Bio 111 Chapter 6
Tight junctions
form a barrier that prevents fluids from moving between cells
prokaryotic cells only
nucleoid
Chloroplast
-makes sugar by converting light energy into chemical energy -contain the green pigment called chlorophyll -have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma
Ribosomes
In bacteria, the _______ synthesize proteins (polypeptides).
Proteins synthesized by bound ribosomes
Lysosomal enzymes insulin ER protein
Lysosomes
Macromolecule digestion autophagy
Mitochondria
Produces ATP outer membrane & inner membrane
The pathway of secretory proteins
Protein synthesis cis Golgi Apparatus medial Golgi Apparatus trans Golgi Apparatus plasma membrane extracellular space
The relationship between ribosomes and a nucleus in a Eukaryotic cell
Ribosomes are first assembled in the nucleus, and the nucleus contains instructions for protein synthesis.
extracellular structures (plant cell walls and the extracellular matrix of animal cells)
Some extracellular structures provide for cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells. Extracellular structures can play a role in determining cell shape. Information can be transmitted from these extracellular structures to the cytoplasm. Proteins and carbohydrates are common components of extracellular structures.
Nucleoid
The ______ region contains DNA in a bacterial cell because bacteria lack a nucleus.
Protection
What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?
Gap junctions
allow for the passage of material between cells, thus facilitating communication between these cells.
Prokaryotic cells lack
any internal membranous compartmentalization
Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)
bind cells together in animals
Proteins that will be secreted are always enclosed by
by some membrane of the endomembrane system until they are secreted.
Cell fractionation
can be used to separate different organelles to study their function separate from the rest of the cell
Nuclear envelope
double membrane enclosing nucleus
nucleus
houses genetic material of cell (DNA)
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are composed of ______.
microtubules
Both animal and plant organelles
nucleus mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Apparatus plasma membrane cytoskeleton
Central Vacuole
regulates cytoplasm composition creates internal pressure stores cell compounds
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organelles
ribosomes flagella plasma membrane
Plant Cell Wall
strong,protective structure made from cellulose fibrils
plasma membrane
the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes the leave the cell.
cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells
the contraction of muscle cells in animals maintaining the position of the nucleus in the cell determining the shape of animal cells the beating of cilia or flagella
mRNA
travel from nucleus to cytoplasm, carrying instructions for making specific proteins.
Smooth ER
lacks ribosomes synthesize lipids, poison detoxification, calcium ion storage
Extra cellular matrix
Holds the cells together
Eukaryotic only
Nucleolus Mitochodria Lysosome
Cell Wall
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?
Fimbriae
_______ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.
plant organelles only
cellulose cell wall chloroplast central vacuole
animal organelles only
centriole
Golgi Apparatus
cis to medial to trans protein modification cisternal maturation
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
Rough ER
covered in ribosomes protein synthesis
Transcription
the first of the two main steps in protein synthesis
cytoskeleton
the structural framework of the cell serve as tracks for transporting cargo