Ch. 1 Theories of Development

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. a) artistic b) cognitive c) emotional d) psychosocial

b) cognitive

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions. a) concrete operational b) formal operational c) pre operational d) sensorimotor

b) formal operational

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a) generativity vs. stagnation b) identity vs. confusion c) isolation vs. intimacy d) trust vs. mistrust

b) identity vs. confusion

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage? a) conservation b) moral reasoning c) pretend play d) stranger anxiety

b) moral reasoning

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? a) egocentrism b) object permanence c) reversibility d) stranger anxiety

b) object permanence

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? a) cognitive capacity b) environment and culture c) genes and biology d) language acquisition

c) genes and biology

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a) generativity vs. stagnation b) identity vs. guilt c) initiative vs. guilt d) integrity vs. despair

d) integrity vs. despair

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. a) mental b) physical c) psychological d) psychosocial

d) psychosocial

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. a) categories b) cognitions c) facsimiles d) schemata

d) schemata

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions. a) concrete operational b) formal operational c) pre operational d) sensorimotor

d) sensorimotor

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a) autonomy vs. shame/doubt b) generativity vs. stagnation c) initiative vs. guilt d) intimacy vs. isolation

c) initiative vs. guilt

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a) autonomy vs. shame/guilt b) industry vs. inferiority c) intimacy vs. isolation d) trust vs. mistrust

c) intimacy vs. isolation

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. a) cognitive b) learning c) physical d) psychosocial

c) physical

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language? a) concrete operational b) formal operational c) pre operational d) sensorimotor

c) pre operational

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? a) Abraham Maslow b) Erik Erikson c) Jean Piaget d) Lawrence Kohlberg

b) Erik Erikson

The continuous development approach views development as a ________. a) biological imperative b) cumulative process c) series of accidents d) unique progress

b) cumulative process

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. a) continuous b) discontinuous c) progressive d) regressive

b) discontinuous

Specific normative events are also called ________. a) age-related standards b) averages c) benchmarks d) developmental milestones

d) developmental milestones

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage? a) children begin to use language b) children employ memory strategies c) children have a firm grasp of numbers d) children think logically about real events

a) children begin to use language

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________. a) during early childhood b) during puberty c) in late adolescence d) in utero

a) during early childhood