CCI CRAT Flash Cards
Ventricular Trigeminy
Beat, Beat, PVC, Beat, Beat, PVC, Beat, Beat, PVC Must occur three times in a row to be a pattern.
Atrial Bigeminy
Beat, PAC, Beat, PAC, Beat, PAC Must occur three times in a row to be a pattern.
Ventricular Bigeminy
Beat, PVC, Beat, PVC, Beat, PVC Must occur three times in a row to be a pattern.
Junctional Escape Beat
A junctional beat, but occurs LATE.
The mitral and tricuspid valves are also known as _________________________.
Atrioventricular valves.
The vertical axis on the grid paper records _________________.
EKG Amplitude (voltage).
Premature Atrial Contraction (PAC)
Early beat with p-wave, narrow QRS follows. Normal atrial beat but occurs early.
What is cardiac "depolarization?"
Electrical discharge causing cardiac contraction.
The innermost layer of the heart wall is called the _____________________.
Endocardium
How many large grid blocks on the EKG paper mark one second in time?
Five (5).
Asystole
Flat line. No electrical activity.
What is a U-wave?
Follows the t-wave. Represents recovery of the Purkinje fibers. Important: May not be observable on an EKG tracing.
How many chambers does the heart have?
Four (4).
Atrial Fibrillation
No organized contraction of the atria Irregular, no pattern. No p-waves.
Ventricular Fibrillation
No organized ventricular activity.
Junctional Tachycardia
No p-wave, late p-wave, or inverted p-wave. Rate: 100+ BPM
Accelerated Junctional Rhythm
No p-wave, late p-wave, or inverted p-wave. Rate: 60-100 BPM
Junctional Rhythm
No p-wave, late p-wave, or inverted p-wave. Rate: 40-60 BPM
Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm
No p-waves, wide QRS, rate 50-100 BPM
Idioventricular Rhythm
No p-waves, wide QRS, rate less than 50 BPM
What are the four sinus rhythms?
Normal sinus, Sinus Tachycardia, Sinus Bradycardia, and Sinus Arrythmia.
Name the lettered components of a normal heartbeat found on an EKG?
P, Q, R, S, T, U
Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)
Regular rhythm Rate 100+ (typically over 150 BPM). No p-waves visible, usually buried.
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)
Regular rhythm Rate 100+ (typically over 150 BPM). No p-waves visible, usually buried. Paroxysmal indicates you see it start and stop within the cut strip.
The "Zoll Way" to assist with Rhythm interpretation (REMEMBER TO HELP WITH INTERPRETATION ON THE EXAM):
Rhythm Rate P Wave PR Interval QRS Interval T Wave
Atrial Flutter
Sawtooth pattern, multiple p's per QRS Regular or irregular pattern.
From start to finish in the electrical conduction system of the heart, name the main components:
Sino-atrial node, Atrioventricular node, Bundle of HIS, Right and Left Bundle Branches, and finally the Purkinje Fibers.
Which site is normally the pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
On an EKG tracing, what represents atrial depolarization?
The P-wave
On an EKG tracing, what represents ventricular depolarization?
The QRS complex
What separates the heart into left and right ventricles?
The Septum
On an EKG tracing, what represents ventricular repolarization?
The T-wave
What is a P-wave and what does it represent in a heart beat?
The first deflection. Normally positive (upward) waveform. Indicates atrial depolarization.
What is cardiac "repolarization?"
The return of ions back to a normal state of rest.
The _______________ are the pumping chambers of the heart.
Ventricles (Singular: Ventricle)
What does a QRS complex represent?
Ventricular Depolarization
Ventricular Tachycardia
Wide & Fast
The p-wave represents _________________
atrial depolarization
Blocked Premature Atrial Contraction (Blocked PAC)
p-wave but no QRS after. Doesn't fully result in ventricular depolarization.
A PAC is a beat that occurs ______________ in the cardiac cycle.
premature/early.
The P-wave of atrial flutter is _________________ shaped.
sawtooth
The horizontal axis on the grid paper records____________.
time.
The QRS complex represents ____________________
ventricular depolarization
The t-wave represents _______________________
ventricular repolarization
How long in seconds is one large block on the EKG paper?
0.2 seconds (thus, five large blocks marks 1 second in time).
Each large horizontal square on the EKG paper represents ____________ seconds.
0.20
3 mm equals how many millivolts (mV)?
0.3 mV
5 mm equals how many millivolts (mV)?
0.5 mV
How many millivolts (mV) is one large block on the EKG paper?
0.5 mV
What follows a p-wave on an EKG tracing?
A QRS Complex.
The "top" chambers of the heart are called the _______________________.
Atria (Singular: Atrium)
6 mm equals how many millivolts (mV)?
0.6 mV
What is the amplitude if a complex is 7 small boxes tall, vertically?
0.7 mV
The _________________ are the receiving chambers of the heart.
Atria (Singular: Atrium)
Heart Rate of Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR)
60-100 BPM
What is a t-wave and what does it represent in a heart beat?
A "normally" modest positive (upward) waveform. Indicates ventricular repolarization.
Each small horizontal square on the ECG graph paper represents ___________ seconds.
0.04
How many seconds does one small box horizontally represent?
0.04 seconds (thus 5 small boxes horizontally, equals 0.20 seconds (one large box)).
How many millivolts (mV) is one small block on the EKG paper?
0.1 mV
10 mm equals how many millivolts (mV)?
1.0 mV
What is the amplitude if a complex is 14 small boxes tall, vertically?
1.4 mV
Heart Rate of Sinus Tachycardia (ST)
101+ BPM
What is the amplitude if a complex is 22 small boxes tall, vertically?
2.2 mV
What is the normal/typical speed of EKG paper?
25 mm/second
Heart Rate of Sinus Bradycardia (SB)
59 or less BPM
A PAC originates from a site in the ________ other than the SA Node.
Atria
How would you determine the HR of a rhythm that had regular QRS intervals? Describe two methods
Calculate the HR by counting the small boxes and dividing that number into 1500. Calculate the HR by counting the large boxes and dividing that number into 300.
How would you determine the HR of a rhythm that had irregular QRS intervals?
Count the number of "R" peaks in a 6 second strip and multiple by 10.
_______________________________ separates the heart into right and left ventricles.
Interventricular septum.
Premature Junctional Contraction (PJC)
Junctional beat but occurs EARLY
Of the four chambers in the heart, which receives blood returning from the pulmonary circulation?
Left atrium
Which chamber of the heart normally has the thickest myocardium?
Left ventricle