Bio 111 Chapter 6

Tight junctions

form a barrier that prevents fluids from moving between cells

prokaryotic cells only

nucleoid

Chloroplast

-makes sugar by converting light energy into chemical energy -contain the green pigment called chlorophyll -have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma

Ribosomes

In bacteria, the _______ synthesize proteins (polypeptides).

Proteins synthesized by bound ribosomes

Lysosomal enzymes insulin ER protein

Lysosomes

Macromolecule digestion autophagy

Mitochondria

Produces ATP outer membrane & inner membrane

The pathway of secretory proteins

Protein synthesis cis Golgi Apparatus medial Golgi Apparatus trans Golgi Apparatus plasma membrane extracellular space

The relationship between ribosomes and a nucleus in a Eukaryotic cell

Ribosomes are first assembled in the nucleus, and the nucleus contains instructions for protein synthesis.

extracellular structures (plant cell walls and the extracellular matrix of animal cells)

Some extracellular structures provide for cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells. Extracellular structures can play a role in determining cell shape. Information can be transmitted from these extracellular structures to the cytoplasm. Proteins and carbohydrates are common components of extracellular structures.

Nucleoid

The ______ region contains DNA in a bacterial cell because bacteria lack a nucleus.

Protection

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

Gap junctions

allow for the passage of material between cells, thus facilitating communication between these cells.

Prokaryotic cells lack

any internal membranous compartmentalization

Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)

bind cells together in animals

Proteins that will be secreted are always enclosed by

by some membrane of the endomembrane system until they are secreted.

Cell fractionation

can be used to separate different organelles to study their function separate from the rest of the cell

Nuclear envelope

double membrane enclosing nucleus

nucleus

houses genetic material of cell (DNA)

Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are composed of ______.

microtubules

Both animal and plant organelles

nucleus mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Apparatus plasma membrane cytoskeleton

Central Vacuole

regulates cytoplasm composition creates internal pressure stores cell compounds

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organelles

ribosomes flagella plasma membrane

Plant Cell Wall

strong,protective structure made from cellulose fibrils

plasma membrane

the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes the leave the cell.

cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells

the contraction of muscle cells in animals maintaining the position of the nucleus in the cell determining the shape of animal cells the beating of cilia or flagella

mRNA

travel from nucleus to cytoplasm, carrying instructions for making specific proteins.

Smooth ER

lacks ribosomes synthesize lipids, poison detoxification, calcium ion storage

Extra cellular matrix

Holds the cells together

Eukaryotic only

Nucleolus Mitochodria Lysosome

Cell Wall

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

Fimbriae

_______ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

plant organelles only

cellulose cell wall chloroplast central vacuole

animal organelles only

centriole

Golgi Apparatus

cis to medial to trans protein modification cisternal maturation

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

Rough ER

covered in ribosomes protein synthesis

Transcription

the first of the two main steps in protein synthesis

cytoskeleton

the structural framework of the cell serve as tracks for transporting cargo