Biology II Exam #3 Review
What is a chain of round bacteria called?
Streptococci
___________ is the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships.
Systematics
Protists have various means of locomotion; they move by all of the following means EXCEPT:
by mycelium.
Phylogenetic systematics produce branching diagrams called:
cladograms
Some protists consist of a single cell with multiple nuclei. This condition is known as:
coenocytic
Sea snakes, which are reptiles, are similar in body form to eels, which are fish. Sea snakes and eels therefore demonstrate:
convergent evolution
Due to our increasing ability to analyze DNA sequences and other molecular data of organisms, scientists are more often classifying organisms by their:
evolutionary history.
In vertical gene transfer, genes move from one species to another species in the same generation (T or F)
false
Which of the following is a vascular plant?
fern
Small hairlike structures made up of protein on the surface of bacteria are called:
fimbriae.
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor is known as:
phylogeny
The gametophyte generation of ferns is the:
prothallus
Coralline forms of which group of protists are ecologically important in the formation of coral reefs?
red algae
What do ferns lack?
seeds
The novel traits that evolve and remain present in a descendant organism are referred to as ___________________.
shared derived characters
What does ssDNA stand for?
single-stranded DNA
At what stage of a lytic infection are phage components put together to make new viruses?
Assembly
Which of the following are rod-shaped bacteria?
Bacilli
The haploid portion of the life cycle is called the _______________ because it gives rise to haploid gametes by mitosis.
Gametophyte generation
Which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive?
Genus
Refer to the accompanying figure. Whuch statement about about label 1 is FALSE?
It is part of the sporophyte generation
What is a prophage?
It is phage DNA that is integrated into bacterial DNA
Scientific names are typically derived from the root of which language?
Latin
When two Gametes fuse, the diploid portion of the life cycle is called
sporophyte generation
Viroids cause a variety of plant diseases and are composed only of:
strands of RNA
Peptidoglycan consists of:
sugars crosslinked with proteins.
The science of naming, describing and classifying organisms
taxonomy
Based on the accompanying table, which of the following characteristics are used to establish the family level of classification for corn? Plantae Terrestrial, multicellular, photosynthetic organisms Anthophyta Vascular plants with flowers, fruits, and seeds Monocotyledones Monocots. Flowering plants with one seed leaf (cotyledon) and f Flower parts in threes Commelinales Monocots with reduced flower parts, elongated leaves, and dry one-seeded fruits Poaceae Grasses with hollow stems; fruit, a grain; and abundant endosperm in seed Zea Tall annual grass with separate female and male flowers mays Only one species in genus—corn
A grass with hollow stems
Which statement describes a temperate virus?
A temperate virus does not always destroy its host
Which statement describes a virulent phage?
A virulent phage destroys bacteria.
What is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants?
Antheridium
Which type of protist is responsible for malaria in humans, parasitic to both humans and mosquitoes?
Apicomplexans
Which type of protist is responsible for malaria in humans, parasitic to both humans and mosquitos?
Apicomplexans
Most protists are:
Aquatic
Prokaryotes divide using a process called________.
Binary fission
__________ are divided into three distinct phyla: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Bryophytes
_______________ are the only living nonvascular plants.
Bryophytes
How do bacteria move?
By means of a rotating flagella
How are viruses classified?
By their host range and other characteristics
What is the protein coat of a virus called?
Capsid
What commercial product is derived from the processing of red algae?
Carrageenan
Which of the following is a characteristic shared between green algae and plants?
Chlorophylls a and b plastids
____________ are collared flagellates in the unikont clade, which also includes fungi and animals.
Choanoflagellates
_____________ are collared flagellates in the unikont clade, which also includes fungi and animals.
Choanoflagellates
Which protist group is characterized by having a micronucleus and a macronucleus?
Ciliates
A group of organisms with a common ancestor
Cladogram
Which of the following taxa would be the most inclusive?
Class
The arrangement of organisms based on similarities that show evolutionary relationships
Classification
Which algal group contains individuals that are typically unicellular and form siliceous shells?
Diatoms
Members of which group are known to form blooms known as red tides?
Dinoflagellates
Which classification level contains the greatest number of species?
Domain
Arrange the appropriate names for each Linnaean categories in hierarchical fashion from the most inclusive to the least inclusive
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
___________ are organisms that have nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles.
Eukarya
A paraphyletic group consists of several evolutionary lines that do not share a common ancestor (T or F)
False
After a moss spore germinates, it forms a prothallus (T or F)
False
Amoebozoans move by means of flagella (T or F)
False
An emerging virus is one that that is not new to a population or that is rapidly increasing in incidence (T or F)
False
Bacteria protect themselves from bacteriophage infections by producing restriction enzymes that cut up foreign RNA of the phage (T or F)
False
Bacterial chemoautotrophs use organic chemicals as an energy source (T or F)
False
Bacteriophages attach to the cell walls of bacteria by envelope proteins (T or F)
False
Club mosses belong to the phylum Bryophyta (T or F)
False
Gram-negative cell walls have an outer membrane that contains lipids and peptidoglycans (T or F)
False
In plants, sporogenous cells divid by mitosis to from spores (T or F)
False
In plants, sporogenous cells divide by mitosis to form spores. (T or F)
False
Land plants are thought to have arisen most directly from a red algal ancestor (T or F)
False
Mammalia is a class the contains many phyla (T or F)
False
Mosses have stems, roots, and leaves (T or F)
False
Red tides are caused by red algae (T or F)
False
The nucleic acid core of a virus is not surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid (T or F)
False
The nucleic acid core of the virus is not surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid (T or F)
False
Transformation, conjugation, and transduction are forms of vertical gene transfer for prokaryotes (T or F)
False
Xylem is a vascular tissue that conducts dissolved sugars (T or F)
False
What is the translation of "pseudopodia," a characteristic of the amoebas?
False feet
The sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant?
Fronds
Which group of protists are unicellular and form a significant portion of the nanoplankton?
Golden Algae
The structure in the accompanying figure labeled as 4 is:
Haploid
At what stage of the lysogenic cycle would a prophage appear?
Integration
Which statement about an F factor is FALSE?
It is found in recipient cells, not donor cells
Meiosis occurs forming spores within which of the following?
Sporangium
Pseudopodia are used by Amoeba for ingesting food as well as for:
Locomotion
_________ occurs in the capsule and produces haploid spores.
Meiosis
Which eukaryotic organelles likely arose from symbiotic relationships between larger cells and bacteria?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
When a virus penetrates the host plasma membrane and moves into the cytoplasm it is called:
Penetration
Which of the following typically occurs all at once and results in rapid cell lysis?
Phage release
What are the viruses that attack bacteria?
Phages
The evolution of a group of organisms from a common ancestor
Phylogeny
After kingdom, what is the next taxon by which organisms are grouped?
Phylum
What are the small circles of DNA that exist within the bacterial cytoplasm in addition to the bacterial chromosome?
Plasmids
_______________ are those that have been almost eradicated and then suddenly recur, causing an epidemic.
Re-emerging viruses
Within ciliates, what do the micronuclei control?
Reproduction
_______________ are RNA viruses that have a DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase, which transcribes the RNA genome into a DNA intermediate.
Retroviruses
What are subviral agents that depend on co-infection of a host cell with a helper virus?
Satellites
Choose the best match for the definition.
Taxonomy: The science of naming, describing and classifying organisms Classification: The arrangement of organisms into groups based on similarities that show evolutionary relationships Cladogram: A group of organisms with a common ancestor Systematics: The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships Phylogeny: The evolution of a group of organisms from a common ancestor
Briefly describe the distinction between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Describe a laboratory test that would show this difference.
The Gram-positive cell wall has a thick layer of peptidoglycan molecules that is held together by amino acids, and the Gram-positive bacteria absorb and retain crystal violet stain. The Gram-negative cell has a thin layer of peptidoglycan is covered by an outer membrane, and Gram-negative bacteria do not retain the stain. A labratory test that would show this difference would be the following: A scientist would inject the cell wall of an organism with crystal violet stain. If the crystal violet stain was retained in the cell wall when rinsed with alcohol the scientists would know it was Gram-positive. If the cell wall didn't retain the crystal violet stain, the scientist would know it was Gram-negative.
Describe the relationship of the genus and species taxa.
They are both rankings of the biological classification of organims. Species is a group of organisms that interbreed and produce offspring, while genus is several groups of closely related species.
What is the purpose of phage therapy?
To target specific bacteria in the body and destroy them
What is the purpose of sex pili?
To transmit DNA between bacteria
A virus is a very small infective agent that consists of a core of nucleic acid and is dependent on a living host (T or F)
True
Bacterial plasmids often have genes that code for genetic exchange or antibiotic resistance (T or F)
True
Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact (T or F)
True
Dolphins share synapomorphies with mammals (T or F)
True
Horizontal gene transfer greatly contributes to the rapid evolution that takes place in prokaryotes (T or F)
True
In algae, gametangia are generally unicellular (T or F)
True
Lytic reproductive cycles destroy host cells (T or F)
True
Retroviruses have a DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase, which transcribes the RNA genome into a DNA intermediate (T or F)
True
Some elongated fimbria are important in transferring DNA between bacteria (T or F)
True
Systematists use phylogenetic trees to graphically represent hypothesized evolutionary relationships among organisms (T or F)
True
The archaeplastids include the red algae and the green algae (T or F)
True
The dense cytoplasm of the prokaryote contains ribosomes and storage granules (T or F)
True
The immunodeficiency virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is an enveloped virus (T or F)
True
The number of similarities in certain DNA or RNA nucleotide or amino acid sequences may be used as a molecular clock to indicate how much time has passed since the groups branched from a common ancestor (T or F)
True
The similarity between the bodies of sharks and dolphins is an example of convergent evolution (T or F)
True
What is a very small infective agent that consists of a core of nucleic acid and is dependent on a living host?
Virus
Which statement about viruses is FALSE?
Viruses can manufacture proteins
Which characteristic defines a virus?
Viruses cannot metabolize
A new species of beetle is discovered. Explain how you would classify this beetle (for example, what steps would you take to classify the new species).
When examining the new beetle discovered, It would need to be placed into particular taxa based on ancestry. I would gather all available information about this new species to see where the species evolved from. This would not necessarily be based on certain features, rather it would be based on recent ancestors. You can also identify organisms by molecular structure. All of the information could be placed into a phylogenetic tree/ cladogram to represent its classification.
Which vascular tissue is responsible for conducting water and disolved minerals in plants?
Xylem
Which are the symbiotic dinoflagellates, which live in the bodies of marine invertebrates such as corals?
Zooxanthellae
Scientists using evolutionary systematics to construct a phylogenetic tree would use:
a combination of ancestral and derived characters.
The term "clade" most closely refers to:
a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor
The term "clade" most closely refers to
a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor.
Humans, as well as all other mammals, have hair. Hair, then, would be considered to be a(n):
ancestral character
The haploid gametophytes produce male gametangia known as:
antheridi
Plasmids of bacteria often have genes involved in:
antibiotic resistance
Red algae, green algae, and land plants are collectively called _______________.
archaeplastids
Gametophyes also produce female gametangia known as:
archegonia
An example of homologous structures is the wing of a bat and the:
arm of a human
Before an animal cell's membrane fuses with a virus, the virus must first:
attach to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the host cell
The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is:
binary fission
Linnaeus simplified scientific classification by developing:
binomial system of nomenclature
Bacterial conjugation is related to____________.
horizontal gene transfer
In _________________, gene swapping takes place between one genome and another within one taxon or between genomes in different taxa.
horizontal gene transfer
Another name for horizontal gene transfer is____________.
lateral gene transfer
A key step in the evolution of vascular plants was the ability to produce _______, a strengthening polymer in cells that provide support and conduction
lignin
What type of conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics?
lysogenic
_________ are small leaves with a single vascular strand
microphylls
Scientists may compare similarities between nucleotide sequences of organisms to determine their evolutionary history. This is known as:
molecular systematics
A taxon that includes all the descendants of an ancestor is called:
monophyletic
Shared homologous structures would indicate that two taxa are:
monophyletic
What is the correct unit of measurement for the size of most viruses?
nanometers
Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of:
their capsule or slime layer
Why are mosses and liverworts limited in size?
they lack vascular tissues
Modern botanists think that all plants evolved from a common ancestor that was an ancient green algae. What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?
they share many biochemical and metabolic traits
How many domains form the three main branches of the tree of life?
three
Membership in a clade cannot be established by shared ancestral traits alone (T or F)
true
Cells that have a single flagellum or are amoebas with no flagella are _________.
unikonts