BIO1114 Final Exam part 2
Which of the following is an important invasive species?
Zebra mussel
Rh incompatibility is due to an immune reaction in a pregnant woman to which of the following?
a foreign antigen on red blood cells
An ion is an atom that has
a net negative or positive charge, with the number of electrons different from the number of protons
the three major components in a nucleotide are
a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
In order for a cell to become cancerous, oncogenes must be ________, or tumor suppressors must be ________.
activated; inactivated
In a molecule of DNA, hydrogen bonds hold together the two strands, such as hydrogen bonds that form when
adenine pairs with thymine.
The four nitrogen bases found in RNA are
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil.
Mitochondria are proposed to have arisen after host cells engulfed __________ in endosymbiosis.
aerobic bacteria
Antigens attached to harmless substances found in food, dust mites, pollen, fur, and some oils in plants that elicit an immune attack are called
allergens.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric N2 into
ammonium.
The primary building block (monomer) of proteins is
an amino acid.
In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate during
anaphase I.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are produced by the
anterior pituitary gland.
In the human endocrine system, the hormone prolactin is produced by the __________ and targets the __________.
anterior pituitary; mammary glands
Which of the following is part of the adaptive, rather than the innate, immune response?
antibody production
A Y-shaped protein that proliferates in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n)
antibody.
A three-base sequence, found on the bottom loop of tRNA, that is complementary to a sequence of three bases in mRNA is a(n)
anticodon.
The hormone that promotes conservation of water in the human endocrine system is
antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Alternate forms of the same gene
are alleles.
Linked genes
are found on the same chromosome.
Peptide hormones
are typically water-soluble and bind to receptors that extend from the plasma membrane of the target cell.
In an ionic bond
atoms, having gained or lost electrons, attract one another with opposite charges.
Which of the following is caused by a vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency?
beriberi
In the biology lab, you observe animal cells under a microscope. In one slide you see the nucleus with two nucleolus areas of compact chromatin. The value in packaging DNA in tighter forms of chromatin is for
both DNA mobility and protection and regulation in mitosis and transcription.
a male expresses
both dominant and recessive alleles on his X chromosome.
Observing a patient in the hospital, you notice that the patient requests extra food at most meals, but has a low BMI and housekeeping frequently finds vomit on towels in the patient's room. You would diagnose
bulimia.
In eukaryotic cells, how can a single gene encode for more than one protein?
by removing different combinations of introns
The human parathyroid gland regulates which of the following in blood?
calcium
The 5' and 3' designations used in reference to DNA and RNA sequences are assigned to the
carbon atoms of deoxyribose and ribose
Lipid-soluble steroid hormones are synthesized from
cholesterol.
In a process called __________, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from stimulated B cells.
clonal selection
In the biology lab, you observed that your lab partner's blood type is AB. The placement of the A and B molecules on each cell is controlled by proteins, coded by different versions of the same gene. Having both is an example of
codominant inheritance.
A type of symbiosis in which one member of the relationship benefits with no effect on the other is
commensalism.
Prednisone would be most similar to which of the following?
cortisol
Among enzymes required for DNA replication, ligases are needed to form ______ bonds between nucleotides to join DNA segments.
covalent
Within a single molecule of water, as shown, ____ bonds are formed between oxygen and hydrogen.
covalent
Which of the following may occur in meiosis but not in mitosis?
crossing-over
Recombinant chromatids have a mix of paternal and maternal alleles due to
crossing-over between the linked genes
In __________, bacteria return nitrogen to the atmosphere by converting nitrates to N2.
denitrification
If a sperm cell combines with an egg cell, then the result is a
diploid cell.
By ignoring a checkpoint in the cell cycle, a cancer cell may
divide before its DNA is completely replicated.
Mendel observed that some genetic traits seemed to mask others in the pea plants. The masking trait is referred to as the
dominant trait.
The three main regions of the human small intestine proceeding in sequence from the stomach to the large intestine are
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Inheritance of autosomal dominant disorders require ___ to pass on the allele, while inheritance of autosomal recessive disorders require ___ to pass on the allele for it to be expressed in the offspring.
either the mother or the father; both the mother and the father
A visiting scientist is introduced to you, and has a current project studying initiation, elongation, and termination. As a result, you know she is studying
either transcription or translation.
The function of bile is to
emulsify fats.
A phagocyte is a cell that
engulfs other cells and debris.
The "background" species extinction rate
estimates how quickly species disappeared before human intervention.
Which hormones are primary endocrine products of the ovaries?
estrogen and progesterone
In a process called __________, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilize algae in the water, resulting in algal blooms.
eutrophication
In the water cycle, animals return water to the environment by
evaporation and urination.
The role of the enzyme telomerase is to
extend telomeres, which enables cells to continuously divide.
Crossing-over is more likely to separate genes on a chromatid if they are
far apart.
Which hormone deficiency would lead to a female that is not ovulating?
follicle-stimulating hormone
In addition to eutrophication in lakes, which process is being caused by excess nutrients in rivers?
formation of the seasonal dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico
White blood cells are produced
from bone marrow stem cells
Which of the following is(are) not part of the human endocrine system?
gallbladder
Sister chromatids are
genetically identical and attached to each other at the centromere.
Which of the following hormones helps the body during long-term stress?
glucocorticoids
A person who lives in an area where food is severely deficient in iodine may have a __________, which presents with a swollen thyroid gland.
goiter
A person suffering from acromegaly produces too much __________ as a(n) __________.
growth hormone; adult
The primary cause of biodiversity loss is
habitat destruction.
If any of the traits that Mendel worked with had been due to linked genes, his dihybrid crosses would have
had different results
Greenhouse gases, such as CO2 block __________ and can contribute to climate change.
heat escape from Earth.
During DNA replication, the enzyme that unwinds and separates the DNA double-helical molecule is
helicase.
Chromosomes that look alike and carry the same sequence of genes for the same traits, such as these shown from two parents, are
homologous chromosomes.
Sugars like glucose (C6H12O6) dissolve well in water because sugars form ____ bonds with water.
hydrogen
in DNA, the "rungs" between the two strands of DNA are formed from the
hydrogen bonds between nitrogen base pairs.
Which of the following would result in elevated heart rate?
hyperthyroidism
All of the glands in the vertebrate endocrine system are regulated by the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
A Barr body is a(n
inactive X chromosome.
Which of the following would elevate melatonin secretion?
increase darkness exposure time
If you were working on a comatose patient suffering from extreme hypoglycemia, you would try to find the cause by asking a friend of the patient if they knew of a history of either
insufficient carbohydrate intake or too much insulin production.
The correct sequence for the phases of the cell cycle, starting with a newly divided cell, is
interphase - mitosis - cytokinesis
In eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle is divided into two main phases in which the cell spends most of its time and metabolic energy. These two phases are
interphase and mitosis.
To be considered __________, an introduced species must begin breeding in its new location and spread widely from its point of introduction
invasive
The process by which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material
is crossing-over.
If you radioactively labeled antidiuretic hormone (ADH), where would you expect to find the radioactivity after the hormone had been allowed to circulate?
kidneys
The adrenal glands are found at the top of the
kidneys.
The main site of water and mineral absorption in the human digestive system is the
large intestine.
Which of Mendel's laws states that two alleles separate during the formation of gametes?
law of segregation
During DNA replication, the lagging strand is synthesized by forming Okazaki fragments. The enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments together is
ligase.
B cells and T cells are
lymphocytes.
Which of the following exhibit phagocytic activity?
macrophages and neutrophils
The hormone oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and stored by the posterior pituitary gland, which also releases it into the bloodstream. Oxytocin binds to receptors in the
mammary glands and uterus.
At the end of the Cretaceous period, a mass extinction occurred and coincided with the impact of a large asteroid that hit Earth near the Yucatán peninsula; this impact likely produced __________, which created uninhabitable conditions.
massive volumes of debris that blocked out sunlight
Immunological memory results from the production of
memory B cells and memory cytotoxic T cells.
In clonal selection, activated T helper cells divide and differentiate into __________ cells and into __________ cells that help activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells.
memory; effector
The eukaryotic cell will complete the ______ portion of the cell cycle to ______.
mitosis; divide the replicated chromosomes before the cell splits into two daughter cells
A type of symbiosis in which both species benefit is
mutualism.
The total of all the resources, both biotic and abiotic, a species exploits for its survival, growth, and reproduction is its
niche.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, in the roots of soybeans, help provide a source of nitrogen to the plants. In exchange, the bacteria obtain food from the plants. The bacteria are converting
nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonium (NH4).
An amino acid contains a structural "backbone" chain of
nitrogens and carbons.
The primary building block (monomer) of nucleic acids is
nucleotide.
A single strand of DNA consists of covalently bonded building blocks called
nucleotides.
A group of prokaryotic genes that are controlled together is a(n)
operon.
Commercial fisheries are increasingly focusing on catching smaller fish like anchovies because of __________ large predatory fishes.
overexploitation of
Water has unique properties which include its strength as a solvent; its three environmental stages of solid, liquid, and gas; and its temperature regulation. These properties are due to polar covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen. The polar covalent bonds are a result of
oxygen being more electronegative and therefore attracting more electrons than hydrogen.
Which of the following hormones is released by the posterior pituitary gland?
oxytocin
Which of the following can be a target of an autoimmune disease but is not considered to be part of the immune system?
pancreas
The endocrine gland that controls homeostasis in terms of blood glucose levels is the
pancreas.
You are shown an example of two organisms in a relationship, in which one lives on the other. The organism living on the other benefits from nutritional resources, while the organism being lived upon is harmed. This is an example of
parasitism.
The endocrine gland that produces hormones that help regulate blood calcium is the
parathyroid gland.
If you didn't consume enough niacin (vitamin B3), you would have diarrhea since you would have what disease?
pellagra
In the human digestive system, __________ is the rhythmic smooth muscle contractions that aid in moving food along the system.
peristalsis
Chloroplasts are proposed to have arisen after host cells engulfed __________ in endosymbiosis, allowing the engulfed cell to remain, with specialized function.
photosynthetic bacteria
The endocrine gland that produces melatonin is the
pineal gland.
In humoral immunity, cells that are produced by activated B cells and function by secreting antibodies are called
plasma cells.
Any chemical, physical, or biological change in the environment that harms living organisms is called
pollution.
In biology lab, your class counts the number of people with different colors of hair and eyes. Your instructor says that these traits are variable and difficult to trace in each family. The reason is that these two traits depend on more than one gene, and are called
polygenic.
Meiosis is a process used for
production of gametes.
An embryo fish in its egg cannot survive outside the egg because it has underdeveloped tissues and organs needed for survival. The embryo has a large number of cells undergoing mitosis for the purpose of
production of new cells that can differentiate and specialize for different functions.
Apoptosis is the process of
programmed cell death.
in meiosis, homologous chromosomes align next to one another during
prophase I.
The mass number is defined as the total number of __________ of an atom.
protons and neutrons
The atomic number of an element is the number of
protons in the nucleus
You have an opportunity in biology lab to observe the prepared, stained karyotypes of a stallion, a mare, and their foal offspring horses. Banding patterns of some of the autosomes from the foal match those of the stallion, while others from the foal match those of the mare. This variability is produced in meiosis due to
random orientation of chromosome pairs
In examining water samples preserved in glass jars over the last century, you notice a steadily declining pH. What is the most likely general explanation?
rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels leading to gradual acidification
Which of the following is caused by a vitamin C deficiency?
scurvy
The showy feathers of a male peacock versus the plain feathers of a female peacock is an example of
sexual dimorphism
Antlers on a male deer and the lack of antlers on a female deer are examples of
sexual dimorphism.
In a covalent bond, atoms
share electrons
After replication, in eukaryotic cells, the identical copies of the chromosome are each called a
sister chromatid.
The normal pH of rainfall is
slightly acidic, pH 5.6
If a chromosome in one of your bone cells becomes mutated, you will not pass this mutation on to your children because
somatic cells cannot undergo meiosis.
Which of the following is the large lymphoid organ in the abdomen that produces and stores large amounts of white blood cells?
spleen
The step of translation in which release factors bind to a stop codon is
termination.
In humans, germ cells are located in the
testes and ovaries.
It is thought that eukaryotes probably originated about __________ years ago.
1.5 billion
Given this information from one element in the periodic table of elements, the number of neutrons plus protons is
14, which is approximately the same as the atomic weight
Which of the following RNA strands is complementary to the DNA sequence 5'-ATCGATCG-3'?
3'-UAGCUAGC-5'
It is thought that the first cells probably arose about __________ years ago.
3.85 billion
Mendel's monohybrid cross of Tt parents resulted in a tall-to-short ratio of
3:1.
Morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI (body mass index) of at least
40.
Since the 1950s, __________ of the ocean's large predatory fishes have disappeared.
90%
What is an example of adaptive cell-mediated immunity?
A cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell.
Hanlon, Naud, and their colleagues analyzed DNA among mating males and fertilized eggs of Sepia apama cuttlefish, after mating had been observed. Examine their results in this figure. Which conclusion is supported by these results?
A male guarding a female 20 to 40 minutes from subsequent mating attempts of other males is the most successful behavior.
What would be the first codon translated in the mRNA sequence 5'-GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC-3'?
AUG
Mitochondria are proposed to have evolved before chloroplasts based on which observation?
All eukaryotes have mitochondria, but not all eukaryotes have chloroplasts.
A behavior that can increase reproductive success of an individual male in a species is
All of the answer choices are correct.
A nutrient is a substance that an organism uses for
All of the answer choices are correct.
Carbon returns to the atmosphere
All of the answer choices are correct.
Decomposers
All of the answer choices are correct.
Evidence supporting the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts in present-day cells originated as independent organisms includes
All of the answer choices are correct.
Identify the correct comparison between the human X and Y chromosomes.
All of the answer choices are correct.
Insulin
All of the answer choices are correct.
Lipid-soluble hormones
All of the answer choices are correct.
Meiosis is a process that produces
All of the answer choices are correct.
Nondisjunction may cause
All of the answer choices are correct.
RNA differs from DNA in that
All of the answer choices are correct.
The mass extinction of the Permian period
All of the answer choices are correct.
Genotype refers to
the combination of alleles in an individual.
Which of the following is an advantage of birds traveling in flocks
An individual bird's chance of being eaten by a predator is diminished.
Photosynthesis probably originated during the __________ eon, and most likely used __________ as an electron donor.
Archean; hydrogen sulfide
What is the relationship between CO2 and global temperature, according to the data on the graph below?
As CO2 increases sharply global temperature increases sharply
the central dogma refers to
the flow of genetic information in cells, from a gene sequence in DNA to a specific protein.
An increase in the surface temperature of Earth, caused by heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere, is known as
the greenhouse effect.
How is tropical deforestation linked to climate change?
Burning the forests releases carbon dioxide, and transpiration by trees is diminished.
You collect and measure samples of ice and surrounding liquid water from a stream in the winter. You find that you collected the same number of water molecules in each form. The volume of the ice samples are larger than the liquid water samples. This is a result of
the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules being in a fixed position that increases the volume and decreases the density of the ice.
Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include A. tear fluid from the eye. B. the acidity of the stomach. C. All of the above D. mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract. E. an unpunctured skin.
C. all of the above
Why would a cancer cell need to induce angiogenesis?
Cancer cells depend on a large blood supply.
Some scientists predict that as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase, the pH of the oceans will drop, thus threatening coral and organisms within shells. What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?
Carbon dioxide combines with water to form an acid.
Primitive reptiles first appeared during the __________ period.
Carboniferous
Of the following statements, which does not correlate a type of RNA with its function?
Complementary RNA reorders the amino acids in a protein to ensure their correct sequence.
In eukaryotic cells, if you compared the DNA sequence of a gene with the sequence of the processed mRNA that was transcribed from the gene you would find
the mRNA is shorter because it does not contain introns.
phenotype refers to
the observable expression of the genes in an individual.
In the lac operon, the protein that binds to the operator to prevent transcription is
the repressor.
At a given locus, homologous chromosomes have
the same genes but can have different alleles.
Mutations are usually rare, because
DNA polymerase quickly corrects mismatched nucleotide base pairs
Why does a replication fork have a leading and lagging strand?
DNA synthesis always goes from 5' to 3'.
The first amphibians appeared during the __________ period.
Devonian
How does fever help fight infection as part of the innate defense? A. Fever reduces the iron level in the blood, thereby retarding the growth of some bacteria. B. Fever kills some bacteria. C. Fever inactivates (kills) some viruses. D. Fever speeds up the rate of phagocytosis. E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Why does sexual reproduction produce more genetic variability in a population than asexual reproduction?
In addition to the variation that meiosis creates, fertilization mixes parental genetics.
Insulin is a peptide hormone. Which of the following would occur in a muscle cell exposed to insulin?
Intracellular second messenger molecule levels would increase.
Which scientist is given credit for proposing the endosymbiont theory?
Lynn Margulis
The nucleotides called pyrimidines include
thymine and cytosine.
Jawless fishes were the first vertebrates to leave fossil evidence during the __________ period.
Ordovician
Placental mammals appeared during the __________ period.
Paleogene
A diploid cell only has two copies of most genes, but can make hundreds of copies of a protein from those genes per second because
transcription can repeat and make multiple mRNA copies of genes, and multiple ribosomes can translate the same mRNA.
Which proteins initiate transcription in eukaryotes by recognizing sequences within the promoter region of a gene and attracts RNA polymerase?
transcription factors
The process used by cells to convert the mRNA "message" into a sequence of amino acids is
translation.
The amniote egg, in which an embryo could develop completely on dry land, arose during the __________ period.
Permian
The first energy shell of an atom has one orbital. Therefore, it can contain a maximum of ________ electron(s).
two
Diploid (2n) means having
two complete sets of homologous chromosomes.
In meiosis I, cytokinesis usually occurs after telophase I and produces
two haploid cells.
If a patient has high blood sugar characterized with insulin resistance, they are diagnosed with
type 2 diabetes.
Some scientists predict that as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase, plant growth will also increase. What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?
Plants consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.
Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. How is your body able to raise antibodies against so many new forms of the flu virus?
Recombination of the gene used to make antibodies leads to variability.
In what phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated?
S phase of interphase