremely gifted in one area and at least average in general intelligence

self-fulfulling prophecy

something that comes true because one believed it could

1-15

somnambulism effects ________% of population

temporal

sound is controlled by ______________________ lobe

synapse (gap)

space between two neurons

motherese

speaking in higher pitches to babies

general intelligence

spearman's g-factor in carroll's intelligence theory

inductive reasoning

specific evidence to general conclusions

procedural memory

specific kind of implicit memory; memory of physical skills

Wernicke's area

speech comprehension

Broca's area

speech production

gate-control theory

spinal cord serves as a "gate" that is opened or closed by neural messages

Kitty Genovese

stabbed in front of 38 bystanders who didn't call 911

affective traits

stable predispositions towards certain types of emotional responses, such as anger

consciousness

stage for the brain's "main event"

sensorimotor stage

stage in which infants learn about the world by using their senses and by moving their bodies

formal operational stage

stage in which one can reason about abstract concepts and problems

concrete operational stage

stage in which one can understand conservation

moratorium

stage in which one explores multiple identities without making a commitment (identity crisis)

foreclosure

stage in which one has made a commitment without exploring other options

diffusion

stage in which one has not experienced an identity crisis and is not exploring identities because they are unsure of desires

concrete operational stage

stage in which one overcomes the limits of the preperational stage

sensorimotor stage

stage of cognitive development from ages 0 to 2

preoperational stage

stage of cognitive development from ages 2 to 5

sensorimotor stage

stage of cognitive development where an infant does not have a sense of object permanence

germinal stage

stage of prenatal development that spans from conception to two weeks

fetal stage

stage of prenatal development that spans from the end of 8 weeks through birth

embryonic stage

stage of prenatal development that spans from the end of week 2 to 8 weeks

preoperational stage

stage that begins with the emergence of symbolic thought

achievement

stage that occurs after going through an identity crisis when one has made a commitment to an identity

preoperational stage

stage where animistic thinking occurs

stage 4

stage where bed wetting or sleep walking may occur

preoperational stage

stage where egocentrism occurs

non-REM

stages 1-4 are known as ______________

preparation, incubation, insight, verification-elaboration

stages of creative problem solving: 1. _____________________ 2. _____________________ 3. _____________________ 4. _____________________

15

standard deviation of IQ test scores

conditioned stimulus (CS)

starts off as neutral stimulus, then NS is paired with unconditioned stimulus and becomes conditioned

hypnosis

state characterized by focused attention, suggestibility, absorption, lack of voluntary control over behavior, and suspension of critical faculties

preconscious

state of consciousness experienced when sleeping because we are somewhat aware of our surroundings

flow

state of involvement during which one loses a sense of time and/or may forget where they are (when fully engaged in one task)

T-test

statistical hypothesis test used to determine if two sets of data are different

p≤0.05

statistical significance

anxiety

the absence of __________________ would lower the likelihood of survival, but too much of this can impair daily functioning

persuasion

the active and conscious effort to change an attitude through the transmission of a message

increased

the age of marriage has (increased/decreased) over the past 50 years

relearning

the amount of time saved when learning information for the second time

20

the baby is the size of a banana at _______ weeks

12

the baby is the size of a lime at _______ weeks

33

the baby is the size of a pineapple at ________ weeks

28

the baby is the size of an eggplant at _______ weeks

resistant attachment

the baby is upset when the mother leaves and remains upset or even angry when she returns and is difficult to console

extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness

the big five traits

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

apparent motion

the brain inaccurately interprets the sensation of light on our retinas

fovea

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster

comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

transduction

the conversion of physical into neural information

framing effect

the decision-making bias that results from the way a decision, question, or problem is worded; reactions of consumers depending on presentation of loss or gain

test-retest reliability

the degree of similarity of a performance on two or more occasions

validity

the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure

expressive suppression

the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward display of an emotion

asperger's syndrome

the diagnosis of this disorder may be replaced by "high functioning autism" or "being on the spectrum"

major depressive disorder

the diathesis-stress model can be applied to _____________________________________ as well as anxiety disorders

zone of proximal development

the difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone

tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

deja vu

the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

3-4

the effects of coffee last ______ hours

12

the effects of lsd last _______ hours

mental age

the equivalent chronological age a child has reached based on his or her performance on an IQ test

reciprocity norm

the expectation that people will help those who have helped them

heritability

the extent to which a characteristic is influenced by genetics

dodo bird verdict

the finding that most forms of therapy are effective and few significant differences exist in effectiveness among standard therapies

olfactory bulb

the first brain structure to pick up smell information from the nose

preconventional level

the first level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, focusing on avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards

menarche

the first menstrual period

arborization

the growth and formation of new dendrites; allows more messages to be recieved

monogenic transmission

the hereditary passing on of traits determined by a single gene

retrieval failure

the inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues

attribution theory

the inferences we make about causes of behavior

practical intelligence

the intellectual skills used in everyday problem solving

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

weber's law

the just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity

object permanence

the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality, according to freud

threshold

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

prenatal programming

the link between environmental conditions during fetal development and the risk of diseases

behavioral observation

the measurement of behavior as it occurs by someone other than the person whose behavior is being observed

late

the most significant weight decrease in a baby occurs due to _________ pregnancy drinking

antisocial personality disorder

the nature and nurture explanation of personality disorders reflect the characteristics of most people with this disorder

nervous system

the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body

cultural test bias hypothesis

the notion that group differences in IQ scores are caused by different cultural and educational backgrounds, not by real differences in intelligence

percentile rank

the percentage of scores in a distribution lower than the score

illusory correlation

the perception of a correlation where there is none

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

spatial intelligence

the potential to recognize and use the patterns of wide space and more confined areas

P-value

the probability that two sets of data are significantly different from eachother

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

enculturation

the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations

polygenic transmission

the process by which many genes interact to create a single characteristic

sensory adaptation

the process by which our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses

accommodation

the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

catharsis

the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions (psychodynamic therapy)

perception

the psychological process through which we interpret sensory stimulation

evolutionary model of motivation

the purpose of any living organism is to perpetuate itself; major motives all involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives

metabolism

the rate at which we consume energy

one

the risk of permanent memory loss and other cognitive damage due to the use of electroconvulsive therapy can be reduced by using ECT on (one/both) side(s) of the brain

cognitive psychology

the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive

positive psychology

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

psychology

the scientific study of thought and behavior

real self

the self one actually is

conditional regard

the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others

twin-adoption studies

the study of hereditary influences on twins, both identical and fraternal, who were raised together and apart

social psychology

the study of how living among others influences human thoughts, feelings, and behavior

psychophysics

the study of how we make psychological meaning of physical stimuli

correct rejection

the subject did not respond when no signal was present

2 weeks

the symptoms of major depressive disorder must last for at least ___________ to be diagnosed

tip-of-the-tounge phenomenon

the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study

foot-in-the-door

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

conformity

the tendency of people to adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to the cultural norms

learned helplessness

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

mood-congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood

halves

the time spent in REM ___________ within the first 2-3 years of life

1-3

the umbilical cord is _________ feet long

personality

the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual

stirrup

the vibration of the _______________ creates changes in the inner ear

framing

the way than an issue is posed; can change the way people interpret info

stress

the way we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges

gestalt psychology

the whole can be greater than the sum of its parts

ganglion cells

their axons form the optic nerve

humanistic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

sigmund freud

theory of personality; personality derived from childhood experience

activation-synthesis theory

theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story

sociocultural theory

theory that humans develop language through parents, peers, television, etc.

broaden and build theory

theory that states that experiencing positive emotions allows us to have richer experiences

conditioning and learning theory

theory that states that language develops through reinforcement and shaping

nativist theory

theory that states that language is discovered rather than learned; language development is inborn

10000

there are _______________ taste buds on our tongue

hypothalamus, corpus callosum

there are brain differences in these regions between people of different sexual orientations

mechanoreceptors

there are more __________________________ on our fingertips than on our feet

p≤0.05

there is a small chance that difference in outcome is NOT due to independent variable

heritable

there is a strong (heritable/environmental) component in schizophrenia

men

there is more variability in the IQ's of _______________

p>0.05

there's too high of a chance that difference in outcome is NOT due to independent variable

humanistic theories

these contributed to the development of positive psychology

corpus callosum

thick bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres

heurisitcs

thinking strategy that uses past knowledge or hints to solve problems

postconventional level

third level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory, in which morality is based on a personal moral code

exhaustion

third stage of GAS in which resources are depleted and one is more susceptible to illness

after rehearsal, information moves into long-term memory for later retrieval

third step of three stage processing model

lithium

this drug treatment for mania associated with bipolar disorder can have a slew of potentially dangerous side effects and requires a blood test

atypical antipsychotics

this type of drug therapy for schizophrenia has a reduced risk of tardive dyskinesia

successful intelligence

those skills and cognitive abilities needed to achieve life success

creativity

thought that is novel and useful

token economy, flooding, systematic desensitization

three behavioral treatments

misinterpreting harmless situations, focusing attention on perceived threats, selectively recalling information that seems threatening

three cognitive factors that make people more likely to suffer from anxiety

deviant, distressing, dysfunctional

three criteria for discerning behavior as disordered

extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

three dimensions of the connection between CNS arousal and personality traits

motivation, expectation, incentive value

three factors needed for success according to atkinson

amplitude, frequency, purity

three physical properties of sound

alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

three stages of general adaptation syndrome

middle ear

three tiny bones that amplify sound

extrinsic, intrinsic, perceived support

three types of employee motivation

easy, difficult, slow to warm up

three types of infant temperament

avoidant, resistant, disorganized

three types of insecure attachment

sensory, working (short-term), long-term

three types of memory

thyroid gland is located in

throat

normative social influence

to gain acceptance

extraneous variable

to see what else is affecting outcome

external validity

to what extent can an effect in research be generalized to populations and settings?

dopamine hypothesis

too much dopamine is released in people with schizophrenia

parietal

touch is controlled by ______________ lobe

neural migration

toxins and viruses interfere with normal _______________________________________

functional MRI

tracks metabolic changes; shows function

cilia

transducers of nose that convert chemical energy into neural energy

stage 3

transitional stage going into slow wave sleep

lewis terman

translated binet test into english to create stanford-binet test

interneurons

transmit information within the central nervous system

optic nerve

transmits signals from the eye to the brain

evidence based therapies

treatment choices based on research that supports their effectiveness

farsightedness

trouble seeing close up because image focuses behind fovea

nearsightedness

trouble seeing far away because image focuses in front of fovea

true

true or false: animals exhibit consistent and unique personality qualities

true

true or false: caffeine can produce tolerance and withdrawal

true

true or false: color blindness is inherited

true

true or false: electroconvulsive therapy is only effective if treatments are maintained

true

true or false: synesthesia is genetic

true

true or false: you are conscious while sleeping

40, 60

twin studies show that most basic traits have heritability estimates between _____-_______%

genetic

twins indicate that there is a 40-70% concordance in bipolar disorder, proving a strong (genetic/environmental) component

wakefulness and awareness

two dimensions of consciousness

norepinephrine, serotonin

two neurotransmitters that are increased with tricyclic antidepressants

moods and affective traits

two types of affect

flow and mindfulness

two types of full consciousness

indulgent, neglectful

two types of permissive parenting styles

grasping and rooting

two types of reflexes in early motor development

telegraphic speech

two word stage, simple sentences

operant conditioning

type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement, but diminished if followed by punishment

negative reinforcement

type of operant conditioning present with anxiety disorders

25 IQ points

typical reaction range

repression

unconscious act of keeping threatening and disturbing thoughts out of consciousness

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information

defense mechanisms

unconscious mental strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from distress by denying and distorting reality in some way

narcolepsy

uncontrollable sleep attacks caused by inability to regulate sleep-wake cycle

empathy

understanding others' situations and sharing their feelings

theory of mind

understanding that people aren't thinking the same things we are

nonshared reaction range

unique environmental experiences

personality/social

unique, consistency, influence of others

postconventional level

universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules

short term memory decay

unless rehearsed, verbal information is quickly forgotten

synesthesia

unusual sensory experience in which a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated

flashbulb memories

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

obsession

unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress

social norms

unwritten rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives

motivation

urge to move towards one's goals; to accomplish tasks

psychotherapy

use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior

technology based treatments

uses technology and/or the internet to implement current therapies or make psychotherapeutic techniques more widely available

virtual reality therapy

uses virtual environments to create therapeutic situations that would otherwise be hard to create

fixation

using a single mental set, rather than exploring different options in problem solving

conventional level

valuing caring, trust, and relationships as well as the social order and lawfulness

confounding variable

variables you can't control

left hippocampus

verbal information processed in

protolanguage

very rudimentary language, also known as prelanguage

right hippocampus

visual designs and locations processed in

visual imagery

visual representations created by brain after original stimulus is no longer present

afterimages

visuals that remain after stimulus is removed

friendliness

voiced laughs indicate __________________________

somatic

voluntary, conscious

one

waiting less than _____ year between pregnancies leads to a weak reproductive system

gardner

wanted to broaden definition of intelligence, created 8 types of intelligence

implicit association test

way to test implicit bias

cannot

we (can/cannot) do more than one thing at a time

diffusion of responsibility

we assume it's not our duty to take action, likely because we think someone has already helped

infantile amnesia

we don't have episodic memories from out first 2 years of life

law of proximity

we group nearby figures together

cell phone theory

we have been exposed to situation in the past, but we don't realize it (subliminal messages)

social exchange theory

we help others when we understand that benefits to ourselves will outweigh costs

confirmation bias

we look for info that aligns with our beliefs and ignore info that contradicts them

help us adapt

we make associations with classical conditioning in order to ___________________________

law of closure

we perceive a whole figure in the absence of complete information

negative

we talk about _________________ emotions more specifically

primacy

we tend to remember the first items on a list

fundamental attribution error

we tend to site dispositional causes for others' behavior

overconfidence

we think we know more than we do

self-serving bias

we use situational attributions for our own failures and disposition for our own successes

law of effect

we will continue behaviors if they are followed by a favorable outcome

general adaptation syndrome

what happens when we experience stress- the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

relationships

what is impacted most by personality disorders

valuing non competitive goals, having a high eq, finding meaning in life

what makes people happier?

extinction

when CR fades

positive punishment

when a behavior is followed by the presentation of an unwanted stimulus

negative punishment

when a behavior is followed by the removal of a desirable stimulus

positive

when a stimulus is added to increase/decrease behavior

negative

when a stimulus is taken away to increase/decrease behavior

inhibition

when a task is not well learned, a person will usually experience social _____________________

basic anxiety

when basic hostility is so intense that you start blaming yourself, results in _______________________

lateral hypothalamus

when glucose drops, this part of the brain produces orexin, which signals hunger

ventromedial hypothalamus

when glucose increases, this part of the brain signals to stop eating by producing leptin

social trap (tragedy of the commons)

when individuals act in their own best interests and ignore what is best for the group

opponent process theory

when one emotion is experienced, the other is expressed

associations

when one piece of information from the environment is linked repeatedly with another and organism connects them

drive reduction model of motivation

when our physiological systems are out of balance or depleted, we are driven to reduce this depleted state

obedience

when people yield to the social pressure of an authority figure

savant syndrome

when someone has serious mental handicaps and isolated areas of knowledge/ability

social inhibition

when the presence of others hinders performance

social facilitation

when the presence of others improves performance

overjustification effect

when we start earning rewards for things we already enjoy, then it can decrease our internal motivation

embryo

when zygote attaches to uteran wall after 10 days, the zygote is now called a ___________________

hippocampus

where explicit memories are processed

retina

where light is focused, thin layer of tissue on back of the eye

blind spot

where the optic nerve leaves the eye

medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)

where we organize and interpret sound

faster

with autism, brain growth is much (faster/slower) in the first few years of life than the brain of a child without autism

short-term

without rehearsal, information in the ___________________ memory is lost in 10 to 20 seconds

twice

women are _________ as vulnerable as men to depression

cochlear implant

work by implanting electrodes that mimic the function of hair cells

industrial/organizaitonal

workplace

optimal arousal model

yerkes and dodson law

cannot

you (can/cannot) detect a heartbeat during the embryonic stage

12

you can distinguish the sex of the baby at _______ weeks

full consciousness

you know and are able to report your mental state; comes and goes throughout the day

personal fable

young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm

100-150

zygote grows to about ___________ cells in one week

germinal stage

zygote is present during this stage

analytic intelligence

the ability typically measured by intelligence tests

dopamine

"feel good" neurotransmitter; released while eating

glial cells

"glue" that hips the nervous system together

superego

"moralistic principle" that controls good conscious

endorphins

"morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

non-responsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility, reduction of speaking, inability to complete tasks

"negative" symptoms of schizophrenia

id

"pleasure principle" that makes you feel good

hallucinations, delusional thinking, disorganized speech

"positive" symptoms of schizophrenia

ego

"reality principle" that is a regulator and mediator

informational social influence

"they know better than I do"

acetylcholine

(Ach) controls muscle movement

daily hassles

(daily hassles/catastrophes) deplete resources more and result in exhaustion

space

(for example) the place of the page where material is in the book

para amnesia theory

(freud) deja vu is caused by repressed memories of a stressful event

large

(small/large) fibers block pain signals

6 ethical principals

1. informed consent 2. respect for persons 3. beneficence 4. privacy 5. justice 6. debriefing

principals of behavioral genetics

1. the relationship between genes and behavior is complex 2. most behaviors derive from many genes 3. studying twins and adoptees helps separate heredity and the environment 4. the environment affects how and when genes affect behavior

female

2/3 of the people diagnosed with panic disorder are (female/male)

humans have ____ pairs of chromosomes

23

proximity, similarity, physical attractiveness

3 things that foster attraction in humans

germinal stage

30-50% of pregnancies end during this stage without any recognition that pregnancy occured

stomach, blood (glucose), brain (hypothalamus), hormones and neurochemicals

4 biological components that drive metabolism

middle adulthood

40-65 years

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

6 universal emotions

late adulthood

65 years and older

four

Baddley's model of working memory consists of _________ components

reciprocal determinism

Bandura's idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment

mirror neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

Brown Eye/Blue Eye Study

Jane Elliot's study on a class of fourth graders after MLK's assassination to convey the meaning of racism

rapid eye movement

REM stands for

10

REM starts out lasting _______ minutes, but gets longer throughout many sleep cycles

amphetamine

meth is a(n)

implicit bias

bias that you aren't necessarily aware of; typically follows stereotypes

lower

bigger hair cells= __________________ frequency

retinal disparity, convergence

binocular depth cues

temperament

biological based tendency to behave in certain ways from very early in life

deficiencies in GABA, genetic heritage, personality factors

biological contributors to anxiety disorders

hans eysenck

biological personality theorist who studied the connection between CNS arousal and personality traits

nature-nurture debate

biology vs. experience in development of traits and behaviors

internal/dispositional attribution

blame personality

external/situational attribution

blame situation (circumstances)

denial

blocking external events from awareness; refusing to experience a situation if it is too much to handle

identification

bolstering self esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with a person or group

fetal stage

bone cells are formed during this stage

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord; decision maker

neurogenesis

brain growth

anterior cingulate cortex

brain region that recalls and imagined emotional experiences

neuroplasticity

brain's ability to adapt

dendrites

branches that receive messages before going to nucleus

structuralism

breaking down experience into parts offers best way to understand thought and behavior

stage 1

brief stage in which you may experience hallucinations

emotion

brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation in a person's environmental

sensory neurons

bring information to brain and spinal cord for processing

parasympathetic

calming

childhood disorders

can be diagnosed before adolescence

anterograde

can't remember after diagnosed with amnesia

retrograde

can't remember before diagnosed with amnesia

electroencephalogram (EEG)

cap with electrodes; shows electrical activity in the form of waves when brain is active

motor neurons

carry commands for movement

motor neurons

carry information from central nervous system to peripheral nervous system

encoding

processing of information into memory

john watson

made a loud noise when little albert was around animals to scare him

heart, brain, spinal cord, stomach, lungs, endocrine system, skin receptors

major organs that are developed during embryonic stage

availability heuristic

make decisions based on ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness (recency)

distressing

makes one feel negatively

archetypes

makes up collective unconscious

frontal lobes

making plans and judgement

animus

male component of the female psyche

refractory period

males must rest before having sex again

1 month

marijuana stays in a persons system for __________________

somatoform disorders

marked by physical or bodily symptoms that mimic physical diseases, but have no known physical cause or medical basis

hierarchical model of motivation

maslow's hierarchy of needs

influenza, rubella, herpes

maternal infections that can cause schizophrenia

statistics

mathematical procedures for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data

smell and taste

may be influenced by chemicals in amniotic fluid

measures of central tendency

mean, median, mode

inter-rater reliability

measure of how much agreement there is in ratings when using two or more raters or coders to rate personality or other behaviors

face validity

measure of how representative a research project is 'at face value' and whether it appears to be a good project

internal validity

measure which ensures that a researcher's study is objective

green

medium wavelengths in trichromatic color theory

hindbrain is composed of

medulla, pons, cerebellum

reduced, increased

melatonin is ______________________ in the morning and _____________________ at night

false memory

memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone else

peg-word system

memorize a jingle; eventually, you can visually associate "peg words" with items you need to remember

mnemonics

memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

source amnesia

memory loss due to brain injury or disease

working/short term memory

memory that holds a few (about 7) items briefly; information is either stored or forgotten

amygdala

men experience ____________________ activation when exposed to pictures of animal or human attacks

concept

mental grouping of objects, events, or people

cognition

mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge

musical intelligence

potential to appreciate, compose, and perform music

bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement

discrimination

preferential treatment of certain people, usually driven by prejudicial attitudes

scapegoat theory

prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

analgesics (opioids)

prescribed for severe pain

Zajonc

presence of people can facilitate or inhibit performance

hubristic pride

pride based on belief in one's inherent superiority over others

temporal

primary olfactory cortex is located in the ____________________ lobe

yerkes and dodson law (optimal arousal)

principal that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance

sensitivity period

principle of language development suggesting that when children are not exposed to any human language before a certain age, language abilities never fully develop

dual processing

principle that info is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

behavior modification

principles of operant conditioning used to change behavior

suggestability

problem with memory that occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or propositions by someone else

convergent thinking problems

problems that have known solutions and require analytical thinking and the use of learned strategies and knowledge to come up with the correct answer

divergent thinking problems

problems that have no known solutions and require novel solutions

algorithms

procedure that guarantees problem will be solved; covers every option

deep brain stimulation

procedure to treat depression in which electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a pulse generator that is placed under the skin and stimulates these brain areas

hippocampus

process memory (facts)

appraisal

process of deciding if something is relevant to us

reasoning

process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence

retrieval

process of getting information out of memory system

cross activation of different areas of brain through bimodal neurons

process that causes synesthesia

transduction

process that occurs between sensation and perception

cingulate gyrus

processes pain and helps avoid negative consequences

triarchic theory of intelligence

sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical

ecstasy

stimulant that releases serotonin, makes user feel connected to others

binocular depth cues

stimuli that enable us to judge depth using both eyes

monocular depth cues

stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only one eye

increase

stress hormones _____________________ retention of certain information but disrupt memory formation of other things

pinna

structure on side of head

mary ainsworth

studied how different attachment styles affected kids, strange situation technique

affective neuroscience

studies the structures and system involved in emotion processes

teratogens

substances that interfere with development and cause birth defects

reuptake

sucks up neurotransmitter

diathesis-stress model

suggests that a person may be biologically predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

descriptive statistics

summarizes data from study; measures of central tendency

lucid dreaming

supports cognitive problem solving theory

manifest level

surface level of dreams recalled upon waking- what you actually dream about

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

autonomic is broken down into

sympathetic and parasympathetic

7

symptoms of ADHD appear before age ____

endocrine system

system of glands that secrete and regulate hormones

negative

taking away things from personality

counseling

talking; less severe disorders

orbitofrontal cortex

taste is controlled by ________________________________

ivan pavlov

taught dogs to drool when bell rings

quantitative trait loci

technique that looks for the location on genes that might be associated with particular behaviors

women

tend to smile more often

socially desirable responding

tendencies to give answers on questionnaires that make oneself look good

own-race bias

tendency for people to recognize faces of their own race more accurately than other races

hindsight bias

tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that we would have foreseen it

law of similarity

tendency to group similar objects together

serial position effect

tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list

law of continuity

tendency to see points and lines in such a way that they follow a continuous path

outgroup homogeneity

tendency to view members of the outgroup as all being the same

alcohol

teratogen that leads to facial misproportions and brain abnormalities

embryonic

teratogens are most detrimental during ____________________ stage

prescription drugs

teratogens than can lead to autism (antidepressants)

viruses, flu

teratogens that can cause cancer in baby

nicotine

teratogens that leads to difficulty breathing and a low birth weight

hypothesis

testable prediction, often derived from theory

visual cliff

tests depth perception in infants and young animals

papillae

textured structures on tongue that contain taste buds

lateral geniculate nucleus

thalamic nucleus that receives incoming visual information; patterns of neural firing correspond to shape of object being viewed

forebrain is composed of

thalamus and limbic system

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

the Big 5 personality traits

two factor theory

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

first

the __________ born has feelings of superiority and power; nurturing but highly critical and strong need to be right

right

the ___________ hemisphere is more active in processing nonverbal stimuli

left

the ____________ hemisphere is more active in processing speech and language

second

the ______________ born is generally motivated, cooperative, and competitive

youngest

the ________________ children are realistically ambitious but also pampered and dependent on others

brainstem

the _____________________ blocks messages to muscles so you are paralyzed during REM

emotional regulation

the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed

creative intelligence

the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems

logical intelligence

the ability to do math, recognize patterns, and problem solve

selective attention

the ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others

naturalistic intelligence

the ability to observe, appreciate, and understand the natural world

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

interpersonal intelligence

the ability to read, empathize, and understand others

intrapersonal intelligence

the ability to understand oneself