BIO 488 Final Exam

What does orexin do?

- regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite - innervate all components of the ARAS a - Strongly excites cells of the other modulatory neurotransmitttersystems - Promotes wakefulness and inhibits REM sleep

Which motor unit uses the most force? a. Fast fatigable b. Fast fatigue-resistant c. Slow d. All are equal

A. fast fatigable

What type of hormone action is exhibited during increased hippocampal spine density in adult female rats treated with estradiol?

Activational

What type of hormone action is exhibited during increased wheel running in female rats during proestrus

Activational

What brain region is highly invoilvedin fear, anger, and aggression?

Amygdala

Fusiform face/face blindness is related to which general sensory principle?

Association cortex

Hair cells are the sensory receptor for which system?

Audition

Contains neurofilaments so that proteins can carry neurotransmitters to their final destination

Axon

Stockpiles vesicles

Axon Terminal

Sums all of the EPSPs and IPSPs and if its above threshold decides to fire.

Axon hillock

You have a stimulating electrode in one cell and a recording electrode in a neighboring cell. When you stimulate the first cell, you simultaneously measure an EPSP in the second cell. These cells are most likely to have what kind of synapse?

Chemical synapse

What receives neurotransmitters and experiences EPSPs and IPSPs

Dendrites

PAG pathway down to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is related to which general sensory principle?

Descending regulation

What type of chemical signaling bests describes action through the bloodstream?

Endocrine

Ach transporter uses energy from Na+ to put Ach into vesicles.

False

Amino-acid neurotransmitters like GABA are neuropeptides.

False

Circadian rhythms are dependent on light and dark cycles

False

Efficacy is the amount of drug needed to produce an effect

False

Glutamate is always an excitatory neurotransmitter

False

In somatotropin maps, each area of the body is proportionaly represented compared to the actual size of that area of the body.

False

Photoreceptors have action potentials in the presence of light.

False

Red-green color blindness is more common in males because it is linked to the Y chromosome.

False

Spinothalamic information crosses over at the level of the thalamus.

False

Steroid sex hormones can acutely modulate neuron excitability by binding to nuclear receptors to change gene transcription

False

The central nervous system of an octopus consists of bundles of neurons called ganglion.

False

The hypothalamus contains groups of neurons, known as nuclei, that all serve the same function

False

The tongue map where specific tastes are only detected on certain parts of your tongue is factual and based on real science.

False

You measure Vm in a voltage clamp.

False

What ways do glial cells aid in neuronal communication?

Glial cells insulate axons which aid infester propagation of Action Potentials Glial cells aid in the reuptake of neurotransmitters which can influence how long messages are sent to different neurons. Glial cells destroy pathogens which ensures that neurons can continue to communicate efficiently

Which organelle aids neuropeptides being put into dense core vesicles?

Golgi apparatus

T1R2 + T1R3 are the sensory receptors for which system?

Gustation

What brain region is composed of pyramidal neurons that can be structurally modulated by estradiol and cortisol?

Hippocampus

What brain region maintains homeostasis by regulating the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system?

Hypothalamus

How could you increase action potential speed?

Insulating the axon (myelination)

You are investigating a neuron which rests at -78mV and discover three potential ions that contribute to its resting membrane potential. If Ion A's equilibrium potential is +45 mV, Ion B's equilibrium potential is -45mV, and Ion C's equilibrium potential is -85 mV; which ion would you expect the neuron to be more permeable to? a. Ion A b. Ion B c. Ion C d. the neuron is equally permeable to all three ions

Ion C

Using optogenetics, you insert membrane ion channels that are gated by light. What kind of ion channel would be best suited to make action potentials more likely?

Na+ channels

The process of making new neurons is called

Neurogenesis

Which of the following is true of rod photoreceptors? a. They generate action potentials b. They depolarize in response to light c. They operate only in high levels of light d. None of the above

None of the above

Receives signals via enzymatic signaling pathways to change ion channel expression.

Nucleus

Which cells myelinated neurons of the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes

Tonotopic map of frequency is related to which general sensory principle?

Orderly Representation

What type of hormone action is exhibited during testosterone exposure in newborn female rats leading to male sexual behaviors?

Organizational

What type of hormone action is exhibited when estradiol binds to estrogen receptors triggering the masculinization of the nervous system?

Organizational

Which one of these techniques images living tissue?

PET

P-type and M-type ganglion cells separate in LGN is related to which general sensory principle?

Parallel Processing

What brain region do axonal projections from the hypothalamus release hormones directly into blood circulation?

Posterior pituitary

What neuron property do K+ leak channels mostly influence?

Resting membrane potential

When during the action potential are voltage gated Na+ channels active and open?

Rising phase

What brain contains a collection of neurons within the hypothalamus that organize the clocks throughout the body?

SCN

Depolarization of taste cells by excess sodium is related to which general sensory principle?

Sensory transduction

Pacinian corpuscle is the sensory receptor for which system?

Somatosensation

Which of the following are true of electrical synapses?

Structurally, they include gap junctions with pores that provide a direct path from presynaptic cytoplasm to the postsynaptic cytoplasm

What brain region synchronizes oscillation patterns and neural rhythms acrosss different regions of the brain?

Thalamus

MGN receiving connection from inferior colliculus and sending a projection to primary auditory cortex is related to which general sensory principle?

Thalamus as a relay/processing station

A dose-response curve can be helpful to understand the functional relationship between drugs and their targets.q

True

An EEG can measure the synchronous activity of neurons to study sleep patterns, but cannot detect individual neuron activity

True

Autocrine signaling is best described a chemical action directly on the cell that released that signal.

True

L-dopa is given as a treatment for Parkinsons instead of dopamine because it can cross the blood brain barrier

True

Mechanosensory information can crossover at the level of the medulla not the spinal cord.

True

Mirror neuron is a term used for neurons that respond when a movement is imagined or observed.

True

The D1 dopamine receptor is a metabotropic receptor.

True

Which of the following is more involved in planning the specific movement to be made> a. Cerebellum b. Premotor cortex

b. Premotor cortex

The adenohypophesis is not part of the CNS

True

The nucleus accumbens is more involved in the appetitive phase of motivation where activation of the basal ganglia circuit is more involved in the consummatory phase

True

The presence of the SRY gene is necessary for the development of testes

True

The sodium-potassium transporter works against the concentration gradient.

True

You can measure miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents after application of TTX

True

What brain region contains axons that project all throughout the brain releasing dopamine?

VTA

Rhodopsin is the sensory receptor for which system?

Vision

The relative refractory period is when __________ and the absolute refractory period is when ______

Voltage-gated potasszium channels are open; voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated

Which of the following is ore involved in making decisions to initiate a movement? a. Basal ganglia b. Primary motor cortex

a. Basal ganglia

Which of the following compares sensory feedback with the motor command? a. Cerebellum b. Basal Ganglia

a. Cerebellum

You have a patient who is having trouble flexing their fingers. Where on the ventral horn of the spinal cord would you expect their lesson to be? a. Dorsal lateral b. Dorsal medial c. Ventral lateral D. Ventral medial

a. Dorsal lateral

You have a random mutation on synaptogamin protein but you're not sure which one. You run a few tests and see that vesicles are docked but you can't measure any NT release. Which process is the mutation most likely affecting? a. Synaptotgamin not detecting calcium b. V-SNARE is unable to latch with the T-SNARE c. Synaptogamin is not transporting NT into the vesicles d. Votage-gated sodium channels are not opening

a. Synaptotgamin is not detecting calcium

Which of the below statements is false about the SCN? a. the SCN determines the rhythms of the entire body, but if removed other nuclei of the hypothalamus will quickly take over this responsibility b. The SCN receives information from many environmental cues, including from specialized photoreceptor retinal ganglion cells in the visual system c. If the SCN is removed from a n animal, a donor SCN replacement will return the rhythm to that of the donor SCNs rhythm rather than the original rhythm of the recipient d. All of the above are ture

a. The SCN determines the rhythms of the entire body, but if removed other nuclei of the hypothalamus will quickly take over this responsibility

Which of the following is true of hair cells? a. Their release of neurotransmitter is calcium-dependent b. They generate Action potentials c. They express receptor proteins that bind to chemical stimuli from the environment. d. They are mechanically gated to allow the opening of the Na+ channels

a. Their release of neurotransmitter is calcium dependent

Which part of the auditory system is the beginning of the tonotopic map? a. basilar membrane b. Stapes c. midbrain d. pinna

a. basilar membrane

Which of the following has th strongest direct influence on Lower Motor Neurons? a. Primary motor cortex b. Brodmanns area 6

a. primary motor cortex

If the ____ muscle flexes, then the _____ muscle extends

agonist, antagonist

Which of the following receive more input from the prefrontal cortex? a. Cerebellum b. Basal ganglia

b. Basal ganglia

Which sensory system stays entirely ipsilateral from receptor cells to the primary cortex? a. Vision b. Gustation c. Audition d. Somatosensation

b. Gustation

At the fovea there are ____ a. more rods than cones b. more cones than rods c. neither rods or cones d. equal amounts of cones and rods

b. More cones than rods

Which of the following is true about chemical synapses? a. They allow for direct current flow from one neuron to another b. Perisynaptic glial cells can aid in their function c. Only one type of NT is released within a chemical synapse d. Electrical signals are transferred from a presynaptic and postsynaptic cell via the synaptic cleft

b. perisynaptic glial cells can aid in their functions

If a sound comes at you from your left, which livery neuron will the sound reach from both ears at the same time? a. The left most b. The right most c. The middle d. None of the neurons will receive the signal at the same time

b. the right most

Which neurotransmitter is released through the bitterness pathway? a. Serotonin b. Glutamate c. ATP d. Dopamine

c. ATP

Which statement is true about bipolar cell receptive fields? a. Glutamate is always excitatory b. The direct and indirect pathways have the same effects on bipolar cells c. For ON-center cells, shining light on the direct pathway only will lead to more glutamate release from the bipolar cell d. Horizontal cells release ACh e. All the above

c. For ON-center cells, shining light on the direct pathways only will lead to more glutamate release from the bipolar cell

Which of the following is the best example of the appetitive phase? a. Eating ice cream b. Seeing ice cream in a commercial and wanting to eat some c. Walking to your freezer to look for ice cream d. Purchasing ice cream each week as a regular grocery list item

c. Walking to your freezer to look for ice cream

What determines tau? a. The Zeitgeber light b. Whether you are a morning person or night owl c. Clock genes such as PER1/2 and CRY D. none of the above

c. clock genes such as PER1/2 and CRY

Which statement best explains the role of dopamine in feeding motivation? a. it increases the amount of food consumed in one sitting b. it reduces food-seeking behavior c. it increases the craving for food d. It makes the sensation of eating food more pleasurable

c. it increases the craving for food

What is false about alpha motor neurons? a. Recruiting more motor units strengthens contractions b. They vary in speed of contraction and fatigability c. Small motor unit size is better for fine motor control d. A single alpha motor neuron can innervate multiple muscle groups

d. A single alpha motor neuron can innervate multiple muscle groups

In the acetylcholine life cycle, ____ is used to get acetylcholine into the vesicle a. Choline transporter b. AchE c. ChAT d. ACh transporter

d. ACh transporter

How is estradiol influencing auditory processing in the NCM of songbirds ( association cortex)? a. Increasing firing rate during song b. Partly working through the GPER1 receptor but only in males c. Changing the predictability of when neurons fire during song d. All of the above

d. All of the above

In the presence of light, photoreceptors _____ a. hyperpolarize b. Convert cGMP to GMP c. Decrease neurotransmitter release d. All the above

d. All the above.

Which statement is false about the primary visual cortex? a. It has orientation selectivity b. It has directional selectivity c. Blobs meidate color vision d. It has selectivity to faces

d. It has selectivity to faces

Alcohol can _______ a. decrease myelination in the frontal lobe b. aid in overdose with other drugs that bind to GABA-A receptors c. up regulate glutamate receptors with chronic/regular use d. all of the above

d. all of the above

What major shift occurred between the classic and modern view of the divisions in brain development and the roles of the cerebral cortex? a. Classic view saw deeper structures as controlling only instinctual behaviors where the modern view divides the brain by embryonic origins and see both deep and superficial as having roles in complex and instinctual behaviors. b. For avian brains, most of the cerebrum became pallium in the modern view from striatum in the classic view. c. Cortex used to only be defined by columnar structures for organization of neurons but now the modern view sees that "cortical" regions can be organized in different ways. d. All of the above

d. all of the above

Where would you find "grandmother cells"? a. ventral stream b. dorsal stream c. medial temporal lobe. d. both a and c e. both b and c

d. both the ventral stream and the medial temporal lobe

Which of the following statement is true about dual estrogen action in motivation and performance behaviors? a. Estradiol binding to membrane estrogen receptors rapidly facilitate consummatory or performance behaviors. b. Estradiol binding to nuclear estrogen receptors facilitate appetitive or motivation behaviors. c. Estradiol binding to membrane estrogen receptors rapidly facilitate appetitive or motivation behaviors. d. Estradiol binding to nuclear estrogen receptors facilitate consummatory or performance behaviors e. both a and b. f. both c and d.

f. both c and d