Art Test #1 1.1-1.5

Actual Texture

Is tactile, texture you can touch. Ex: impasto, which is the most common type of texture used in painting.

Chiaroscuro

Italian for "light dark" •A method of applying value to a two-dimensional piece of artwork to create the illusion of three dimensions •Renaissance artists identified five distinct areas of light and shadow Highlight, light, core shadow, reflected light, and cast shadow Caravaggio, The calling of St. Matthew

Regular and Irregular Lines

Most works use both of these

Color Wheel

Portrays the relationship of colors to one another. Barnett Newman, Vir Heroicus Sublimis André Derain, The Turning Road, L'Estaque Icarus from Jazz The joy of life by Matisse

Visual Texture

Simulated texture. It looks like a texture but can't really be felt. Ex: trompe l'oeil, a French word and style of painting, that means to trick the eye.

Color Schemes

The color wheel displays important color relationships

Perspective

The creation of the illusion of depth in a two-dimensional image by using mathematical principles "This is not a pipe"

Space

The distance between identifiable points or planes The strategies whereby an artist creates a sense of depth and the illusion of space include: •Size •Overlapping •Position •Alternating value and texture •Changing brightness and color •Atmospheric perspective

Value in art

The lightness or darkness of a surface •An artist's use of value can produce a sense of solidity and influence our mood •Film noir, French for "dark film" •The serious mood of these mysteries was enhanced by the filmmaker's choice of dark values •Artists use dark and light values as tools for creating depth Geodesic Dome

The Attributes of Time

Time-based arts, such as film, embody six basic attributes of time: duration, tempo, intensity, scope, setting, and chronology "Fred Ott's sneeze"

Open Volume

When artists enclose a space with materials that are not completely solid, they create an open volume Ghost writer in library

Actual Motion

When something really changes over time •Performance art is theatrical; the artist's intention is not to create an art object, but an experience that can exist only in one place and time in history •Performance art emerged as a specific form of visual art during the twentieth century •Joseph Beuys incorporated everyday objects, such as animals, fat, machinery, and sticks into his Actions, a series of self-performed situations in which the artist would interact with these things in a defined space and time •Kinetic art plays out the passage of time through an art object, usually a sculpture, which moves Blue man group and Untitled 23 scraps of paper

Stroboscopic Motion

When we see two or more repeated images in quick succession, they tend visually to fuse together Zoetrope Finding Nemo

Analogous colors

are next to one another on the color wheel and do not contrast strongly with each other •Similar in wavelength, and are found next to each other on the color wheel •Painters use this to create color unity and harmonies •By keeping the color within a similar range, artists avoid jarring, contrasting combinations of colors and moods "The boating party"

Complementary Color

are opposite one another on the color wheel and contrast strongly with each other colors are painted side by side, these "opposite" colors create visual anomalies •They intensify one another, Each seems more saturated •As they have vastly different wavelengths, an illusion (in the photoreceptors of the eye) is created of vibrating movement along adjacent edges of the two colors Next to each other we tend to see color more intensely than when we see the colors separately "Twilight in the wilderness" The night cafe by Van Gogh

Motion

occurs when an object changes location or position •Because this process occurs as time passes, it is directly linked to time •To communicate it without actually making anything move, artists can choose to imply time or, alternatively, create the illusion of time

Subversive Texture

texture chosen or created by the artist to subvert or undermine our ideas about the objects they depict. Ex: Spoons covered in fur

Monochromatic colors

work that uses only one hue

Contour Line

•A contour is the outer edge or profile of an object •Contour lines can suggest a volume in space by giving us clues about the changing character of a surface Portrait of Artist's Wife

Color in Electronic Displays

•A digital display is illuminated by three different colored light cells, called phosphors •Uses primary colors of red, green, and blue (additive) •The electronic monitor turns a combination of phosphors on or off to produce the colors the designer wants •If the red and blue phosphors are on, the color on the display will be magenta •If all three of the primaries are on, the combination will result in white light •Complex combinations of these color lighting cells will result in millions of color possibilities "Wondrous Spring"

Linear Perspective

•A mathematical system that uses lines to create the illusion of depth in a two-dimensional artwork •Used by artists are based on observation of space in the world •Developed in detail by the fifteenth-century artist Leon Battista Alberti •The Italian Filippo Brunelleschi was the first artist to apply the theories of Alberti and others to create works of art using linear perspective. "A summer shower"

Form in Relief and in the Round

•A relief is a work in which forms project from a flat surface •It is designed to be viewed from one side only •A form in the round can be seen from all sides

Shape: Geometric and Organic Shapes

•A shape is a two-dimensional area the boundaries of which are defined by lines or suggested by changes in color or value •Shapes can be classified into two types: geometric and organic •Organic shapes are made up of unpredictable, irregular lines that suggest the natural world •A geometric shape is mathematically regular and precise

Isometric Perspective

•Arranges parallel lines diagonally in a work to give a sense of depth •Derives from the Greek meaning "equal measure" •It was particularly suitable for painting on scrolls, which can be examined only in sections Xu Yang, The Qianlong Emperor's Southern Inspection Tour Sims

Directional Line

•Artists can use line to direct a viewer's attention to a particular part of a work Goya, Third of May

Color in Design

•Artists who design images for commercial printing or to display on video screens take a different approach to color

Color and the Brain

•Color affects how we think and feel •Studies by psychologists show that color can affect human behavior •Advertisers can reach their audience better by knowing how people respond to color •Colors also have traditional symbolic values •Green has positive associations for Muslims •Confucius and Buddha wore yellow or gold •Jews and Christians associate the color blue with God

The Psychology of Color

•Color affects us physiologically because it alters our psyche •Artists understand that color affects the way we think and react to the world •There does appear to be some universal psychological associations to particular colors—for example, red may provoke feelings of passion or anger "The night Cafe"

Intro to color

•Color attracts our attention and excites our emotions •Our perceptions of color are personal and subjective •Ancient Greek philosophers speculated that color was not a state of matter but a state of mind •Color is determined by the wavelengths of light it reflects •The colors we see are those portions of the light spectrum that a surface fails to absorb, and reflects instead •Reflected light excites nerve cells that line the back of our eyes •Their nerve signals are reprocessed and interpreted as color in our brain

Definition and Function of Lines

•Connects two points •Defines the boundaries between planes •Defines shapes •Directs the viewer's eye •Conveys a sense of movement and energy

Atmospheric Perspective

•Distant objects lack contrast, detail, and sharpness of focus because the air that surrounds us is not completely transparent •The atmosphere progressively veils a scene as the distance increases

Hatching and Cross-Hatching

•Hatching consists of a series of lines, close to and parallel to each other •Cross-hatching (a variant of hatching in which the lines overlap) is used to suggest values that create a greater sense of form and depth

Three Dimensional Art

•Have height, width, and depth •Pyramids are an example •Possess four of the visual elements: form, volume, mass, and texture

Multi-Point Perspective

•If we are looking at an object from a position other than ground level, then we need points away from the horizon line and other variations on perspective •Many objects are made up of multiple angles that need even more vanishing points •The most common multiple-point perspective system is three-point perspective •A vanishing point is placed above or below the horizon line to accommodate a high or low angle of observation •Worm's-eye view: looking up •Bird's-eye view: looking down

Implied Shape

•Implied shapes are shapes we can see where no continuous boundary exists •Just as line can be implied, so too can shape At & T logo

Two- Dimensional Art

•Is flat •Has height and width, but not depth •Includes drawing, painting, graphic design, and printmaking

Brightness and Color

•Lighter areas seem to be closer as dark areas appear to recede •Especially true of color •We are more likely to think that a green that is very pure and intense is closer to us than a darker green Wreck of the Ole '97

Implied Line

•Line can be implied by a series of marks •Implied line gives us the impression we are seeing a line where there is no continuous mark •No actual solid line is present; just the idea of a line is created Scrolls

Lines to Express Freedom and Passion

•Lines can be irregular, reflecting the wildness of nature, chaos, and accident •Such lines—free and unrestrained—seem passionate and full of feelings that are otherwise hard to express Automatic drawing

Mass

•Mass suggests that something is solid and occupies space •Our perception of mass is derived from our imagination, our previous experience with smaller objects, and our understanding of the forces of nature •Mass can suggest weight in a three-dimensional object •Mass does not necessarily imply heaviness, only that a volume is solid and occupies space Colossal Olmec Heads

Color in Print

•Most of these images rely on four separate colors to create the range of colors that we see •Commercial printers use the primary colors cyan, magenta, and yellow, together with black •An image is scanned and separated into the four colors

Implied Motion

•Motion is implied when we do not actually see the motion happening, but visual clues tell us that it is a key aspect of the work "Apollo and Daphne" "Dog on a leash"

One-Point Perspective

•One-point perspective relies on a single vanishing point •Unless the viewer is situated in direct line of sight it is not as easy to see how the perspective creates the illusion of a recession of space •Uses a single vanishing point Masaccio holy trinity

Organic Form

•Organic forms are derived from living things •Irregular and unpredictable •Can be used for expressive effect Pieta and "Batman"

Our Perceptions of Color

•Our experiences of color are sometimes evocative or physical •Some colors are associated with emotional states •Blue is also associated with cold, and red with hot: an association known as color temperature •Because of color saturation, our eyes cannot fully comprehend all the colors we see, so our brain translates (or distorts) the incoming information •This is the basis of an illusion known as optical color

Perspective and the Illusion of Depth

•Raphael introduces two additional vanishing points into a one-point perspective composition •One vanishing point is positioned to the left of the central vanishing point •The right vanishing point is outside of the picture •Since the block in the center of the picture is turned at an angle, Raphael had to integrate another level of perspective into the work

Dimensions of Color: Saturation

•Refers to the purity or intensity of a color •Color in its purest state is its highest level of saturation •The less saturated a color is, the closer it is to gray •A red at the height of saturation is closest to its pure state in the spectrum •A pastel tone and a dark tone would each have a low saturation of color, but a grayed middle value of red would also have a low saturation of color •Not related to value. Barnett Newman, Vir Heroicus Sublimis

Geometric Form

•Regular forms, readily expressible in words or numbers •Cubes, spheres, cylinders, cones, and pyramids are simple examples Cubi XIX

Dimensions of Color: Value

•Relative lightness or darkness compared to another hue •Different colors of the same hue vary in terms of their value •There are light reds and dark reds •Tints are colors that are lighter than their basic hue •Shades are colors that are darker Mark Tansey: Picasso and Braque

Foreshortening

•Results when the rules of perspective are applied to represent unusual points of view •Especially applies to figures Albrecht Dürer, Draftsman Drawing a Recumbent Woman Andrea Mantegna, The Lamentation over the Dead Christ

Form

•Shapes are flat; forms are three-dimensional •Scale refers to the size of an object •Forms have two fundamental attributes: volume and mass 1.Volume is the amount of space a form occupies 2.Mass is the expression of solidity •Texture is the sensation of touching: Artists sometimes evoke our memory of touch •Materials can communicate ideas Great Sphinx of Giza

Time

•Since events necessarily take place over time, any artwork that deals with events must show how time goes by •Artists find ways to depict the passage of time and to remind us of its influence on our lives •Artists often seek to tell a story Kawara TODAY series Look over 1.5 outline

Natural Processes and the Passage of Time

•Some artists use biology and organic materials to create their artwork •Organic materials grow and degrade with the passage of time, so work by "bioartists"is always changing "Workhorse shoe" "The melting house"

Texture

•Texture is the tactile sensation we experience when we physically encounter a three-dimensional form •When we think of texture, we mostly rely on the impressions we receive from our hands •When we look at a surface we can imagine how its texture feels

Principles of Art

•The "grammar" of art •A set of rules an artist uses to organize his or her design

Elements of Art

•The basic vocabulary of art •Line is a fundamental element of art

CMYK Printing

•The color wheel for printing is referred as this •C cyan, M magenta, Y yellow, K black •An image is scanned and separated into the four colors •The image is re-created when the separated colors are printed in sequence, overlapping each other •The four colored inks are printed on paper as dots in a regular pattern ("screen") •The smaller the dot, the less of each color is printed •Because the pictures are divided into tiny dots of color, optical color mixing also plays a role in the control and perception of CMYK color

Communicative Line

•The directions of lines both guide our attention and suggest particular feelings •Vertical lines tend to communicate strength and energy •Horizontal lines can suggest calmness and passivity •Diagonal lines are associated with action, motion, and change Nike logo

Light and Color

•The primary colors cannot be mixed from any other two colors •Secondary colors are colors that can be mixed from two primary colors In the color wheel the secondary colors are located between the primary colors because they naturally fall between them in the visible spectrum •Colors of light and colors of pigment behave differently •There are two ways of working with color mixtures, known as subtractive and additive Mixed subtractive colors make a darker and duller color

Size, Overlapping, and Position

•The size of one shape compared to another often suggests that the larger object is closer to us •If one shape overlaps another, the shape in front seems to be closer •A shape lower in the picture plane appears to be closer "Great Wave"

Lines to Regulate and Control

•The variety of different types of line is virtually infinite •Whether straight or curved, a line can be regular and carefully measured •Regular lines express control and planning •Regulated line communicates objectivity and accuracy (Vertigo by Bochner)

Time and Motion in Photography

•The work of a photographer is deeplyconcerned with motion and time •Photographers move around their subject, choosing the right focus for the shot and putting the camera in the best position to capture the image they seek •A photograph freezes a moment in time Lange "Migrant mother"

M. C. Escher, Ascending and Descending

•Three distinct vanishing points •Two of the vanishing points are placed on the horizon line •One point is well below horizon line

Time and Motion intro

•Time and motion are closely linked elements in art •Most of the traditional art media are inherently motionless and timeless •Artists who work in static media have found imaginative ways to indicate the passage of time and the appearance of motion •New technology and media have evolved that allow artists to capture and express time and motion

Two-Point Perspective

•Uses two separate vanishing points •Relies on horizon line

Volume

•Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object •Architectural forms usually enclose a volume of interior space to be used for living or working

Color Temperature

•We associate color with temperature because of our previous experiences •Artists use such associations to communicate physical and emotional states •Color temperature is relative to the other colors nearby •Our perception of the temperature of a color can be altered if it is placed next to an analogous color Heat and Dust

Contrast

•When an artist uses two noticeably different states of an element, he or she is applying the principle of contrast •Strong differences in the state of an element can be a very useful effect for an artist to use •It is especially effective to use opposites OBEY Posters

Illusion of Motion

•When artists imply motion, we do not actually see it occurring •Artists can also communicate the idea of motion by creating an illusion of it •Artists create this illusion through visual tricks that deceive our eyes into believing there is motion as time passes, even though no actual motion occurs "Untitled"

Alternating Value and Texture

Artists intersperse value and visual texture to create a sense of rhythm

Expressive Aspects of Color

Artists sometimes want a viewer of a work to "feel" an artwork, rather than merely to understand it Color can express a wide range of emotions Artists can use color to engage the viewer "The yellow christ"

Perspective

Artists, architects, and designers who wish to suggest the illusion of depth on a two-dimensional surface use this •Isometric perspective uses parallels to communicate depth •Linear perspective relies on a system where lines appear to converge at points in space

Dimensions of Color

Basic colors of the spectrum Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet are... "Coffin in shape of a coca pod"

Optical Color

Colors our minds create based on the information we can perceive The Circus by Georges Seurat--Dots are so close you see different colors